Even if you work with stamped drawings, you'll eventually need to do commercial

load calculations in the field or on a licensing exam. The NEC covers commercial
calculations in Art. 220, but other articles also apply. For example, you must know
the definitions in Art. 100, be familiar with what Art. 210 says about continuous
loads, and understand the overcurrent protection requirements set forth in Art. 240.

Two items associated with this type of calculation repeatedly need clarification:

Voltage
The voltage to use for your calculations depends on the system design voltage.
Thus when you calculate branch-circuit, feeder, and service loads, you must use a
nominal system voltage of 120V, 120/240V, 208Y/120V, 240V, 347V, 480Y/277V,
480V, 600Y/347V, or 600V unless otherwise specified (220.2) (Fig. 1 below).

Rounding
Refer to 200.2(B) to end the rounding mystery. When the ampere calculation
exceeds a whole number by 0.5 or more, round up to the next whole number. If the
extra is 0.49 or less, round down to the next whole number. For, example, round
29.5A up to 30A, but round 29.45A down to 29A.

Specific loads. Art. 220 doesn't cover all specific loads. For example, you'll find
motors in Art. 430 and air conditioners in Art. 440. To know if you should look in
another Article, use the NEC index.

<b>Fig. 1.</b> Dont make the mistake of using actual field measurements of
system voltage in your calculations. Unless specified otherwise, loads shall be
computed using the nominal system voltage such as 120V, 120/240V, 208Y/120V,
240V, 347V, 480Y/277V, 480V, 600Y/347V or 600V.
<b>Fig. 1.</b> Dont make the mistake of using actual field measurements of
system voltage in your calculations. Unless specified otherwise, loads shall be
computed using the nominal system voltage such as 120V, 120/240V, 208Y/120V,
240V, 347V, 480Y/277V, 480V, 600Y/347V or 600V.

Art. 220 has specific requirements for most loads, including the following:

Dryers. Size the branch-circuit conductors and overcurrent protection device for
commercial dryers to the appliance nameplate rating. Calculate the feeder demand

load for dryers at 100% of the appliance rating. If the dryers run continuously, you
must size the conductor and protection device at 125% of the load [210.19(A),
215.3, and 230.42]. Table 220.18 demand factors don't apply to commercial dryers.

Let's apply what we've just learned. What size branch-circuit conductor and
overcurrent protection does the NEC require for a 7kW dryer rated 240V when the
dryer is in a multi-family dwelling laundry room (Fig. 2)?

I=PE

7,000W240V=29A

The ampacity of the conductor and overcurrent device must be at least 29A (240.4).
Per Table 310.16, a 10 AWG conductor at 60C is rated 30A. Therefore, you must
use a 30A breaker with a 10 AWG conductor.

<b>Fig. 2.</b> When determining proper branch-circuit protection and conductor

size for a commercial clothes dryer, you must use a demand load of 100%. The
reduced demand factors for multiple dryers (Table 220.18) dont apply in a
commercial setting.
<b>Fig. 2.</b> When determining proper branch-circuit protection and conductor
size for a commercial clothes dryer, you must use a demand load of 100%. The
reduced demand factors for multiple dryers (Table 220.18) dont apply in a
commercial setting.

Electric heat [424.3(B)]. Size branch-circuit conductors and the overcurrent

protection device for electric heating to not less than 125% of the total heating
load, including blower motors. Calculate the feeder/service demand load for electric
heating equipment at 100% of the total heating load.

Kitchen equipment. Size branch-circuit conductors and overcurrent protection for

commercial kitchen equipment per the appliance nameplate rating.

To determine the service demand load for commercial kitchen equipment that has
thermostatic control or intermittent use, apply the demand factors from Table
220.20 to the total connected kitchen equipment load. The feeder or service
demand load can't be less than the sum of the two largest appliance loads. The

demand factors of Table 220.20 don't apply to space-heating, ventilating, or airconditioning equipment.

Laundry equipment. Size these circuits to the appliance nameplate rating. You can
assume a laundry circuit isn't a continuous load and that commercial laundry
circuits are rated 1,500VA unless noted otherwise in the project drawings or exam
question.

Lighting. The NEC requires a minimum load per square foot for general lighting,
depending on the type of occupancy [Table 220.3(A)]. For the guestrooms of hotels,
motels, hospitals, and storage warehouses, you can apply the general lighting
demand factors of Table 220.11 to the general lighting load.

Assume the general lighting load for commercial occupancies other than
guestrooms of motels, hotels, hospitals, and storage warehouses is continuous.
Calculate it at 125% of the general lighting load listed in Table 220.3(A).

Receptacles. You don't do all receptacle load calculations the same way. The NEC
has separate requirements, depending on the application.

Multi-outlet receptacle assembly. For service calculations, consider every 5 feet (or
less) of multi-outlet receptacle assembly to be 180VA. When you can reasonably
expect a multi-outlet receptacle assembly to power several appliances
simultaneously, consider each foot (or less) as 180VA for service calculations.
Normally, a multi-outlet receptacle assembly isn't a continuous load [220.3(B)(8)].

Receptacle VA load. The minimum load for each commercial or industrial generaluse receptacle outlet is 180VA per strap [220.3(B)(9)]. Normally, receptacles aren't
continuous loads.

Number of receptacles permitted on a circuit. The maximum number of receptacle

outlets permitted on a commercial or industrial circuit depends on the circuit
ampacity. To calculate that number, divide the VA rating of the circuit by 180VA for
each receptacle strap.

<b>Fig. 3.</b> The minimum load for each commercial general-use receptacle
outlet is 180VA per strap. In this example, the 15A, 120V breaker could

accommodate 1,800VA of load (120V x 15A = 1,800VA). Therefore, you could install
a total of 10 receptacles on this circuit.
<b>Fig. 3.</b> The minimum load for each commercial general-use receptacle
outlet is 180VA per strap. In this example, the 15A, 120V breaker could
accommodate 1,800VA of load (120V x 15A = 1,800VA). Therefore, you could install
a total of 10 receptacles on this circuit.

Let's work a sample problem. How many receptacle outlets are permitted on a 15A,
120V circuit (Fig. 3)?

Total circuit VA load for a 15A circuit:

120V15A=1,800VA
Number of receptacles per circuit:
1,800VA180VA=10 receptacles

Receptacle sizing. The NEC permits 15A circuits in commercial and industrial
occupancies, but some local codes require a minimum 20A rating (310.5).

Receptacle service demand load. In other than dwelling units, you can add to the
lighting loads receptacle loads computed at not more than 180VA per outlet per
220.3(B)(9). You can also add fixed multi-outlet assemblies computed per 220.3(B)
(8). Both of these must adhere to the demand factors given in Table 220.11 or in
Table 220.13.

Bank and office general lighting and receptacles. Calculate the receptacle demand
load at 180VA for each receptacle strap [220.3(B)(9)] if the number of receptacles is
known, or 1VA for each square foot if the number of receptacles is unknown [Table
220.3(A) Note b].

Signs. The NEC requires each commercial occupancy that's accessible to

pedestrians to have at least one 20A branch circuit for a sign [600.5(A)]. The load
for the required exterior signs or outline lighting must be at least 1,200VA [220.3(B)
(6)]. A sign outlet is a continuous load. You must size the feeder load at 125% of the
continuous load [215.2(A)(1) and 230.42].

The following question will allow you to practice what we've just covered. What's the
demand load for one electric sign?

1,200VA1.25=1,500VA

Neutral calculations. The neutral load is the maximum unbalanced demand load
between the grounded (neutral) conductor and any one ungrounded (hot) conductor
as determined by the calculations in Art. 220, Part B. This means you don't
consider line-to-line loads when sizing the grounded (neutral) conductor. What
about load reduction? That depends on certain factors, which we'll look at next.

Reduction over 200A. You can reduce the feeder/service net computed load for 3wire, single-phase or 4-wire, 3-phase systems that supply linear loads for that
portion of the unbalanced load over 200A, by a multiplier of 70%.

To see how this would work for an actual installation, determine the neutral demand
load for a balanced 400A, 3-wire, 120/240V feeder.

Total neutral load for 400A service:

First 200A at 100%: 200A1.00=200A
Remainder at 70%: 200A0.70=140A
Total demand load: 200A140A=340A

Reduction not permitted. You can't reduce the neutral demand load for 3-wire,
single-phase, 208Y/120V or 480Y/277V circuits that consist of two line wires and the
common conductor (neutral) of a 4-wire, 3-phase wye system. This is because the
common (neutral) conductor of a 3-wire circuit connected to a 4-wire, 3-phase wye
system carries about the same current as the phase conductors [310.15(B)(4)(b)].

<b>Fig. 4.</b> Sizing the grounded (neutral) conductor can be tricky. Just
remember that you cant reduce the neutral demand load for 3-wire, single-phase,
208Y/120V or 480Y/277V circuits that consist of two line wires and the common
conductor (neutral) of a 4-wire, 3-phase system.
<b>Fig. 4.</b> Sizing the grounded (neutral) conductor can be tricky. Just
remember that you cant reduce the neutral demand load for 3-wire, single-phase,

208Y/120V or 480Y/277V circuits that consist of two line wires and the common
conductor (neutral) of a 4-wire, 3-phase system.

As proof of this theory, see the example in Fig. 4.

In addition, you can't reduce the neutral demand load for nonlinear loads supplied
from a 3-phase, 4-wire, wye-connected system, because they produce triplen
harmonic currents that add on the neutral conductor. This situation can require the
neutral conductor to be larger than the ungrounded conductor load (220.22 FPN 2).

Knowing the correct way to do commercial load calculations makes you more
valuable because you can play a key role in the field design, inspection, and
implementation process. It's one more skill that helps you do the job right the first
time.