Chapter

Section

04- Buildings' Works

04200-Bricks, Block and Stone Buildings' works

1 First part: General

101 Abstract
This section covers all what is related with equipments, manpower and materials'
security and achieving all the operations related to buildings' works.
These requirements apply to bricks, block, stone, walls installment and binding them,
hooks, humidity Insulation Layers and joints.
10101 Contents
01,
Buildings' works with manufactured construction units
02,
Buildings' works with natural stone
03.
Glass- Block
04,
Components
05,
out- buildings dependencies works
06,
High temperature resistant Buildings
07,
Chemicals resistant Buildings
08,
Manufactured Construction Units
09,
Concrete and grout
10,
Renewal and Cleaning Works for building
10102 Delivered but not installed Products in this section
10103 Installed but not delivered Products in this section
10104 Referenced Sections
10060
1300
02500
03200
03300
08510
07150
07200
07900
09300
09400

Regulatory Requirements
Presentations
Paving and Leveling Works
Concrete Reinforcement
In-Situ concrete
Cover Expansion Joints Systems
Humidity Insulation Works
Thermal Insulation
Joints filler materials
Ceramics
Terrazzo and natural stone tiled floors

102
References
10201 Applied Standard Specifications
1010201 Saudi Standard Specifications (S.S.S)
S.S.S 77:87 Test Methods for Bricks and Cement Blocks
S.S.S 79:143 Normal and quick hardened Portland cement
S.S.S 79:144 Solid concrete (Cement) Brick
S.S.S 79:145 Hollow Cement Blocks
S.S.S 80:184 Test Methods of brick and red blocks
S.S.S 80:185 Red Bricks
S.S.S 80:186 Red Hollow Blocks for walls
S.S.S 94: 807 Sand-Lime bricks
S.S.S 94:808
Test Methods for sand-lime bricks
S.S.S 94:814
Marble
S.S.S
94:855
White Portland cement

1020102 Gulf Standard Specifications (G. S .S)

G.S.S 94:440
Look G.S.S 807
G.S.S 94:441
Look G.S.S 808
G.S.S 94:447
Look G.S.S 814
G.S.S 94:448
Look G.S.S 855
1020103
International Standard Specifications
1020104
American Standard Specifications (US)
102010401
American Association for Tests and Materials (ASTM)
ASTM C 34:96 Standard specifications for Structural clay brick used in LoadBearing Walls
ASTM C55:97 Standard Specifications of cement bricks for building
ASTM C 56:96 Standard specifications for unload barrier clay brick used in
constructional Works
ASTM C 62:97 Standard Specifications for Building brick (Solid masonry units
made from clay or
Laminated Shale)
ASTM C 67:97 Test Methods for taking samples and the selection of brick and clay
brick used in structural Works
ASTM C 73:97 Standard specification for front bricks, made of sand-lime(sandlime brick)
ASTM C 90:97 Standard Specification for load bearing concrete masonry units
ASTM C 91:96 Standard Specification for Concrete
ASTM C 96:126 Standard specification for ceramic Glazed Structural Clay Facing
Tile brick, facing Brick, and Solid Masonry Units
ASTM C 96:141 Standard Sampling Method and testing Concrete Masonry Units
ASTM C 96:141
Standard Specification for Slacked Lime(Hydrated) Used in
Structural Buildings
ASTM C 93:144
Standard Specifications for Concrete Aggregates
ASTM C 97:150
Standard Specifications for Portland Cement
ASTM C 91:207
Standard Specification for Slacked (Hydrated) Lime for
Structural works
ASTM C 96:212
Standard Specification for Clay facing Bricks used in structural
Works
ASTM C 97:216
Standard Specifications for facing revetment brick (solid
Masonry units made from Clay or laminated shale)
ASTM C 97:270
standard Specification for Masonry Units mortar
ASTM C 88:279
Standard Specification for Chemicals Resistant Masonry Units
E1-1995 R (1995)
ASTM C 96:315
Standard specification for Chimneys' lining with clay brick
ASTM C 94:331
Standard Specification Lightweight Aggregates for Structural
Concrete
ASTM C 95:404
Standard Specification for mortar Aggregate for Buildings
ASTM C 95:476
Standard Specification for Cement Grout for Building
ASTM C 97:652
Standard Specification for Hollow Brick (Hollow Masonry units
made from clay or shale)
ASTM C 96:780
Standard Test Method to evaluate previous and newly built
Mortar for ordinary and reinforced building units E1-1997
ASTM C 93: 901 Standard Specification for prefabricated building boards
ASTM C 91:952
Standard Test Method For the mortar bonding intensity with

Masonry units
ASTM C 89:1019 Standard Method for sampling and testing the Grout E 1-1993
R
ASTM C 95:1142 Standard Method for premixed and slow-setting mortar for
Masonry units
ASTM D 98:1056 Standard Method for Flexible Cellular Composites Extended
Spongy or rubber
ASTM D 97: 1667
Standard Specification for Flexible Cellular Composite- Vinyl
Chloride Polymer and Copolymers (closed Cell foam)
ASTM D 83:1751
Standard Specification for pre molded fillers of expansion
joints
for the paving concrete and the structural buildings
ASTM D 84: 1752

ASTM E 95:119
ASTM E 97:447

102010402
ACI 02:530.1
6:02)
ACI Sp-85:85

Standard Specification for pre molded fillers made from rubber

sponge and cork for expansion joints of paving concrete and
the structural buildings
Standard Test Method for fire testing of facilities and materials
Standard Test Method for compressive strength of premixed
samples of buildings

American Concrete Institute

Specifications for masonry units facilities (TMS 602-02, ASCE
Repair, renewal, reparation and protecting concrete structures and
buildings

1020105
European Standard Specifications
Din EN 771
Masonry Units Specification
DIN EN 92:771-1 Clay Masonry Units
DIN EN 92:177-2 Sand- Lime Masonry Units
DIN EN 92:771-3 Aggregated Concrete Masonry Units (heavy and lightweight
Aggregate)
DIN EN 92:771-4 Masonry Concrete Closed yet Ventilated Units
DIN EN 92:771-5 Masonry Units made from Artificial Stone
DIN EN 92:771-6 Natural Stone Masonry Units
BS EN 772
Test Method for Masonry Units
BS EN 98:772-2
identifying the blank spaces' ration in Concrete Masonry Units
BS EN 98:772-3
identifying the net weight and the blanks' ratio by Hydrostatic
Weight in Clay Masonry Units
BS EN 98:772-7
Identifying water absorption in Humidity resistant clay
Masonry Units by immersing it in boiled water
BS EN 98:772-9
identifying the volume and the blanks' ratio and the net weight
In the Sand- lime Masonry units by filling it with sands
1020106
BS 12:96
BS 96:146
BS 78:187
BS 95:493
BS 70:743

British Standard Specifications

Portland cement
Portland cement made in Blasting Furnace
Specification for the sand-lime bricks (sand-lime and Flint)
Specification for Hollow Brick and method of dividing its holes to
Ventilate the walls
Specification for Humidity Insulation Layers' materials

BS 92:882
BS 95:890
BS 75:1014
BS 89:1181
BS 76:1200
BS 97:1217
BS 78:1234

Specification for Aggregate from natural resources of concrete

Specification for Buildings' lime
Pigments for Portland cement and its products
Specification for Chimneys' lining with clay brick
Specification for Building sand from natural resources
Specification for Reconstructed Stone(Cast)
Specification for Metal Joints Specialized in constructing hollow
walls
BS 3056
Sizes of Fire Brick, First part to the Eighth (1991/1993)
BS 85:3921
Specification for Clay Brick
BS 96:4027 Portland Cement resistant to sulfuric materials
BS 81:4721 Specification for pre mixed concrete for structure buildings
BS 90:4729 Specification dimensions of Bricks with special forms and sizes
BS 4887
Mortar Additions
BS 86:4887-1 Specification for air intake additions (plasticizers)
BS 87:4887-2 Specification for Slow- testing Additions
BS 95:5224
Specification For masonry cement
BS 5642
Sills and Coping
BS 81:5642-1 Specification for windows' sills made from pre mixed concrete,
Industrial stone, clay, Slate and natural stone
BS 83: 5642-2 Specification for Coping made from pre mixed concrete, industrial
Stone, clay, slate and natural stone
BS 6073
Pre Cast Concrete masonry units
BS 81: 6073-1 Specification for Pre Cast Concrete masonry units
BS 81: 6073-2 Method for Pre Cast Concrete masonry units' specification
BS 5:6100
Buildings' Works
BS 92:6100-5.1 Traded Terminology in Buildings' Works
BS 92:6100-5.2 Stone
BS 84:6100-5.3 Brick and Block
BS 83:6398
Specifications for humidity resistant layers used in buildings
BS 92:6477
Specification for water Sealants materials for buildings facings
BS 84: 6515
Specification for Polyethylene layers resistant to humidity, used in
buildings
BS 85:6649
Specifications for standard brick made from clay and sand-lime
1020107
DIN 105
DIN 89:105-1
DIN 89:105-2
DIN 84:105-3
purposes
DIN 84:105-4
DIN 84:105-5

German Standard Specifications

Clay Brick
Solid Brick and vertically perforated bricks
Light Vertically Perforated bricks
High resistant brick and High resistant bricks for engineering

Clay Bricks for engineering Purposes

Light weights horizontally perforated brick and light weight
vertically perforated brick panels
DIN 106
Sand- lime bricks and blocks
DIN 89:106-1
Solid and Perforated brick and Solid and Perforated blocks
DIN 80:106-2
Facing Bricks, Hard burnt facing brick
DIN 1053
Buildings' Works
DIN 96:1053-1 Designing and Construction
DIN 96: 10553-2 Categories of Resistant Building works based on the validity tests

DIN 90:1053-3
DIN 78:1053-4
DIN 79:4242

Concrete Building Works, Designing and Construction

Buildings made from pre fabricated brick composites
Walls made from Glass blocks, dimensions, design and
Construction

10202
Codes
Royal Commission for Jubal and Yanbu: Architectural code( May 1986)
Royal Commission for Jubal and Yanbu: Structural code (May 1986)
ACI 530:02
Buildings' code requirements for structural Facilities
(TMS 402-02, ASCE 02:5)
ENV 95:1996 European Code 6: Structural Design for buildings
BS 76: 5390
Execution Code for Buildings' Stone
BS 5628
Execution Code for Buildings' Structural Use of brick, block
And stone
BS 92:5628-1 Buildings' Structural Use of brick, stone and unreinforced block
BS 95:5628-2 Buildings' Structural Use of brick, stone and pre stressed
unreinforced block
BS 85:5628-3 Materials, Components, Design and payment
BS 89:8000-3 Execution Code for Buildings' works
BS 91:8215
Execution Code for designing and installing humidity insulation
layers in constructing structural works
10203
0100

Other References
Buildings' Designers Guide which is based on Building Facilities' Code
Requirements (ACI 92:530) and Structural Buildings' Specifications

0200

Standard Measurement Method (SMM) issued from the British Royal

Institute for quantities' accountants and the British Federal Authority
for the construction trade staff
0300
Standard Method for measurements in civil engineering issued from
Civil Engineers Institute (Thomas Telford, London 1985)
0400
NCMA TEX 45 issued from: National Union for Concrete masonry
Units(NCMA) Herndon, VA 22071-3406 (USA)
0500
ILI handbook, issued from Indiana Limestone Institute of
America,INC.(ILIA), Bedford, IN47421 (USA)
103
Definitions
10301
Technical Terms
For more definitions and technical terms besides the mentioned below, look BS 6100:
part 5: Masonry
Actual Dimension: Look dimension execution
Additions: Normal natural materials (Bozlan- Volcanic dust or Pigments to produce
colored mortar) added to gain mortar specific properties and its volume is taken into
consideration when designing the mixture.
Additives: A term that is used sometimes instead of additions.
Admixture: Material added to the mortar in small portions, to adjust some properties
such as operating susceptibility, harden ability and testing and so on through chemical
or physical reaction or both.
Autoclaving: Steam treatment under high pressure.

Bed Joint: A mortar layer that are masonry units rely on.
Block: A building unit with dimensions larger than brick's dimensions in length,
width or height.
Brick: A building unit with specific nominal dimensions according to the relevant
specifications.
Brick Earth: A mixture of clay and especially the appropriate shale used to produce
brick or block.
Cast Stone: made of Cement, natural aggregate and is used by the same way and for
the same reason that natural stone is used in.
Cellular: A unit with specific size of holes according to the related specifications,
normally these holes is dead through the unit.
Characteristic Strength of masonry: The resistant value is expected to be fewer
than 5% from all possible resistant measurements and results.
Closer: Part of the building unit used to join buildings' works, and are made by
request or cut from a whole brick.
Collar Joints: are a continuous vertical joint parallel to the front of the wall.
Common Brick: Appropriate brick for buildings' purposes that do not require an
attractive appearance in general.
Compressive Strength: The value of resistance breakage for a building unit or the
average value of breakage resistance for a specified number of buildings units.
Coordinating Size: The amount of space that the building unit is occupying including
joints and disparities.
Coping: A unit or a group of building units that are placed above covers to protect
them from water flowing and to stop the water from falling over exposed fronts that
have to be protected.
Cross Joints: A joint that is different from stand connector for it forms a right angel
with the wall front.
Facing Brick: A Brick that is especially produced or selected to add an attractive
appearance when used without painting or white cement or any kind of processing to
walls' surfaces
Fixing Unit: A masonry Unit with dimensions such as brick dimensions but it allows
the installation of hard or bolt screws
Frogged Brick: Bick that has deep holes in one or two parts to be put above the
bonding ballast cement mortar.
Grout: A mixture of cement materials and water, with or with out aggregate, and by
specific portions to produce a fluid texture that can be poured without separation
In materials.
Hollow: A Specific holes sized unit according to the relevant specifications;
these holes are from both sides.
Jointing: Finishing buildings joints during construction process.
Load bearing brick: Appropriate brick to bear heavy loads and consistent
with specific resistance limits.
Masonry: The product out of assembling masonry units that have been
stacking in location or pre composed in pre fabricated units, and the units are
connected together by concrete mortar.
Masonry Unit: Brick or block or fixing Unit.
Nominal dimension: look coordinating size
Perforated: A unit with limited small holes no larger than a specific space
according to the relevant specifications; these holes are piercing through the
unit.

Pointing; Filling buildings' welds (unfinished and empty) and leveling them.
Reconstructed Stone: Look Cast Stone, knowingly that this stone contains
stone fractures.
Trim Unit: units with different shapes necessary to cover walls' endings or
piers.
Structural Facing Tile: look facing bricks
Water absorption: the weight of the water that is absorbed by the masonry
unit- especially in clay masonry units, and partial absorption in sand lime
units- while submerging in the water according to specific conditions and
expresses it as a percentage of the unit weight when it is dry.
Work Size: A masonry unit size which is identified for manufacturing
purposes so that the measurement is identical to allowed divergence.
10302
Symbols and abbreviations
104
System Description
10401
Design Requirements
Note: Restrict this paragraph to describe design requirements and the
operational characteristics for a completed system (Example: Air conditioning
or elevators system.so on) and that is required from the contractor to design.
1040101
General
The design should be according to:
01, 1 Buildings' designers manual based on buildings construction
requirements list and the specifications of buildings construction works.(ACI
92:530-1).
01,2 Buildings' Works- Design and Construction (1996).
104102

Special design requirements

Note: will be determined upon request.
104102
Operational performance requirements
Note: Restrict this paragraph to describe performance requirements and
the operational characteristics for a completed system (Example: Air
conditioning or elevators system.so on) and that is required from the
contractor to design.
105
Presentations
Note: Select one of the options marked with asterisk (*)
The following must be submitted according to the terms of the contract and
the requirements of section 01300 as follows:
* 0,1 Before Starting Buildings' works in a period of 45 days.
* 0,2 Before Starting Buildings' works in a period of 60 days.

10501
Product Data
Production data for all different masonry units, extensions and any other
fabricated productions referred to.
10502
Executive Drawings
Executive drawings should include the following:
0, 01 A diagram with all building works sectors
0, 02 bending and installing reinforcing rods for building works
0, 03 Trim, coping and fixing units and the like
0 ,04 All buried accessories in the building

10503
Samples
Unless adopted otherwise, samples units not to be used in final construction
execution but to be preserved in the location until all works are accepted.
0, 01 Samples for the purposes of the initial selection:
01, 1 Small sizes models of buildings works to illustrate the full range of
colors and texture.
01, 2 Colored mortar samples for buildings to illustrate the full range of the
manufacturing company' colors
0,02 Samples for checking and conformity purposes.
1, 02 An actual size samples for every kind of masonry units that are required
visible to show the full range of color, texture, and expected dimensions in the
final construction.
02, 2 Water leakage/ ventilation slots
02, 3 Buried Extensions in the buildings
10504
Quality Assurance Presentations
0,01 A documented experience certificated for the supervisor (supervisors)
in the site and the builders, look 10601.
0, 02 Reports and quality assurance records in the facility, look 106403.
0, 03 Reports and quality assurance records in the site by the contractor,
Look 304
0, 04
Reports and self quality assurance records in the site by the
contractor, Look 1060401
0, 05
Reports and outside quality assurance records, Look 1060402
0, 06
The Design (Designs) of mortar, grout mixtures including test
samples results according to what is clarified in paragraph 209105.
0, 07 The manufacturing companies with reference to method of handing,
installing and maintaining construction works, grout, mortar and extensions
10505 Presentations of Project Delivery
1050501 Projects Records
1050502 Operation and Maintenance Data
105050201 Chemical Resistant Buildings
Appropriate instructions must be submitted for maintenance,
safety and health works before use.
10506 Other Presentations
0,01 Reports and Records of contractor's main equipments
0.02 Timetables and working schedules, Look 109
106 Quality Assurance
Samplings, tests and revision (name: Day, Month, Year) should be registered
daily besides the correction works that the contractor did if necessary.
Reports and Records must be in the hands of the supervising engineer for
evaluation during a period not exceeding three days from the date of testing
and revising.
Reports and Records have to be prepared in a way that delivers the possibility
of switching between records, tests results and masonry installation site.
Arrangements have to be taken into consideration in the contractor working
program and the allowed time to perform tests and revision according to what
is planned.

The contractor should allow and facilitate entering procedures for engineer's
representative in the site and helps in making all procedures to ensure quality.
10601 Qualification
The supervising engineer should have a good knowledge about the referenced
specifications and has a certified experience not less than five years in
construction field. He should have fulfilled successfully similar buildings
using the same materials, design and size for a specific work in this project.
The builders have an overall knowledge with all materials and installation
methods as well as they should be skillful and trained.

10602 Regulatory Requirements

Note: The range of commitment is determined here in conformity with stated
terms by the contractor with requirements for a specific code and also any
other requirements for public organizations.
10603 Certificates
The contractor should, before starting in the execution of any job in the site,
present matching technical certificates issued from independent agency or
laboratory (certified by the engineer), not passed more than 12 months, states
that any proposed materials by the contractor achieves or exceeds what is
required in referenced specifications especially for masonry units, grout,
mortar and appendixes.
10604 Quality Control
1060401 Self quality control
Self quality control includes but not limited to:
1. Scrutiny of materials testing certificates that suppliers present besides
scrutiny of conformity certificate for masonry units, grout, mortar and
extensions that will be delivered to the working location for the first
time as well as every dispatch comes from a different source to ensure
its conformity with specifications.
2. Scrutiny of supply tags from suppliers for every dispatch to ensure its
completeness and conformity with supply order and specifications.
3. Scrutiny of the quality of the masonry units before use.
4. Scrutiny of the materials storing safety, at least every two weeks.
5. Checking and investigating the basics safety, the buried terms and
extensions before starting construction works.
6. Monitoring the weather and taking specific precautions follow in hot or
cold weather.
1060402
Outside Quality Control
Quality control tests are done outside as listed in paragraph 304 through certified
laboratories and on the contractor's responsibility. All these tests are on the
contractor's expense.
1060402
Quality Control In facility
Quality Control in the facility is under the contractor's responsibility.

Samples have to be taken from masonry units and tested in the facility before
delivering the first dispatch.

107
Delivery, Storage and Handling
10701
Packing and Shipping
The delivery tag, invoice or suppliers' certificates, attached with every dispatch of
masonry units, must have the following data:
- The material name, trade mark or what reflects the producing factory
- The number and the type of delivered bricks or blocks according to what is specified
- Checking authority identified with checking mark
- The number and date of the applied specification (specifications)
- The type of brick such as solid brick or cellular, hollow or perforated
- The trade name of the brick or the block, if found
- The delivery date
- The name of addressee
- Country of Origin
- The category or compressive strength
- The actual size for the masonry unit
The damaged masonry units, the damaged packaged materials and the damaged
extensions are not accepted and have to be replaced.
10702
Storage and Protection
The masonry units and cement materials should be stored and handled so as to be
lifted from the ground and covered in a dry place.
The buildings works extensions and the reinforcing materials have to be stored in the
appropriate places.
10703
Materials Acceptance in the Site
Note: This applies only on the delivered products by the owner which its
acceptance conditions in the site should be stated here.
108
Project and Site Conditions
10801 Current site Circumstances
Note: Here, we should identify the documents that are referred to get
supplementary information for the items like the current facilities or public utilities
lines or the earth nature reportsetc.
10802
Environmental Requirements
Look section 01060 Regulatory Requirements, paragraph 010102
0, 01 controlling the dust
The dust, resulting from the contractor's business in the working site and nearby
places, should be controlled using all necessary means.
0,02 Avoidance of Pollution
Necessary precautions should be taken to prevent polluting the earth with fuel, oils,
chemical materials and other harmless materials.
109 Schedules and Programs
Note: In this section, organizational requirements are determined and coordinating
a specific work that should be done in a defined sequence or at the same time of
executing other sections' works. The sequence of businesses should be mentioned
here.
110 Exclusive Warranty

Note: The exclusive warranty is only clarified here (for example: the warranty
for afforesting depends on growing periods which can increase more than the usual
period).
111
Maintenance
111 01 Maintenance Services
111 02 Operating Services
111 03 Additional Materials
Note: The delivered products are described here by the contractor for future
maintenance and repair, and define to whom and when and where these terms are
delivered.

2 Part Two: Products

201
Manufactured Masonry Unite
20101 Clay Manufactured Units
These units are made from clay or shale or a mixture of sandy clay soil and straw with
mud brick, and are processed through burning in a very high temperature degree to
become solid, and can reduce its density by using additional materials.
The clay masonry units are examined in accordance to specification S.S.S 184.
2010101 Adobe Bricks
Note: More details about the specifications of the adobe bricks could be available
in schedules about the project quantities or in project drawings. For more options,
Look at appendix 7: Information for specification provider.
The allowed disparity in bricks units' dimensions should not exceed the actual
dimensions more than 3%, unless mentioned otherwise.
Brick units should have the same shape with even, straight and correct surfaces. The
sizes and other characteristics are in accordance to the conditions stated in the
schedule of project quantities. The mud brick should be conformed to specification
S.S.S 185.
0,01 In addition to specification s.s.s 185, the following specification
(specifications) will be applied:
01,1 EN DIN 1-771
01,2 BS 3921,4729, 6649
01,3 DIN 105
01, 4 ASTM C34, C56, C62, C126, C212, C216
2010102
Mud (Clay) Block
Note: More details about the specifications of the characteristics of blocks' units and
materials could be available in schedules about the project quantities or in project
drawings. For more options, Look at appendix 7: Information for specification
provider.
The allowed disparity in the actual units' dimensions should not exceed the standard
dimensions more than 3%, unless mentioned otherwise.
Block units should have the same shape with even, straight and correct surfaces. The
sizes and other characteristics are in accordance to the conditions stated in the
schedule of project quantities. The mud block should be conformed to specification
S.S.S 186.
01 In addition to specification S.S.S 186, the following specification
(specifications) will be applied:
DIN EN 1-771
DIN 105
ASTM C 652
20102
Concrete Manufactured Units
The Concrete masonry units are examined according to S.S.S 87.
2010201 Concrete Brick
Note: More details about the specifications of the materials characteristics of
concrete brick could be available in schedules about the project quantities or in
project drawings. For more options, Look at appendix 7: Information for specification
provider.

The allowed disparity in the dimensions should not exceed the average of the allowed
dimension with more than:
Length: 4+mm, -2mm, Width: -2mm, Height -+ 2mm, unless mentioned otherwise.
Concrete brick units should have the same shape with even, straight and correct
surfaces. The sizes and other characteristics are in accordance to the conditions stated
in the schedule of project quantities. The concrete brick should be conformed to
specification S.S.S 144.
01 In addition to specification S.S.S 144, the following specification
(specifications) will be applied:
1. DIN EN 3-771, 4-771.
2. BS 6073
3. ASTM C55
2010201
Concrete Block
Note: More details about the specifications of the materials characteristics of
concrete block could be available in schedules about the project quantities or in
project drawings. For more options, Look at appendix 7: Information for specification
provider.
The allowed disparity in the dimensions should not exceed the average of the allowed
dimension with more than 4-/+mm, unless mentioned otherwise.
Concrete block units should have the same shape with even shapes with standard
dimensions and all the surfaces should be even and straight.
The sizes and other characteristics are in accordance to the conditions stated in the
schedule of project quantities. The concrete brick should be conformed to
specification S.S.S 145.
01 In addition to specification S.S.S 145, the following specification (specifications)
will be applied:
1. DIN EN 3-771, 4-771
2. BS 6073
3. ASTM C 145
20103
Sand lime Manufactured Units
2010301 Sand Lime Brick
Note: More details about the specifications of the materials characteristics of sand
lime brick could be available in schedules about the project quantities or in project
drawings. For more options, Look at appendix 7: Information for specification
provider.
The allowed disparity in the dimensions should not exceed the average of the allowed
dimension with more than:
Height: -/+ 2mm, unless mentioned otherwise.
The shape of Sand Lime brick should be rectangle and free from cracks, big pebbles,
mud balls or lime grits. The sizes and other characteristics are in accordance to the
conditions stated in the schedule of project quantities.
The Sand lime Brick should be conformed to specification S.S.S 807 and must be
examined according to specification S.S.S 808.
01 In addition to specification S.S.S 807 and S.S.S 808, the following
specification (specifications) will be applied:
1. DIN EN 2-771
2. BS 187 and 6649
3. ASTM C 145
4. DIN 106

2010302
Sand lime Block
Note: More details about the specifications of the materials characteristics of sand
lime block could be available in schedules about the project quantities or in project
drawings. For more options, Look at appendix 7: Information for specification
provider.
The allowed disparity in the dimensions should not exceed the average of the allowed
dimension with more than:
Length: -/+ 2mm, unless mentioned otherwise.
Sand lime block should be free from cracks, big pebbles, mud balls or lime grits.
The sizes and other characteristics are in accordance to the conditions stated in the
schedule of project quantities. The sand lime block should be conformed to the
following specification (specifications):
1. DIN EN 2-771
2. DIN 106
202 Natural Stone Masonry Units
The natural stone units must be conformed to specification BS 5390
20201 Natural Stone Blocks
Note: For information related to natural stones' kinds, Look appendix 7, Paragraph
70501.
The natural Stone is brought for suggested resources by the contractor and certified
form the engineer. The contractor presents what proves the quarry ability to provide
the project with the required quantity, sizes and the specific quality.
The stone units are produced from stone blocks that are refined and squared with the
specific and appropriate sizes.
The allowed disparity in the length, width and thickness of stone units is -/+ 3mm for
the refereed sizes.
The sizes and units quality are according to specification DIN EN 6-771
The natural Stone is:
- Fiery (volcanic).
- Sedimentary.
- Metamorphic
- As stated in the quantity schedules of the project or on the drawings.
20202
Natural Stone Threshold
The stone threshold is in accordance to specification BS 5642.
20203 Pilling and the buried Metal Installation Pieces
Note: One of the alternative that is marked with (*) is chosen.
The Pilling and metal installation pieces are conformed to specification BS 5390(9.1)
and have to be rustless and from:
- Non-ferrous Metal
- Rustless Steel
- Galvanized Steel
203 Glass Block
Note: More details about the specifications of the materials characteristics of glass
block could be available in schedules about the project quantities or in project
drawings. For more options, Look at appendix 7: Information for specification
provider.
The glass block is from soda lime Silicate and conformed to the specification DIN
4243.
The glass block should be sealed tight and anti-leak.

The allowed disparity in the dimensions should not exceed the average more than:
Length -/+ 2mm, unless mentioned otherwise.
The sizes and other characteristics should be conformed to the listed in quantity
schedule.
The hear resistance is expressed by the value (m2* ) and the allowed highest
degree for voice transmission as specified.
The specifications for the following materials and its required characteristics are as
stated in the quantities schedule of the project:
- Block Type
- Sun Reflection
- Transparency
- Composition (texture)
204
Components
20401 Ventilation Brick
Ventilation brick is conformed to specification BS 493, first degree units: ventilation
brick for external use.
This brick has units that has a feature that allow the air to pass through passages and
are being used in the outside walls; it is manufactured, in accordance to what stated in
specification BS 493, from mud or fireclays concrete or clay brick or iron or copper or
aluminum or stainless steel as refereed to.
Resistance should be as specified and appropriate to the place where it will be used.
20402
Ventilation Outlets (Chimneys)
Ventilation outlets are built for ventilation purposes and made from brick or block or
reinforced laminar materials and are as determined in execution outlines.
It may be required that ventilation channels to be fire resistant as stated in paragraph
(3030109).
20403
Wall Ventilation Devices and Grates
Wall Ventilation devices and grates specialized for internal use and
conformed to specification BS 493, second degree units.
20404
Coping Units
Coping Units should be conformed to specification BS 5642: part 2.
Coping Units are made from:
1. Clay
2. Pre mixed concrete
3. Reconstructed Stone
4. Natural Stone
5. Slate
6. As defined in the quantities schedules or the drawings of the project.
205
Appendixes
20501 Reinforcing the joints
The iron used to reinforce the joints comes from metal skewers or collars or kinks
according to the specification:
1. ACI 530/530.1
2. BS 5628: part 2
20502
Buckles
These buckles are made to install construction works and working of stone made of
rustless steel; they are made in sizes, shapes and thickness appropriate for the required
purposes.

The buckles are conformed to specification:

- ACI 530/530
- BS 5628
20503
Ligaments (stays)
These ligaments are made from restless steel wires or collars that has resistance and
thickness as showed in figures 2,3 in appendix 6, unless otherwise approved by the
engineer.
The walls' ligaments are conformed to specification
- ACI 530/530.1
- BS 1234
20504
Filler materials for expansion joints
In general, Section 7900 applies here "Joints' filler materials"
1. The rubbery joint filler material has to be solid; pre mixed and conformed to
specification ASTM D 1056.
2. The vinyl or polyvinyl chloride joint filler material is solid; pre mixed and
conformed to specification ASTM D 1667.
3. Soft Pressed fibers panels that is rich with bitumen and conformed to
specification ASTM D 1751.
206
High temperature Resistant Masonry Units
20601 Chimneys' lining with clay
The clay or glazing materials that are used in lining chimneys and ovens with
specified resistance and anti leakage should have a high resistance against high
temperature and acids. The inside surfaces of the chimneys and ovens should be
smooth and even.
The Clay, used in lining chimneys and chimneys' ends and in heating devices and
burners, should be conformed to specification:
1. BS 1181
2. ASTM C 315
20602 Smelting Resistant Firebrick
The firebrick Smelting resistant should be in a complete shape and acute form the
edges and void of any harmful cracks, crevices, gap, crusts and black blocks.
The Smelting Resistant Refractory brick has to be conformed to specification:
1. BS 3056
2. ASTM C 315
207
20701

Chemicals Resistant Masonry Units

Acids resistant Brick
Acids resistant brick has to be in a clear shape void of any harmful

materials.
Acids resistant brick is conformed to specification ASTM C 279.
208
Emulated Masonry Units
20801 General
Definitions and technical terms: Look: BS 6100: part 5: section 5.2
Emulated masonry units are of the metal, epoxy or of glass fibers.
The stone components are mixed and poured in production mold to produce masonry
units with the required type, size and surfaces finishing as defined.
20802
Cast Stone

The cast stone is conformed to specification:

1. DIN EN 5-771
2. BS 1217
3. The compressive strength minimum is 25 mega pixel
4. The drought deflation maximum is %, 04.
5. The texture and color are harmonious in the whole unit.
20803
Reconstructed Stone
The reconstructed stone is conformed to the specification:
- EN DIN 5-771
- BS 1217
- The compressive strength minimum is 25 mega pixel
- The drought deflation maximum is %, 04.
- The texture and color are harmonious in the whole unit.
- The reconstructed stone is made from natural stone and as approved by
the engineer.
209

Mortar and Grout for buildings

Note: For enquiries, examples and choices look part 7: Appendix: Information
made by the creator of the specification.
20901

Mortar
The components of the mortar for buildings works have to be consistent in
quality and color, and can be acquired from one source or producer.
It is forbidden the existence of lime in mortar or grout.
The mortar's type and color has to be as specified and in accordance with
specification:
- ASTM C 270
- BS 5390 and BS 5628 part 3
2090101
Aggregate
Note: For the conformed as specification ASTM aggregate' hierarchy, Look
part 7: Appendix: Information by the specification creator (Schedules 1 to 3).
For aggregate in general, look: section 3300 cast concrete in the site.
209010101
Natural Aggregate
The hierarchy of the natural sand is conformed to the specification:
- ASTM C 144
- BS 882 and BS 1200
209010103
Light Weight Aggregate
The light weight aggregate has to be conformed to specification:
- BS 877: part 2
- BS 3797 : part 2
209010104
Mortar Aggregate for special Joints
1. For the thin joints ( for example: crafted stone joints), the aggregate should be
conformed to the relevant specification, as well as the average of what passing
through a sieve seized 2036 mm should not be less than 100% and the average
of what pass through a sieve sized 1.18 mm than 90%.
2. As for the thicker joints bigger than 12 mm (For example: When constructing
walls made from cobble stone), the conformed to the specification ASTM C
404, the coarse sand is used.

2090102
The Bonding Material
209010201 Cement/Concrete
For Cement in General, Look section 3300; Cast concrete in the site.
The cement has to be conformed to specification S.S.S. 143 or S.S.S 855.
In addition, the following specifications are applied:
- BS 12
- BS 146
- BS 4027
- BS 5224
- ASTM C 91
- ASTM C 150
209010202
Lime
Lime is not used unless mixed with cement. For information about the mixing
portions: look paragraph 2090105: "mixtures".
The lime has to be conformed to specification:
1. ASTM C 207 " Slacked lime for buildings purposes"
2. ASTM C 141 " The hydrated slacked lime for construction purposes"
3. BS 890
209010203
Epoxy Resin
The epoxy resin has to be with a registered trademark and is used
according to the manufacturing company' instruction precisely.
2090103
Water
The water used in mixing the mortar has to be valid for drinking
unless otherwise specified and proved.
2090104
Additions and Additives
The additions and additives have to be with a registered trademark
and are used according to the manufacturing company' instruction for portions and
method precisely.
It is totally forbidden to add plaster to cement or mortar.
209010401
Additions
A test has to be done first such as testing how appropriate the
mortar with the additions and is approved by the engineer.
209010402
Additives
Additives must not have a negative effect on the mortar resistance, as
well as they should not have any chemicals that might cause harms to the other
buildings materials.
2090105
Mixtures
The basic mortar components (aggregate, bonding material, water, etc...) are
mixed with the least amount of water and for a period not less than three minutes to
get a perfect mixture with suitable consistency appropriate for operating through
using mechanical mixer.
The Mortar is mixed in certified standard boxes.
In small businesses, it is only allowed with manual mixing, provided it's
approved by the engineer or his representative.
The strength of the used mortar should not be higher than the materials
intended to join by the mortar. It is advisable when mixing mortar for any part of the
business that making the portions consistent with the business quantity so that it is
entirely used before becoming of low- stress, and once the mortar is dry, it should be
disposed and is not allowed to re- use.

The used mortar in building works with thermal resistant brick or acids
resistant brick is appropriate in this kind of business.
209010501
Concrete Mortar
1 The concrete mortar has to be conformed to specification:
ASTM C 270
BS 5628
The rate of mortar mixture is Cement: Sand=1:3
209010502
The lime cement mortar for buildings works
1 The mortar has to be conformed to specification:
ASTM C 279
BS 5628
2 The rate of mortar mixture is (Cement: Lime: Sand = 1:2:9)
3
The rate of mortar mixture for joining reinforced joints is (cement: Lime: Sand=
1:1/4:3).
209010503
Mortar for Glass Block
The mortar has to be rich and not so much moist.
The appropriate portions for the mixture: (slacked lime cement: Sand= 1:1:4)
The recommendations of the manufacturing Company for the glass block have to be
taken into consideration.
209010504
Cement/ lime mortar for Stone Buildings
1
The mortar has to be conformed to specifications BS 5390, BS 5628.
2
The rate of the mortar mixture is (cement: Lime: Sand= 1:3:10).
209010505
Colored mortar
1
The colored mortar acquires its colors from dyes conformed to specification
BS 1014 and which should not weigh more than 10% of cement in the mortar.
2
The color is approved based on a similar sample.
209010506
Premixed Mortar
The pre-mixed mortar has to be similar to the previously specified mortar and it is
only used with the engineer's approval.
The pre- mixed mortar has to be conformed to specification:
BS 4721
ASTM C 1142
20902
The Grout
2090201 General
For the grout look: section 09400 Terrazzo and natural stone tiled floors.
The grout for buildings works should be conformed to specification ASTM C 476.
210
Repairing and Cleaning the Buildings
The cleanser for the works of the buildings is either a detergent lotion mixed with the
site or acidic lotion mixed with the site or acidic lotion from a known company
suggested by the contractor and approved by the engineer.
21002 Buildings' Paintings
The paint has to be water proof conformed to specification BS 6477 and of the
category or degree as specified.
3 Part Three: Execution
301 General Testing
30101 Checking Conditions

Before starting executing the works of the buildings, the contractor has to ensure that
foundations have been carried out within the limits of the following disparities:
The actual length and width dimensions should not exceed 10 mm less than the
standard dimensions.
Deviation in straightness: -/+5mm for every 3m.
Deviation in equability of the specific surface: -/+ 10mm.
Deviation in the specific level or dip: -/+5 mm for every 3m.
The contractor has to make sure that reinforced stakes are in its place as specified in
specifications and clarified in drawings.
In case of not fulfilling the conditions above, the contractor has to consult the
engineer or his representative and asks for guidelines and recommendations for
treatment.
302
General Preparation for Works
The building has to be built according to lines and guiding levels marked with signs
or stakes. The quadrature process and installing the guiding signs has to be done as
well as leveling points has to be left in its place so that the leveling staff can be used
to determine other heights.
When distributing materials and components in the site, it should be ensured that it
have not over loads on the facility or scaffolds, and that they are protected enough to
avoid any collapsing or damage before using it.
A plan to start the business has take into considerations the openings' places.etc to
avoid unnecessary cutting works.
A plan for the construction process has to be done in advance, to achieve the
necessary safety for designated people to make shuttering and casting the concrete
and also to present facility's integration.
303
Execution and Installation
30301 Manufactured Masonry Units
3030101 Examination and Preparation

Part III: Execution

3-1 General Checklist
3-1-1 Verification of Requirements Checklist
Before starting the execution of masonry, the Contractor shall ensure that the
foundations have been executed within the following tolerated deviations:
Deviation of actual width or length dimensions may not exceed 10 mm lower than the
standard dimensions.
Tolerated deviation from the specified straightness: +/- 5 mm for each 3 m.
Tolerated deviation from the specified flush of the respective surface: +/- 10 mm.
Tolerated deviation from specified level or obliquity: +/- 5 mm for each 3 m.
The Contractor shall verify that the reinforced pegs are placed in place as specified in
specifications and as shown on drawings.
In case of failure to meet the above-mentioned requirements, the Contractor shall
consult the Engineer or his representative and request corrective instructions and
recommendations.
3-2 General Preparation for Work
Positioning of the construction site must be according the fiducial reference lines and
levels. Signage and barricade requirements must be executed and stabilized using
sign boards or pegs. Reference level points shall remain in place so that calibration
rod may be used to determine other heights.
When distributing materials and components at worksite, it is required to ensure that
they don't cause overload on the primary installation or scaffolding, and that they are
adequately protected in order to avoid any collapse or damage prior to use.
A plan to start work shall be made, taking into account the places of the holes ... etc.
in order to avoid unnecessary chipping and breakage work.
A plan for the construction process shall be prepared in advance so as to manage to
secure safety necessary for the staff assigned to perform the formwork and concrete
casting, as well as achieving integration as work progresses until it is finished.
3-3 Execution and Installation
3-3-1 Reconstructed Masonry
3-3-1-1 Inspection and processing
Before starting laying down courses, the contractor shall remove laitance, loose
debris, and any other material that may prevent obtaining good cohesion between the
mortar and foundations.
To prevent excessive loss of the water in the mortar, especially in hot weather,
masonry of high susceptibility to water absorption shall be damped before being laid

down. The same results may be obtained using mortar with high water-holding
capacity or by treating masonry with continuous damping.
Installation may not proceed unless all appropriate conditions are available to work.
The Contractor shall notify the Engineer, in writing, of any damages, circumstances,
or conditions that preclude the completion of work appropriately.
The Engineer shall inspect the underway work, materials, and equipment and evaluate
them in terms of quality and acceptability.
.
3-3-1-2 Techniques and quality of work
3-3-1-2-1 Laying Down Courses
Masonry is laid down on a mortar setting bed. All cross and ring spacers shall be
filled out. Once masonry is laid, excess mortar shall be removed from the outer
surfaces as well as from the surfaces of the inner veneer of the recessed walls.
Solid and cellular blocks are usually laid on a complete mortar setting bed, and cross
and ring spacers shall be filled out.
All mortar setting beds shall be leveled and straight, and vertical spacers shall be in
the form that shall give a consistent and cohesive appearance.
Straightness of masonry shall be adjusted only when the mortar is soft and elastic. If
one masonry unit moves slightly away of its place after the mortar reaches up the final
condition of setting, it shall be removed, cleaned, and returned in the right position on
a new mortar setting bed. Damaged units may not be used again. No part of masonry
shall be constructed for a height exceeding 1.0 m in one batch. When masonry work
stops on the basis it would be resumed later, the part of work at which work is stopped
shall be left gradual without adding mortar or spacers on it, and its ends shall not be
left with geared rims. All masonry surfaces, including spacers, that are ready to
receive any type of plaster, putty, or any finishing material shall be roughened
enough.
Exposed masonry has homogenous texture and color, or with a regular mix of colors
within an acceptable range for it. Masonry shall be supplied by one company. No
part of work shall be executed using a mix of masonry supplied from different
sources. Consignments of masonry provided by one company shall be mixed together
in order to make sure of the absence of patches due to tolerated natural variations in
the colors of these consignments.
Masonry created in an atmosphere where temperature exceeds 42 centigrade in
shadow and relative humidity is less than 50% shall be protect against direct exposure
to wind and sunlight for 48 hours after the completion of construction. Masonry's
absorption rate shall be treated and adjusted by prior damping it with water to secure
producing good cohesion while in mortar setting beds.
3-3-1-2-2 Cohesion
All masonry of all walls of half-brick thickness, or block or stone masonry of
individual thicknesses shall be placed in a longitudinal off-set manner (Shenawy). In
other words, cross joint between masonry inside one single course shall be displaced
away the cross joint in the course layer both above and below it by one quarter of the
masonry unit length, (See Figure 1 under Annex No. 6).
Brick walls of more than half-block thickness, and block walls of more than oneblock thickness are connected with each other using either wall joining or cohesion in
order to obtain a balanced wall.

3-3-1-2-3 Joint-Reinforcement Bars

Joint-reinforcement bars are placed in mortar setting bed as specified and so as not to
be visible in any exposed facade.
3-3-1-2-4 Components Embedded in Walls
Clamps, ties, ligaments, socket pipes, water-leakage sealants, plinths, and the like are
installed inside walls, properly and in the correct work sequence.
Walls' ties shall be placed when pouring down concrete after removing formworks
and tightly connected inside the mortar of courses' spacer inside the wall.
3-3-1-2-5 Grooves, holes, and the like
Rectangular grooves, holes, hollows, pits, notches, mortises, and cavities necessary
for other specialties shall be positioned exactly in their specified places, formed in
accordance in sizes required and appropriate for such specialties and purposes.
Grooves and holes shall be cut very carefully and without damaging the walls.
Restrictions and controls set forth under Part 3; (3.7.9) of BS 8000 Specification shall
be applied.
3-3-1-2-6 Filling Joints and Pointing
Spacers in masonry that will remain on its nature or smooth surfaced masonry shall be
finished according to the specified model and with the exact sequence of work as
work progresses.
Pointing shall be in the specified color, texture, and final shape.
Pointing process shall be executed from top to bottom of the wall. Spacers shall be
emptied to a depth of 20 mm, cleaned well with a brush to remove dust and debris,
and then wetted slightly with water by a brush.
For typical details on spacers and pointing, see Figure 3 in Annex 6 under Part 6.
3-3-1-2-7 Moisture-insulating Layers
Generally, Section 07150 "Moisture-insulating Layers" applies.
Moisture-insulating layers are laid on mortar setting beds, leveled and free of jut outs
that may cause holes in the insulation material. In the case of placing moistureinsulating layer in graded layers, only flexible membranes are used.
3-3-1-2-8 Insulation layers
Generally, Section 07200 "Thermal Insulation" shall be applied.
Insulation layers, used to fill cavities or being placed on brick or block surfaces, shall
be properly executed according to the manufacturer's instructions.
When using foam-insulation material to fill in cavities, holes and openings shall be
tightly closed prior to injection in order to prevent foam leakage.
When using liquid-insulating materials, these materials shall be poured into the
cavities from the top of each part of wall completed. The liquid shall be left to be
naturally formed according to its density without having to compact it.
3-3-1-2-9 Expansion Spacers
As indicated, expansion spacers shall be extended through walls.
Structural expansion spacers shall be extended for the building in full wall thickness.

All surfaces attached to expansion spacers shall be straight, perfectly clean, intact, and
sound (free of cracks, damages, or fractions.
For details on expansion spacers' covers see Section 05810, and expansion spacers'
jointing see Section 07900.
3-3-1-3 Interface with other components
3-3-1-3-1 Embedded Components
Clamps, dowels, and fixing units shall be made of materials in conformity with BS
5628: Part 3; Section 2 Specification.
Unless otherwise stated, if reinforcement of spacers, joints, ties, ligaments, and
clamps not made of stainless steel, they shall be galvanized in compliance with ACI
530.1 (3.2.1.4).
3-3-1-4 Deviations
Unless otherwise stated or directed, tolerated deviations in masonry shall be as
specified in ACI 530.1 (3.2.1.4) Specification.
Tolerated wall straightness and horizontalness may not exceed 15 mm. It may not
violate its standard dimensions either.
Thickness of mortar brush and vertical spacers shall be 12 mm.
Wall reinforcement shall be made every four courses or every 500 mm at the most.
Reinforcement overlay shall not be less than 150 mm at joints and overlays.
All walls or cutouts adjacent to concrete columns or walls shall be anchored by
clamping and bonding them by metal clamps and ligaments at distances of not more
than 450 mm vertically.
For pointing purpose, spacers shall be hollowed to a depth of 20 mm and then left
clean and ready to receive pointing.
3-3-1-5 Double walls
Recessed walls consist of two veneers; one inner and one outer. It is possible for both
of them to be made of brick, block, or stone, as specified.
3-3-1-5-1 Techniques and Workmanship
The two veneers, separate by a cavity between them, shall be anchored to each other
with ties and clamps as shown in schemes and drawings. Ties shall be placed in
differentially-staggered centers (for typical details, see Annex 6, Figures 2 and 3).
Collar joints shall be placed in differentially-staggered centers 900 mm horizontally
and 450 mm vertically.
Drainage cavities shall be provided for each 800 mm from one center to the next
center in places where plinths or other solid objects go through these cavities.
All recessed walls shall be tightly and solidly clogged at openings and braces.
As shown, moisture-insulating layers are used at the beginnings and ends of these
walls.
Inner cavity between the two veneers shall be maintained clean and free of mortar
droppings, debris, or any other deleterious materials.

When extending moisture-proof layers through cavities, attention shall be given to

place them askew in the direction of the outer veneer of the wall.
Drainage cavities shall be provided as shown. Water drainage openings shall be
covered on the sides with cotton or pieces of insect-barrier of plastic mesh before
filling in cavities with any insulating material (for typical details, see Figures 2 and
3under Annex 6)
For moisture-proofing layers, see section 07150 "Moisture-proofing Layers".
3-3-1-6 Faade Cladding
3-3-1-6-1 Special Techniques and workmanship
Wall cladding masonry shall be laid in a longitudinal off-set manner. Attention shall
be given to fill the mortar setting beds well with mortar.
Fir typical details of facade cladding see Figure 6 under Annex 6.
All works of lining of less than 115 mm shall be connected to the rear face of the
primary installment and on braches by ties and clamps.
3-3-1-7 Arched Walls
As shown, arched walls are built either of rectangular masonry with mortar spacers of
graded axes in accordance with the desired circular shape, or of special curved
masonry of standard thicknesses of spacers.
Mortar for the bed setting and spacers shall be of regular thicknesses in order to give a
pleasant appearance. Walls shall be well supported to prevent any movement,
especially in arches and the like before mortar dries.
Arched walls shall be built in equal half diameters, and no masonry unit shall be
allowed to deviate from the construction line.
3-3-1-8 Coping units
These units are placed in their full length with their facets on one straight line above a
full mortar bed setting. After completing all wall works, the rest of the spacers are
filled of the front and the back
Completely with mortar, while doctoring the external face of the mortar to be smooth.
3-3-1-9 Ventilation Outlets
Ventilation outlets are designed with the least number possible of bends and seams,
and shall be salient vertically to a distance of not less than 500 mm through openings
of last finished ceilings. These outlets shall be covered from the top while its sides
shall remain open with push-pull or grille on them, as specified, to secure a free space
for air of not less than the area of the outlet section of the chimney.
If ventilation outlets pass through fire-rated elements, ventilation outlets shall be also
fire- rated as indicated.
3-3-1-10 Glass Blocks
Glass block does not fit for bearing any loads on it. It is built in the shape of board
independent from the primary installation. A glass block can bear its weight up to a
height of 6 m per board, and can resist a side pressure if the board area does not
exceed 11 m2. If the board's width exceeds 1.80 m, glass block masonry shall be

reinforced with appropriate extended metal chips for every four courses, so as the
terminals of these chips enter into the neighboring masonry for at least 150 mm unless
glass block masonry units are fixed into frames group inside the brick masonry.
Unless otherwise specified or directed, glass block masonry units wider than 6 meters
shall require vertical reinforcement.
Thickness of mortar's spacers shall be 6 mm for outer masonry and 5 mm for the inner
masonry.
The bottom course of the glass block board shall be placed in a layer of bitumen or
any similar material to allow to it to move lightly. A clearance of 12 mm in sides
shall be left in the other three sides of the glass board which shall be filled with a resin
material or glass fibers to allow expansion.
Joints and horizontal surfaces of the glass blocks shall be painted in a manner that will
ensure adequate cohesion between the glass and mortar. Strict adherence to
manufacturer's recommendations is a must.
3-3-2 Natural stone masonry
3-3-2-1 Examination and processing
The contractor shall ensure that the supplied stone blocks are of correct sizes and can
be used perfectly.
Regular stone masonry, such as walls, curved arches, and basements are done in
accordance with the requirements of BS 5390 & BS 5642 Specifications.
3-3-2-2 Techniques and workmanship
3-3-2-2-1 Stone units' laying
Natural wall stone units are laid on their natural bed setting. Natural bed setting is
defined as the stratification level of sedimentary rocks (stratigraphy). Natural bed
settings of masonry units, in stone archers, shall be parallel to their respective mortar
joints. Furthermore, natural bed settings of stone masonry in friezes shall be vertical.
Joints with angular miter surface may not be used in any part of the work.
All works, such as mortises cavities to install the dowels and clamps and the like,
shall be performed by a qualified stone builder. Dowels and clamps and fixing means
shall be properly placed, fixed into masonry units by mortar as specified.
Walls types shall be as specified in project's bill of quantities or schemes.
3-3-2-2-2 Cohesion
If project documents require any cohesion means contrary to longitudinal cohesion,
the contractor shall be required to submit the necessary executive drawings.
3-3-2-2-3 Braces, Corners, and Frames
Braces, corners, frames, and the like shall be built in a straight line and tactful, as well
as minimizing the use of fragmented small units that do not give any support to the
primary installment.
Masonry units, which are used at the terminals and corners of exposed masonry, shall
be executed so carefully and well that they do not undermine the aesthetic appearance
of the wall.
3-3-2-3 Interface with Other Components

3-3-2-3-1 Embedded Components

Contractor shall coordinate with natural stone supplier in order to avoid chipping and
breakage for the purpose of holes and grooves on site. However, if stone chipping has
to be made on site, this shall be performed by an experienced builder technician after
being approved by the Engineer.
Installation of metal components into stones shall be in compliance with 5390
Specification.
3-3-2-4 Deviations
3-3-2-4-1 Walls of Carved Stone Masonry
Carved stones shall be in the form of blocks with sheared right angles, provided that
Engineer's prior approved is obtained.
Tolerable deviation in the sizes of this masonry may not lead to increasing the
thickness of cushions and spacers to more than 5 mm.
3-3-2-4-2 Walls of rubble stone
Cushions and spacers' thickness may not exceed 25 mm.
3-3-3 High heat- Resistant Masonry
3-3-3-1 General Requirements
The following requirements shall be taken into account during the construction of
chimneys lined with hot gases-resistant blocks or tiles:
1. Filling all the spacers with spacer materials and caulking putties according to the
manufacturing company's instructions specific to application works at the site.
2. The inner surface of the lining shall be smooth at the joints' points.
3. Voids between chimneys' bricks and their clay or concrete lining shall be filled
with lightweight concrete or weak mortar.
4. Cracked or broken lining masonry may not be used. Shearing or cutting units to
form a curve is also barred.
3-3-3-2 Chimneys' Reconstructed Block
Chimneys' block courses shall be quite adjusted with wall block masonry according to
manufacturer's instructions for on-site execution.
3-3-3-3 Refractory Bricks for Lining Chimneys
The following considerations shall be taken into account when installing the
chimneys' refractory bricks:
1. Use special mortar according to the manufacturer's instructions for the execution at
the site.
2. Fill all horizontal and cross spacers completely and then finishing them flush with
brick surface. Spacers' thickness shall be according to manufacturer's instructions for
on-site execution.
3. Cohesion between external brick masonry lining with refractory bricks in
accordance with manufacturer's instructions for on-site execution.
3-3-4 Chemical-Resistant Brick Masonry
Chemical-resistant brick masonry shall be installed using chemical-resistant mortar in
accordance with manufacturer's instructions specific to on-site execution.
For installation, see 3-3-1 "Reconstructed masonry".

3-3-5 Simulated Masonry

For installation, see 3-3-1 "Reconstructed masonry".
3-3-6 Mortar and Grout
3-6-3-1 Mortar
. For handling and preparation of admixtures, see 2-9-1-5
. For joints and pointing, see: 3-3-1-2-6
. Filling spacers with mortar shall be in compliance with ACI 530.1 (2.3.3.3)
Specification.
3-3-6-2 Grout
. For handling and preparation of admixtures, see 2-9-2
Construct grout spaces free of mortar dropping, debris, loose aggregates, and any
material deleterious to masonry grout.
Spraying process shall be in conformity with ACI 530.1 (4.3) Specification.
3-3-7 Masonry rehabilitation, renovation, and preservation
Masonry rehabilitation, renovation, and preservation shall be in conformity with ACI
SP-85.
Unless otherwise approved, potable drinking water and detergents shall be used to
clean masonry.
Unless otherwise directed or specified, acids and caustic materials may not be used
for cleaning.
3-4 Field Quality Control
3-4-1 General Requirements
Quality control inspection and testing shall be performed in accordance with the
requirements of paragraph 1-6 "Quality Assurance" and ACI 530.1 (1.5)
Specification.
In addition, the inspection and testing facility, approved by the Engineer, shall assume
specific duties as set out in paragraphs 3-4-2 and 3-4-3.
3-4-2 Repeated Tests
The below-listed tests and evaluations shall be conducted during execution for each
150 m2 of wall area or as specified.
3-4-3 Test Methods
3-4-3-1 Prism Test Method
A prism specimen of each type of walls, referred to in accordance with ASTM E 447
(Method B), shall be tested. A set of prism specimens are prepared to be tested after 7
days, and another set to be tested after
28 days.
3-4-3-2 Mortar Properties
Testing of mortar properties shall be in compliance with ASTM C 270 Specification.

3-4-3-3 Mortar Components

Testing of mortar components shall be in compliance with ASTM C 780
Specification.
3-4-3-4 Grout' compressive strength
Sampling and testing of grout's compressive strength should be conducted in
accordance with ASTM C 1019 Specification.
3-4-3-5 Evaluation of quality control tests
If there is no evidence of results' non-conformity to requirements, masonry works
shall be acceptable if these testing results match the minimum specified quality
requirements.
3-5 Rectification and Cleaning
3-5-1 Rectification
Masonry units, loose, with small fragments, broken, stained, damaged, or inconsistent
with neighboring masonry units shall be removed and replaced with new units using
new mortar or grout, and pointed in order to remove the effect of substitution and
rectification.
When spacers are pointed, cavities and holes are enlarged and filled completely with
mortar, with the exception of drainage holes.
3-5-2 Cleaning
3- 5-2-1 General Requirements
Masonry shall be maintained clean and free of stains, efflorescence, mortar, spray
droppings, or debris.
After mortar is completely dry and treated, visible exposed masonry shall be cleaned
as follows:
Unless otherwise specified or directed, masonry shall be cleaned using detergents
business, see 2-10-1.
Methods of testing cleaning on a specimen of the wall: Half of the wall surface is left
without cleaning for comparison purposes. Engineer's approval of the cleaned
specimen shall be required before proceeding masonry cleaning process.
1. Large parts of the mortar is manually removed, using a wooden paddle and nonmetal scraper or by a chaser.
2. Neighboring stone surfaces or brick non-masonry surfaces must be protected of
cleaning materials by covering them with a protective removable liquid, a cover of
polyethylene, or moisture-proof strips, as approved by the Engineer.
3. Surfaces to be cleaned shall be damped with water before applying detergents.
Cleaning materials must be removed immediately by rinsing well with clean water.
3-5-2-2 Clay Brick / Block Masonry
Clay brick / block masonry shall be cleaned manually, using a bucket and brush.
Detergent: As specified, see 2-10-1
3-5-2-3 Concrete Brick / Block Masonry
Concrete brick / block masonry shall be cleaned using the method specified in
NCMA TEK 45 appropriate for the type of stains on the visible masonry surfaces.

3-5-2-4 Glass block Mason

Glass block masonry shall be cleaned after the mortar reaches up the final condition
of setting prior to dry on glass block surfaces, using a scraping cleaning bristle and a
damp cloth.
Detergent containing scraping cleaning bristle with metal fibers, or wire brush, may
not be used.
3-5-2-5 Stone Masonry
Cleaning of stone masonry shall be in accordance with the recommendations
contained in "ILI Hand book" of Indiana Limestone Institute of America, Inc.
3-6 Demonstration and Illustration
Note: Demonstration and illustration requirements for equipment operation and
maintenance operations shall be inserted here. They shall be provided to Employer's
staff, including training if needed.
3-7 Protection
Upon stopping work, all new upper-surface brick or block masonry shall be protected,
all the time, against rain.
Special attention must be given to masonry units of surface textile with hollows and
configurations so that
Mortar does not fill them.
All protection and maintenance requirements for masonry works must be met so that
they are approved by the Engineer, as well as ensuring their protection against
damages until the date of the initial delivery
3-8 Tables
Note: Tables, such door tables, are to be inserted here to indicate what is not
executed, as well as providing any other coordinating data, when necessary.

Part IV: Methods of Measurement

4-1 General Requirements
Works' quantities are measured and calculated on site or on schemes.
Areas of wall openings not exceeding 0.50 m2 are not calculated when calculated wall
area.
4-2 Measurement Units
Walls are generally measured in the area unit (m2), as well as indicating wall type and
thickness.
Walls opposite to other installations are measured in the area unit (m2), as well as
indicating wall type and thickness, and the nature and origin of the wall next door.
Recessed walls are measured in the area unit (m2) as a compound unit including the
configuration of the cavity. Covers at the endings and around the openings are
included in the price.
Separate struts are measured in the area unit (m2), as well as indicating wall the type
and thickness.
Molds, trims, copings, frames, sailing courses, arches, and the like are measured in
linear meter (m).
Ventilation bricks and the like, as well as special types of bricks are measured in
number.
Expansion joints and the similar are measured in linear meter (m).
Damp-insulating layers are measured in linear meter (m), as well as indicating the
width and thickness.

Part V: Basis of Payment of Installments

5-1 General Requirement
Payment the value of the completed works, including but not limited to, the provision
of materials, equipment, tools, scaffolding, storage services, water, energy, labor,
samples, natural models of units, coordination with the rest of the specialties, auditing
and inspection works, testing, quality assurance, cleaning, and protection.
5-2 Auxiliary Works loaded to item price
Auxiliary works include the following: Building main and secondary bridges and
other structural sub elements.

Annex 6: Tables and Figures

6-1 Tables
Table 1: Basement Walls
Basement wall thickness (mm)

Natural ground level height above the

The basement (m)
365
2
300
1.4
240
1.0
Table 2: Distances and thicknesses of Reinforcement walls
Thickness of the loadbearing wall to be
reinforced (mm)
175<115=>
240<175=>
300<240=>
300=>

Floor height
(m)

3.25< =
3.50< =
5.00< =

Reinforcement wall

Distance (m)
4.5< =
6.00< =
8.00< =

Thickness (mm)
115=>

Table 3: Maximum allowable exterior wall area not requiring static calculations
Wall Thickness (mm)

115
175
240=>
300=>

Maximum allowed area for pre-fabricated wall units on

natural ground height (m2)
0-8 m
X = 1.0
X> 2.0
12
8
20
14
36
25
50
33

8-20 m
X = 1.0 X> 2.0
8
5
13
9
23
16
35
23

20-100 m
X = 1.0
X> 2.0
6
4
9
6
16
12
25
17

X: Ratio between the largest and the smallest dimensions of the wall.
For X values > 1.0 and <2.0: Maximum allowable exterior wall area not requiring
static calculations can be deduced mathematically.
6-2: Figures
Figure 1: Types of Lacing Course
English
Wall with a thickness of half a brick
Wall with a thickness of a brick
Wall with a thickness of one and half brick

Arabic

A typical installation of stone masonry

Concrete for making wall background

Figure 2: A hollow wall without insulator

English
Cavity (hollow) of 40 mm as a minimum
Loadbearing wall
Lining with stones of Riyadh or similar
Flooring according to project's documents
Wall joints - see Figure (4)
Damp-proof membrane
Corner mortar
Ground level
Damp-proof vertical layer

Arabic
40 ()



)4(

Table 3: A hollow wall with insulator

English
Cavity (hollow) of 40 mm as a minimum
Insulating board
Lining with stones of Riyadh or similar
Flooring according to project's documents
Damp-proof membrane
Corner mortar
Ground level

Arabic
40 ()

Table 4: Collar joints for hollow wall

English
Approximately 5 collar joints are required /
square meter
Installing a plastic bolt to tightly fix joints
Greater than or equal to 100 mm or at least
one-third of the wall thickness

100

Table 5 Welding and pointing smoothing

English
Curved (bucket handle) "Bail"
Flat (bucket handle) "Bail"
Spacer leveling line
Pointing
Spacer leveling
Square cavity
Skewed cavity

Arabic
) (

Table 6: Buildings' cladded facades

English
Outer wall
Spatter dash layer
Cement mortar
Wall collar joints

Arabic
) 5(

Arabic

) (

Building's cladding
Window plinth
Non-solid jointing
Wall collar joints of a thickness equals to
one third of wall thickness or 50 mm at
least
Window frame
Window shingle
Plaster

50

Annex 7: Information specific to specification preparer

7-1 Design requirements
Project documents must include, but not limited to, the following information:
1. Compressive strength requirements.
2. Type and thickness of the walls and the desired surface finish.
3. The requirements related to the details of load distribution, thermal and acoustic
insulation,
Vibration, wind effect, and control joints.
4. The requirements specific to the circumstances to which materials and goods may
be exposed to after construction, such as wind, temperature, chemical effect of
weather, and the like.
5. Any tests specific to materials that may add more requirements in addition to what
in applicable publications, particularly that with regard to high temperature, drought,
or moisture.
6. Details or schemes that must be submitted by the contractor, which must be
approved by the Engineer, on how to implement buildings, including construction
method.
7. Types of the used bricks, stones, and blocks, and design general standards.
8. Fire- rating requirements.
7-2 Operational performance requirements
Upon request, strength requirements for masonry and distinguished compressive
strength shall be identified according to project's documents and in conformity with
the relevant specifications.
7-3 Masonry units
Detail options and alternatives to material properties, in accordance with the specified
standard specifications, must be selected and identified in project's specifications or in
project's bills of quantities.
7-3-1 Clay masonry units
7-3-1-1 Mud brick (Clay brick)
1. Types according to loadbearing:
Non-loadbearing brick
Loadbearing brick, class: .
Faade cladding
2. Damp-proof layers, class: .........
3. Minimum average compressive strength:
3 MPa
7 MPa
15 MPa
50 MPa
70 MPa
4. Average water absorption percentage should not exceed:
25%

20%
15%
7%
Unspecified
5. Types of clay bricks according to Frost Resistance:
Frost resistant (F)
Moderately frost resistant (M)
Not frost resistant (O)
6. Types of clay bricks according to dissolved salts content
(L) Little content
(N) Normal content
7. Types of clay bricks according to efflorescence
No efflorescence
Light efflorescence
Moderate efflorescence
High efflorescence
8. Brick type
Solid
Cellular
Hollow
Perforated
Recessed
7-3-1-2 Clay blocks (red clay blocks)
Classified according to loadbearing:
Non loadbearing block
Loadbearing block, class: ...
2. Minimum average compressive strength:
2.5 MPa
7.5 MPa
15 MPa
3. Average water absorption percentage should not exceed:
25%
20%
17%
Unspecified
4. Types of clay blocks according to Frost Resistance:
Frost resistant (F)
Moderately frost resistant (M)
Not frost resistant (O)
5. Types of clay blocks according to Dissolved salts content
(L) Little content
(N) Normal content
6. Types of clay blocks according to efflorescence
No efflorescence
Light efflorescence
Moderate efflorescence
High efflorescence

7. Block Type
Solid
Cellular
Hollow
Recessed
7-3-2 Concrete masonry units
High-density concrete masonry units are made by mixing the selected aggregate,
cement, and other certified materials, in solid blocks under pressure and / or shaking.
Lightweight concrete masonry units are manufactured by mixing low-density
aggregate, such as furnace slag, spongy clay, or pumice stone ... etc., cement, and
other certified materials in blocks under pressure and / or shaking.
Aerated and autoclaved concrete masonry units are manufactured by mixing fine
silicon aggregate (sandy limestone), cement, lime, and auxiliary material to turn the
mixture into a cellular mixture.
7-3-2-1 Concrete bricks
1. The aggregate must comply with BS 882 specification, and must meet the
following requirements:
High-dense
Light-weighted
Autoclaved cellular (aerated)
2. Classification according to loadbearing:
Non loadbearing block
Loadbearing block, class ...
3. Minimum average compressive strength
3 MPa
7 MPa
7.5 MPa
17.3 MPa
24.1 MPa
4. Average water absorption percentage should not exceed:
15%
Unspecified
5. Brick type:
Solid
Cellular
Hollow
Perforated
Recessed
6. Concrete masonry classes are as follows:
Class N: for architectural works, cladding of facades of external walls. This class of
concrete masonry is high resistant, moisture penetration resistant, and severe-frost
resistant.
Class S: For general use. It is average moister and frost resistant
7. Average percentage of shrinkage under drought may not exceed:
0.06%
No need not be tested
7-3-2-2 Concrete Block

1. Aggregate must comply with BS 882 specification and must also be:
High dense
Light weighted
Autoclaved cellular (aerated)
2. Classification according to loadbearing:
Non loadbearing block
Loadbearing block, class: ...
3. Minimum compressive strength:
2.5 MPa
5 MPa
7.5 MPa
4. Average water absorption percentage should not exceed:
20%
Unspecified
5. Block type:
Solid
Cellular
Hollow: Block wall thickness may not to be less than 30 mm in loadbearing walls,
and not less than 15 mm in non-loadbearing walls and ceiling blocks.
6. Classes of concrete masonry:
N Class: For general use above and under ground
S Class: For only above-ground use
7. Average percentage of shrinkage under drought may not exceed:
0.06%
No need not be tested
7-3-3 Sand-lime masonry (calcium silicate)
This type of masonry is manufactured by mixing silicon aggregate (silica aggregate),
lime, and other certified materials placed under pressure and autoclaved.
7-3-3-1 Calcium silicate (lime sand) brick
1. Lime-sand bricks may be:
For regular use
For facades
Loadbearing bricks, class ...
2. Minimum compressive strength:
5 MPa
10 MPa
15 MPa
75 MPa
3. Brick type:
Solid
Cellular
Perforated
Recessed
4. Visible bulk density degree

It must be:
Not Applicable
7-3-3-2 Calcium silicate (lime sand) block
1. Lime-sand block may be:
For regular use
For facades
Loadbearing bricks, class: ...
2. Minimum compressive strength:
5 MPa
10 MPa
15 MPa
75 MPa
3. Block types:
Solid
Hollow
4. Visible bulk density:
Must be 0.6
Must be 1.0
Must be 2.2
Must be ......
Not Applicable
7-3-4 Glass Block
Glass blocks may not be used externally in areas exposed to sand storms or direct
sunlight.
Glass thickness shall secure acoustic insulation. Therefore it is recommended to
identify sound transmission coefficient in the project's bill of quantities.
Maximum audio transmission is: ......
1. Block type:
Solid
Hollow
2. Sun light's reflection:
Normal
Reflector to sun's ray
3. Transparency:
Ground glass
Transparent glass
Semitransparent glass
4. Surface texture should be:
Pure
Corrugated

Plexiglas
Cross-sectional Plexiglas
Square
7-4 Mortar
Mortar is a constructed stone consisting of a mixture of a bonding material (cement,
lime), fine sand, and water. It also contains, in some cases, additional materials,
additives, or admixture.
Mortar type is determined by taking into account the type of modular construction,
masonry type and location, and the extent of exposure to environmental effects.
7-4-1 Aggregate Gradation
7-4-1-1 Natural Aggregates
Table 1: Natural sand gradation - ASTM C 144
Sieve opening size Ratio passing through the sieve opening
(in mm)
(in weight)
Minimum
Maximum
4.75
100
2.36
95
1.18
70
100
0.60
40
75
0.30
10
35
.15
2
15
0.075
0
0
7-4-1-2 Manufactured Aggregate
Table 2: Manufactured sand Gradation ASTM C 144
Sieve opening size
(in mm)
4.75
2.36
1.18
0.60
0.30
.15
0.075

Ratio passing through the sieve opening

(in weight)
Minimum
Maximum
100
95
70
100
40
75
20
40
10
25
0
0

Percentage of sand of 0.075 mm size should not exceed 8% of the total weight.
7-4-1-3 Special joints mortar's aggregate
Table 3: Gradation of the roughest rubbles of spacers with a thickness of more
than 12 mm in accordance
Specification No.: ASTM C 404

Sieve opening size

(in mm)
12.5
9.5
4.75
2.36
1.18
0.60
0.30

Ratio passing through the sieve opening

(in weight)
Minimum
Maximum
100
90
100
20
55
5
30
0
10
0
5
0
0

7-4-2 Additional Material

Additives are used to improve certain properties of the mortar. However, there is a
danger that these additives have bad effect on the other important properties of the
mortar, such as resistance and contiguity.
Accordingly, it is a must to test the appropriateness of these additives for the mortar
prior to use.
7-4-3 Mixtures
Mixture ratios are usually determined by size.
If the mixture ratios will be measured by weight, their values will differ than that in
the case of being measured by size. Therefore, this fact should be highlighted, for
example: cement: lime: sand = ...: .....: .... in weight.
7-5 Stone Masonry
The selection of natural stone for construction work depends on the design, location,
and aesthetic appearance of the building, as well as technical considerations.
7-5-1 Types of natural Stone
Type of natural stone used shall be identified in project's bill of quantities, along with
a description of its properties as follows:
Natural stone of rocks (1) Igneous rocks, (2) sedimentary rocks, (3) metamorphic
rocks:
1) Igneous rocks are made of molten lava. Following are some of their types:
Granite,
Basalt,
Diorite,
Serpentine,
.......
2) Sedimentary rocks are composed of rock fragmentation resulting from weathering
and erosion. Following are some of their types:
Limestone,
Sandstone,
............

Sedimentary rocks form

Loamy-woven sheets rocks and sandy rocks
Magnesium oxide,
Kelsey (Jerry),
Breccia
Mixed rocky blocks and boulders,
..................
3) Metamorphic rocks are made of original rocks undergone a change either because
of pressure or heat, or both. Following are some of their types:
Marble,
Slate,
...............
The label may be as follows:
Carrera,
Rosa Aurora,
............
Marble must be in conformity with the ASTM 814
7-6 Execution
7-6-1 Control and Expansion Spacers
Control and expansion joints must be built within the walls to allow for thermal
expansion of the units. Joints shall be spaced at frequent distances close enough to
allow spaces for expansion and contraction without causing damage to the units,
mortar cushions, and joints. Structural expansion joints shall go through the walls to
prevent the possibility of a relative displacement.
All units' surfaces adjacent to expansion joints must be straight, properly executed,
and completely clean to ensure good bonding with any materials used for expansion
joints. Face surfaces of expansion joints exposed to weathering shall be covered by
leakage-proof materials to ensure that expansion joints are impermeable to water.
7-6-2 Recessed Walls
The two veneers constituting the cavity shall be tied together with ties or anchors
carefully buried in mortar bed settings and joints' spacers to ensure the solidity and
stability of setting beds. Furthermore, ties shall be placed in odd order from the
center.
All cavity walls shall be tightly and solidly blocked at their intersection with brackets
or openings in order to isolate them from wind and rain. Moisture-resistant layers are
also used at the beginnings and ends of these walls to prevent moisture penetration.
The internal cavity between the two veneers shall be kept clean and free of mortar
droppings, debris, or any other harmful substances that may facilitate moisture
penetration to the inner veneer of the wall.
When extending moisture-resistant layers through the cavities at places where
bridges, thresholds, or solid materials go through such cavities, it must be taken into
account to place them skewed to the direction of the outer veneer of the wall in order

to divert water away from the inner veneer. Furthermore, these places are equipped
with weep holes to drain accumulated water out of the building. Before placing any
sealing fillings into the cavities, the side of the drainage weep holes shall be covered
with insect-barrier cotton cloth or plastic mesh.
7-6-3 Ventilation Exits
Nozzles of the ventilation outlets shall be covered from the top to protect them from
the weather. Nozzles shall remain open from the side, or covered with push-pull or
grille to secure a free space for the air of not less than the area of the outlet section to
be ventilated.
If ventilation outlets pass through fire- rated elements, these outlets must be built so
that they are of fire-resistance rating at least equals to the minimum fire-rating
required for the elements they pass through. The same applies for horizontal branches
of ventilation outlets that also pass through fire- rated elements, or be provided with
fire suppressors at its contact points with fire- rated elements, where these suppressors
close automatically once fire is ignited.
.
Ventilation outlets should be used only to ventilate the interior spaces only.
Ventilation outlets shall be built of brick, blocks, or sheet-steel materials and shall be
as shown in the schemes:
Square sections
Rectangular sections
Round sections
Of special form
7-6-4 Fire-rated bricks (heat-resistant bricks)
Bricks and fire- rated bricks used in lining the chimneys must be of high-quality
special types. Manufacturer's instructions for the execution at the site must be tightly
adhered to. Quality workmanship in lining the chimneys is a very important factor for
them. These chimneys must operate 100% properly as they contain large amounts of
hot gases.