Unit I Mobile Computing R10

Mobile Communication: An Overview

Introduction To Mobile Communication & Overview, Guided & Unguided Transmission, Signal Propagation,
Frequencies, Antennae, Modulation, Modulation Methods , Standards For Voice-Oriented Data Communication
Standards , Mobile Computing-Novel Applications,Vice Versa Data Communication, Limitations, Mobile Computing
Architecture, Mobile System Networks.

Mobile Communication entails transmission of data to and from handheld devices. Two or more communications
devices, at least one is handheld or mobile. Location of the device can vary either locally or globally. Communication
takes place through a wireless, distributed, or diversified network.
Communication a two-way transmission and reception of data streams
Signals for Voice, data, or multimedia streams transmitted
Signals received by a receiver. It is communicated by a variation of electrical voltage v or current I through a path
between two points in a circuit. The values v or i vary as a function of time t.
Signals from a system transmit through a fiber, wire, or wireless medium.
According to defined regulations, recommended standards, and protocols.

Guided Transmission (Wired Transmission)

Metal wires and optical fibers guided or wired transmission of data
Guided transmission of electrical signals takes place using four types of cable

Fig: Fiber and Wire-based transmission and their ranges.

Four Types of Cables:
1. Optical fibre for pulses of wavelength 1.351.5 m.
2. Coaxial cable for electrical signals of frequencies up to 500 MHz and up to a range of about 40 m.
3. Twisted wire pairs for conventional (without coding) electrical signals of up to 100 kHz and up to a range of 2 km, or
for coded signals of frequencies up to 200 MHz and a range of about 100 m .
4. Power lines, a relatively recent advent in communication technology used for long-range traansmission of frequencies
between 10 kHz and 525 kHz.
Advantages:
Transmission along a directed path from one point to another.
Practically no interference in transmission from any external source or path.
Using multiplexing and coding, a large number of signal-sources simultaneously transmitted along an optical fibre,
A coaxial cable, or a twisted-pair cable.
Disadvantages:
Signal transmitter and receiver fixed (immobile).
No mobility of transmission and reception points.
Number of transmitter and receiver systems limits the total number of interconnections possible

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UnGuided Transmission (Wireless Transmission)
Electrical signals transmitted by converting them into electromagnetic radiation
Radiation transmitted via antennae that radiate electromagnetic signals
Various frequency bands within the electromagnetic spectrum
Different transmission requirements
f = c/ = (300/ )MHz [ in meter]

Fig: VHF and TV-VHF

Fig: UHF, GSM, DECT, 3G and DAB

Super high Microwave and Extreme High
2 GHz to 40 GHz (~15 cm to 0.75 cm) [Microwave bands and satellite signal bands]
14
Extreme high frequency (EHF): Above 40 GHz to 10 Hz (0.75 cm to 3 m)
Infrared
Far Infrared: Optical wavelengths between 1.0 <m>m to 2.0 <m>m and [ (1.5 to 3) <x> 1014 Hz (0.15-0.3 THz)]
Infrared: 0.90 <m>m to 0.85 <m>m in wavelength and ~ (3.3 to 3.5) <x> 1014 Hz [<@> 350 to 330 THz].

Antennae
Devices that transmit and receive electromagnetic signals
Most function efficiently for relatively narrow frequency ranges
If not properly tuned to the frequency band in which the transmitting system connected to it operates, the transmitted
or received signals may be impaired.
The forms of antennae are chiefly determined by the frequency ranges they operate in and can vary from a single
piece of wire to a parabolic dish.
Antennae Forms
Chiefly determined by the frequency ranges they operate in
Vary from a single piece of wire to a parabolic dish.

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Fig: /2 and /4 Dipole Antennae

Radiation Pattern
Important feature signal amplitude at an instant is identical along the pattern
Circular pattern means that radiated energy, and thus signal strength, is equally distributed in all directions in the Plane.
A pattern in which the signal strength is directed along a specific direction in the plane.

Fig: /2 and /4 Radiation pattern in z-y and x-z planes- Identical signal amplitude along circle.
Fig: Directed Transmission Antenna Radiation pattern in z-y and z-z planes Radiation Pattern.
Fig: Same Antenna Radiation pattern in x-y planes Radiation Pattern.

Propagation of Signals and Requirement

of Modulating the Signals
Wireless propagation of signals
Faces many complications
Mobility renders reliable wireless transmission much more difficult
Antenna height and size at mobile terminals generally quite small
Propagation properties
Obstacles in the vicinity of the antenna a significant influence on the propagated signal
Vary with place and, for a mobile terminal, with time Line-of-sight propagation
Between the transmitter and the receiver
Transmission of signals without refraction, diffraction, or scattering
Spherical radiation pattern and Line of sight Signal strength
Decreases as the square of the distance from the transmitter in free space
Larger distances the radiated power is distributed over a larger spherical surface area
Signal strength
1. Decrease due to attenuation
2. When obstacles in the path of the signal greater in size than the wavelength
Signal strength Attenuation
1. FM band signal transmitter 90 MHz ( = 3.3 m) faces attenuation of in objects of size 10 m &above
2. GSM 900 MHz ( > = 33 cm) signal, then it will face attenuation in objects of size > 1 m (>> ~33 cm)
Scattering of signal
From an obstacle of size equal to or less than the wavelength
GSM signal, about 33 cm in wavelength, scattered by an object of 30 cm or less
Decreases signal strength greatly

Fig: Scattering of Signal

Fig: Diffraction of signals

Fig: Reflection of Signal

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Diffraction of signals
Signal bends as a result of diffraction from the edges of an obstacle of size equal to or less than the wavelength.
GSM signal of wavelength 33 cm will diffract from an object of 33 cm or less.
Reflection of signals
Signal reflected from the surface of an obstacle, the earths surface, or a water body of size greater than the wavelength
of the signal.
GSM 900 MHz ( = 33 cm) signal the transmitter signal reflects from an object of size 10 m and above (much greater
than ).
Delayed Reach of Reflected signals
Delay more pronounced in case of multihopping paths.
Distorts waveforms
Causes misrepresentation of information encoded in the signal
Elimination of signal distortions due to delays
By Digital signal processing techniques the distortions due to delays from direct and multiple paths
Recovers original signal
Modulation of Wireless Signals
Sizes of antennae required for wireless transmission inversely proportional to the frequencies
Voice signals frequencies between 0.1 kHz to 8 kHz and Music-signal frequencies lie between 0.1 kHz to 16 kHz.
Ranges unsuitable for wireless Transmission
Modulation of Low frequency range wireless signals
Requirement of abnormally large sized antennae
Moreover, properties medium (air or vacuum) such that ultra low frequency signals cant be
transmitted across long distances without significant loss of signal strength

Modulation
Makes wireless transmission practical
Increases the compatibility of transmitted signal and transmission medium
The process of varying one signal, called carrier, according to the pattern provided by another signal (modulating
signal).
The carrier usually an analog signal selected to match the characteristics of a particular transmission system.
The amplitude, frequency, or phase angle of a carrier wave is varied in proportion to the variation in the
amplitude variation of the modulating wave (message signal).
Equation for signal amplitude
at an instant t,
s(t) s(t)= s0 sin [(2 c/ t) + t0 ]
= s0 sin [(2 f t) + t0]
s0 the peak amplitude (amplitude varies between s0 and s0)
c the velocity of the transmitted wave
t0 the phase angle of the signal at t = 0 (a reference point with respect to which t is considered)
f the signal frequency
Modulation of the voice or data signal
A technique by which fc or a set of carrier frequencies used for wireless transmission such that
peak amplitude, sc0,
frequency, fc,
Phase angle ct0 varies with t in proportion to the peak amplitude of the modulating signal sm(t).
Types of Modulation
Amplitude modulation (AM) if amplitude of carrier varied
Frequency modulation (FM) if frequency varied
Phase modulation if phase angle varied

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Amplitude Modulation:

Frequency Modulation:

Digital Modulation
A technique by which amplitude, frequency, or phase angle parameters of carrier or sub-carrier frequencies varied
according to the variation in the
modulating signal bit 1 or 0 the or
modulating bit-pair 00, 01, 10 or 11
or set of 4 or more bits
Digital Modulation of 1s and 0s
Amplitude Shifted Keying (ASK) if as per 1 or 0 amplitude of carrier varied
Frequency Shifted Keying (FSK) if as per 1 or 0 frequency varied
Amplitude Shifted Keying Modulation (ASK)

BPSK

Frequency Shifted Keying Modulation

QPSK

Phase Modulation of 1s and 0s

Binary Phase Shifted Keying (PSK or BPSK) 0 or 180 if as per 1 or 0 phase angle varied
Gaussian Minimum-phase Shifted Keying (GMSK) 0 if change from 1 to 0 and 180 varied if change from 0 to 1 and
then using minimizing technique for filtering introduced high frequency components on PSK.
8- PSK modulation
Bit pattern is 101 000 110 011 100 111.
The phase angle of the transmitted signal s(t) will be 5/8, /8, 3 /8, 7 /8, 7/8, and /8, after each successive time
interval of T. [T = 1/f].

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Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) modulation
Quadrature amplitude modulation quadrature phase shift keying
16-QAM The 16 PSK, 3-stage amplitude modulation
Multiplexing
Means that different channels, users, or sources can share a common space, time, frequency, or code for transmitting
data
Types of Multiplexing
Space division multiple access (SDMA)
Time division multiple access (TDMA)
Frequency division multiple access (FDMA)
Code division multiple access (CDMA)
Code Orthogonal frequency division multiple access (COFDM) also called OFDM
SDMA A division of the available space
Multiple sources can access the medium at the same time
Wireless transmitter transmits the modulated signals and accesses a space slot and another transmitter accesses
another space slot such that signals from both can propagate in two separate spaces in the medium without affecting
each other.
SDMA Example
Four groups A, B, C, and D of mobile users and four different regional space slots, R1, R2, R3, and R4
Group A uses R1, B uses R2, C uses R3, and D uses R4 for transmitting and receiving signals to and from a base
Station.
TDMA different sources using different time-slices for transmission of signals
An access method in which multiple users, data services, or sources allotted different time-slices to access the same
channel.
Available time-slice divided among multiple modulated-signal sources.
These sources use the same medium, set of frequencies, and same channel for transmission of data.
TDMA Example
GSM Eight radio-carriers (e.g., mobile phones) C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, and C8 in eight TDMA time-slices, one for
each radio carrier.
Eight phones GSM devices simultaneously transmit in the same frequency band (channel)
Time-slice allotted to each 577 s
FDMA different sources using different frequency for transmission of signals
An access method in which multiple users, data services, or sources allotted different frequency-slices (bands) to
access in same space and time-slice
Available frequency range is divided into bands which are used by multiple sources or channels at the same time
Various channels allotted distinct frequency bands for transmission
FDMA Example
GSM 900 at 890915 MHz uplink from user to the base station and 935960 MHz downlink
Each channel 200 kHz bandwidth.
124-channel uplink needs 200 kHz 124 = 24.8 MHz
Similarly, 124-channel downlink requires 24.8 MHz
CDMA different sources using different Codes for transmission of signals
An access method in which multiple users are allotted different codes (sequences of symbols) to access the
same channel (set of frequencies)
A symbol is a bit (0 or 1) which is transmitted after encoding and processing bits of data such as text, voice, pictures, or
video.
CDMA Example Each code is uniquely made up of n symbols
Used for transmitting a signal of frequencies fc0, fc0 + fs, fc0 + 2fs, , fc0 + (n 2) fs,
fc0 + (n 1) fs by the same channel.
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Frequencies are also called chipping frequencies in scheme called DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum) and
hoppingfrequencies in FHSS (Frequency hopping Sequence Spread Spectrum.)
OFDMA
An access method in which multicarrier, multi-tone transmitting for a set of symbols
Multiple users, data services, or sources allotted different frequency slices (bands) to access in same space
and time-slice but orthogonal codes .
Each carrier transmits a distinct set of sub-carriers and each set of sub-carriers is assigned a code which is orthogonal to
another.
Two frequency signals s1(t) and s2(t) are said to be orthogonal if s1(t) has maximum amplitude at the instant when
s2(t) has zero amplitude and vice versa
An access method in which the adjacent sets of sub-carriers {[fc0/nsc fg + (fc0 nsc 1 + nsc 1fs), ],
[fc0/nsc fg + (fc0nsc 1 + nsc 1 fs), ],
[fc0/nsc fg + (f c0nsc 1 + nsc 1 fs), ] that are carrying a subset of symbols are orthogonal.
Introduction to 2G and 3G Data Communication Standards
First and Second Generations (1G and 2G)
First generation wireless devices only voice signals
Second generation (2G) devices communicate voice as well as data signals have data rates of up to 14.4kbps
The 2.5G and 2.5G+ are enhancements of the second generation and sport data rates up to 100 kbps
Third generation (3G) mobile devices
Higher data rates than 2G and support voice, data, and multimedia streams
Facilitates data rates of 2 Mbps
Higher for short distances
384 kbps for long distance transmissions.
Enable transfer of video clips and faster multimedia communication
GSM & CDMA based Standards

GSM standards
A set of standards and protocols for mobile telecommunication
A global system for mobile (GSM) was developed by the Groupe Spciale Mobile (GSM)
Founded in Europe in 1982
Support cellular networks
GSM 900
GMSK modulation
FDMA for 124 up channels and 124 down channels
890-915 MHz for uplink and 935-960MHz
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Channel of bandwidth 200 kHz
8 radio-carrier analog-signals TDMA for user access in each deployed channel
Users time-slices of 577 s each
Maximum 14.4 kbps
EGSM (extended global system for mobile communication)
An additional spectrum of 10 MHz on both uplink and downlink channels
EGSM 900/1800/1900 MHz tri-band
An additional spectrum of 10 MHz on both uplink and downlink channels
GSM 1800 17101785 MHz for uplink and 18051880 MHz for downlink
GSM 1900 18501910 MHz for uplink and 19301990 MHz for downlink
GPRS (general packet radio service) GSM 2G+ (2.5G)
Packet-oriented service for data communication of mobile devices
Utilizes the unused channels in the TDMA mode in a GSM network
EDGE (enhanced data rates for GSM evolution)
An enhancement GSM Phase 2.5G+]
8PSK communication to achieve higher rates of up to 48 kbps per 200 kHz channel
High compares to up to 14.4 kbps in GSM.
Using coding techniques the rate can be enhanced to 384 kbps for the same 200 kHz channel
EGPRS and HSCSD
(enhanced general packet radio service) is an extension of GPRS using 8PSK (phase shift keying) modulation
Enhances the data rate EGPRS based on EDGE
Used for HSCSD (high speed circuit switched data)
CDMA
Evolution of CDMA from 2.5G in 1991 as cdmaOne (IS-95)
CDMA supports high data rates
3G.
Voice as well as data and multimedia streams.
CDMA 2000, IMT-2000, WCDMA and UMTS
Support cellular networks
CdmaOne
Founded in 1991
QUALCOM, USA
Belongs to 2G+
IS-95 (interim standards 95)
Operates at 824849 MHz and 869894 MHz.
CDMA channel transmits analog signals from multiple sources and users
WCDMA
Supports asynchronous operations
10 ms frame length with 15 slices.
Smaller end-to-end delay in the 10 ms frame as compared to 20, 40, or 80 ms frames
Each frame length is modulated by QPSK- both for uplink and downlink
DSSS CDMA
Supports a 3.84 Mbps chipping rate
Both short and long scrambling codes are supported, but for uplink only
3G partnership project (3GPP)
CDMA2000 and CDMA 2000 1x (3GPP2)
For voice communication
Circuit as well as packet switched communication
Internet protocol (IP) packet transmission
Multimedia and real time multimedia applications
3G partnership project 2
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UMTS (universal mobile telecommunication system)
Supports both 3GPP (3G partnership project) and 3GPP2
Communicates at data rates of 100 kbps to 2 Mbps
CDMA2000 and CDMA 2000 1x
Chipping rates are in multiples of fs = 1.2288 Mbps
3G IMT 2000 carrier frequency fc0 = 2GHz
Included in UMTS
CDMA 2000 1x fs = 1.2288 Mbps
Also backward compatible to 2.5GcdmaOne IS-95

WPANs and WLANs

Wireless personal area network using Bluetooth, ZigBee, or IrDA protocols

Bluetooth IEEE 802.15.1

WPAN standard
Operates at a frequency of 2.4 GHz radio spectrum which is identical to that of the IEEE 802.11b WLAN standard
Bluetooth provides short distance (1 m to 100 m range as per the radio spectrum) mobile communication
Data rates between the wireless electronic devices are up to 1 Mbps Bluetooth
Between the mobile phone handset and headset for hands-free talking
Between the computer and printer, or
Computer and mobile phone handset.
Enables user mobility in a short space with other Bluetooth enabled devices or computers in the vicinity
Uses FHSS (frequency hopping spread spectrum).
Facilitates object exchanges
Object can be a file, address book, or Presentation
ZigBee WPAN standard that is IEEE 802.15.4
Lower stack size (28 KB) in the protocol
Lower network-joining latency when
compared to Bluetooth (250 KB).
For Low transmitting power systems
Interoperable standard based on RF wireless communication
ZigBee
Expected to provide large-scale automation and the remote controls up to a range of 70 m
Data rates of 250 kbps, 40 kbps, and 20 kbps at the spectra of 2.4 GHz, 902 MHz to 928 MHz, and 868 MHz to 870
MHz, respectively
Uses DSSS
Designed for robotic control,
industrial,
home, and
monitoring applications.
ZigBee Applications
ZigBee enabled electric meter communicates electricity consumption data to the mobile meter reader
A ZigBee enabled home security system alerts the mobile user of any security breach at the home
IrDA (infrared data association) 1.0
Protocol for data rates up to 115 kbps
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IrDA 1.1 supports data rates of 1.152 Mbps to 4 Mbps
WLAN and Internet Access
IEEE 802.11a, 802.11b, and 802.11g standards
WLAN also called WiFi (Wireless Fidelity).
Mobile communication using an 802.11 WLAN standard

IEEE 802.11 based standards for WLANs

802.11a MAC layer operations such that multiple physical layers in 5 GHz (infrared, two 2.4 GHz physical layers)
Infrastructure based architecture as well as Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) based architecture.
at data rates of 6 Mbps, 9 Mbps, Data rates supported are from 54 kbps to a few Mbps.
IEEE 802.11 based standards for WLANs
802.11a MAC layer operations such that multiple physical layers in 5 GHz (infrared, two 2.4 GHz physical layers)
Infrastructure based architecture as well as Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) based architecture.
802.11a
OFDM at data rates of 6 Mbps, 9Mbps,
Data rates supported are from 54 kbps to a few Mbps
802.11b
54 Mbps and at 2.4 GHz.
Modulation DSSS /FHSS
Supports short-distance wireless networks using Bluetooth (IEEE 802.15.1) based applications and the
OFDMA physical layer
Provides protected Wi-Fi access.
The data rates are 1 Mbps (Bluetooth), 2 Mbps, 5.5 Mbps, 11 Mbps, and 54 Mbps (HIPERLAN 2).
802.11g
Operates at 54 Mbps and at 2.4 GHz
Used for many new Bluetooth applications
Compatible to 802.11b
Uses DSSS in place of OFDMA
WiMax (worldwide interoperability for microwave access) IEEE 802.16
New generation innovative technology
Delivers high-speed, broadband, fixed, and mobile services wirelessly to large areas with much less infrastructure
WAP (wireless application protocol)
provides the web contents to small-area display devices in mobile phones
Service providers format contents in the WAP format
I- Mode (internet in mobile mode)
Developed by NTT DoCoMo, Japan
Very popular wireless Internet service for mobile phonesHIPERLAN2 (HIPER formance LAN 2).

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Mobile Computing : means the process of computation on a mobile device.
In mobile computing, a set of distributed computing systems or service provider servers
participate, connect, and synchronize through mobile communication protocols.
Mobile computing as a generic term describing ability to use the technology to wirelessly
connect to and use centrally located information and/or application software through the
application of small, portable, and wireless computing and communication devices.
Mobile device does not restrict itself to just one application, such as, voice
communication devices.
Provides decentralized (distributed) computations on diversified devices, systems, and
networks, which are mobile, synchronized, and interconnected via mobile communication
standards and protocols.
Offers mobility with computing power.
Facilitates a large number of applications on a single device.

Ubiquitous Computing : Refers to the blending of computing devices with environmental

objects.
A term that describes integration of computers into practically all objects in our everyday
environment, endowing them with computing abilities.
Based on pervasive computing.
Pervasive Computing: Pervasive means existing in all parts of a place or thing.
Pervasive computing The next generation of computing which takes into account the
environment in which information and communication technology is used everywhere,
by everyone, and at all times.
Assumes information and communication technology to be an integrated part of all facets
of our environment, such as toys, computers, cars, homes, factories, and work-areas.
Takes into account the use of the integrated processors, sensors, and actuators connected
through high-speed networks and combined with new devices for viewing and display.

Mobile Computing Also called pervasive computing when a set of computing devices,
systems, or networks have the characteristics of transparency, application-aware adaptation,
and have an environment sensing ability.
Mobile Computing having :
Novel applications.
A large number of applications.
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Very recently made mobile TV realizable.
Smartphone Feature EXAMPLE :
A mobile phone with additional computing functions so as to enable multiple applications.
SMS (short message service), MMS (multimedia messaging service), phone,
e-mail, address book, web browsing, Calendar, task-to-do list, pad for memos.
Compatibility with popular Personal Information Management (PIM) software.
Integrated attachment viewing.
Sure Type keyboard technology with QWERTY-style layout.
Dedicated Send and End keys.
Bluetooth capability for hands-free talking via headset, ear buds, and car kits.
EvDO* support enabling the device as a wireless modem use for laptop or PC.
Speaker phone.
Polyphonic ring tones.
64 MB memory.
Bright, high-resolution display, supporting over 65,000 colors.
Enterprise Solution
Enterprises or large business networks.
Huge database and documentation requirements.
Business solutions for corporations or enterprises.
An enterprise solution architecture for a BlackBerry device

Mobile Computing application to Music and video

Example Apple iPods enables listening to ones favorites tunes anytime and
Anywhere.
View photo albums
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Slide shows
Video clips
Mobile Commerce
Stock quotes in real time or on demand.
The stock purchases or selling
Bank transactions
Retail purchases
Supply chain management
e-Ticketing booking cinema, train, flight, and bus tickets.
Limitations to mobile computing
Resource constraints: Battery
Interference: the quality of service (QoS)
Bandwidth: connection latency
Dynamic changes in communication environment: variations in signal power
within a region, thus link delays and connection losses.
Network Issues: discovery of the connection-service to destination and connection stability
Interoperability issues: the varying protocol standards
Security constraints: Protocols conserving privacy of communication
Mobile Computing Architecture: consist of
Programming languages used for mobile system software
Operating system functions to run the software components onto the hardware
Middleware components deployment
Layered structure arrangement of mobile computing components
Protocols and
Layers used for transmission and reception.
Let us discuss briefly Now

1. Programming Languages:
Java -- J2SE.
J2ME (Java2 Micro edition)
Java Card (Java for smart card
The Java enterprise edition (J2EE) used for web and enterprise server based
applications of mobile services.
C and C++
Visual C++
Visual Basic.
2. Operating System:
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Symbian OS, Window CE, Mac OS
Offers the user to run an application without considering the hardware specifications and
functionalities.
Provides functions which are used for scheduling the multiple tasks in a system
Provides the functions required for the synchronization of multiple tasks in the
System.
Multiple threads synchronization and priority allocation
Management functions (such as creation, activation, deletion, suspension, and delay) for
tasks and memory.
Provides Interfaces for communication between software components at the application
layer, middleware layers, and hardware devices
Facilitates execution of software components on diversified hardware.
Provides Configurable libraries for the GUI (graphic user interface) in the device.
Provides User applications GUIs, VUI (voice ) components, and phone API
Provides the device drivers for the keyboard, display, USB, and other devices
3. Middleware for Mobile Devices:
Software components that link the application components with the network-distributed
components
To discover the nearby device such as Bluetooth
To discover the nearby hot spot
For achieving device synchronization with the server or an enterprise server
For retrieving data (which may be in Oracle or DB2) from a network database
For service discovery at network
For adaptation of the application to the platform and service availability
4. Structure arrangement of mobile computing components:

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5. Protocols :
Such as GSM 900, GSM900/1800/1900, UMTS, and I-Mode
WPAN protocols Bluetooth, IrDA, and Zigbee)
WLAN protocols for example, 802.11a and 802.11b)
WAP
6. Layers :
1. Physical for sending and receiving signals (for example, TDMA or CDMA coding)
2. Data-link (for example, multiplexing)
3. Networking (for linking to the destination)
4. Wireless transport layer security (for establishing end-to-end connectivity)
5. Wireless transaction protocol
6. Wireless session protocol
7. Wireless application environment (for running a web application, for example, mobile ebusiness)
Mobile Devices:
These are classified into a few broad categories.
1. Handheld Mobile Smartphones with Multimedia Functionalities Mobilephones are handheld devices with large functionalities. Each mobile devices
used in cellular network. Smartphones are hybrid cellular phones that possess some
advanced functionalities of multiphones or multimedia phones the functions of regular
mobile phones.They can also play MP3 format for Audio and MP4 format for Videos in
addition to the smartphone functionalities.
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2. Smartcards A mobile computer chip sandwiched within a very small space between the layers of
the card.
3. Smart Sensors Sensors in mobile device enable it to interact better with its surroundings. ex: Voice
amplification.
Deployed smart sensors connect and convey essential information to mobile control
systems.
Mobile System Networks:
Mobile networks are networks of mobile devices, servers and distributed computing
systems.
There are three types of mobile networks. They are
1. Cellular Network A cell is the coverage area of a base station, connected to other stations via
wire or fibre or wirelessly through switching centres.
The coverage area defines a cell and it boundaries.
Each cell has a base station.
A base station functions as an access point for the mobile service. It connects to
the mobile devices of the cell which covers the current location.
All the devices within the range of a given base station communicate with each
other through that base station only.
Cellular Broadband:
Cell towers are now 3G enabled and provide support
EVDO,HSPDA and HSUPA. A computer just connects a USB cellular modem , service
providers therefore support Internet broadband access using mobile phone.
2. WLAN Network and Mobile IP
For connectivity between the Internet, two LANs, mobile devices, and computers.
Mobile device connects to an access point, called a hot spot.
The access point, in turn, connects to a host LAN which links up to the Internet
through a router.

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Fig: Cellular network Architecture Mobile comm.`n using cellular network.

An open standard based on the IP (internet protocol).defined by the IETF RFC Standard.
Mobile IP network provides the mobile IP service using home agents and foreign
agents.

Fig:- Comm`n between mobile devices using a WLAN network through access points(hotspots)
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3.Ad-hoc Networks:
The nodes, mobile nodes, and sensor nodes communicate among themselves using a base
station.
The base stations function as gateways
The ad hoc networks deployed for routing, target detection, service discovery, and other needs
in a mobile environment.

Fig: Comm`n of mobile nodes and sensors nodes directly and using a base station as a gateway.

1. Explain about Guided and Unguided Transmission along its Advantages & Disadvantages.
2. a) Write short notes on i) Mobile Communication ii) Mobile Computing iii)Antennae iv)Signal v)Modulation
b) Explain in detail about Mobile System Networks & its Types.
3. Briefly explain about Modulation Methods standards for Voice or Data-Oriented Signal.
4. a)what is mobile Computing? Explain Novel Applications and limitations of mobile computing.
b) Explain & Draw a neat sketch of Mobile Computing Architecture.

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