Com4D Intro

4/2/2015 4:43 AM
JBCardenas 1982

JBCardenas 1982

Transmission Media and

Antenna Systems B

Sources:
Com3 Lecture Notes
FValientes Com3 2011 presentation slides
JCardenas Com4/Com5 2011 presentation slides
Carr, Practical Antenna Handbook, TAB, 1989
Tomasi,

Metallic Feed Lines

Excerts of presentation materials,
not in MIT Lecture Notes
2015 Jose Cardenas, v I-1

T.L. and Antennas

JBC 2005~2012

Course Content

Telecommunication, wireline and

wireless
Transmission Line Characteristics
Using Smith Charts with T.L.
Radio wave Propagation
Antenna Systems
Introduction to Waveguide
Optical Transmission Media
Antenna Design and Prototyping
JBC 2012

JBCardenas, EE, ECE, A.P.P., C.P.M.

T.L. and Antennas

Com4D Intro

4/2/2015 4:43 AM
JBCardenas 1982

JBCardenas 1982

Topic 01
Intro to transmission lines except FOC and waveguides
Review: coordinate system
Values of commonly used constants in communication
Free space values: permittivity, permeability, ect
Dielectric constants
Loss tangent
Concept of electromagnetic waves
Transverse EM
Velocity Factor
Concept and relationship of frequency and wavelength
Review of dB dBW, dBm, dBi, dBd, dBk, etc
Class activity/seatwork/exercise
T.L. and Antennas

JBC 2005~2012

Notes on TEM Waves

The E- and H-fields and the direction of

motion of TEM waves are mutually
perpendicular to each other.
Velocity of radio waves in free space is c =
2.998x108 m/s, but in a medium with
dielectric constant r:
Where:

v
v
kc ;
f
r
JBC 2012

JBCardenas, EE, ECE, A.P.P., C.P.M.

k = velocity
factor

T.L. and Antennas

Com4D Intro

4/2/2015 4:43 AM
JBCardenas 1982

Loss Tangent
is a parameter of a dielectric material that quantifies its inherent
dissipation of electromagnetic energy. The term refers to the
tangent of the angle in a complex plane between the resistive
(lossy) component of an electromagnetic field and its reactive
(lossless) component.
The loss tangent is then defined as the ratio (or angle in a complex
plane) of the lossy reaction to the electric field E in the curl equation
to the lossless reaction:

Wherein is the imaginary amplitude of permittivity, is the free

charge conduction that is quantified, represents the familiar lossless
permittivity, is the angular frequency of the wave, and Q is the
quality factor.

T.L. and
5 Antennas

jbcardenas 2013

2-Apr-15

Transmission Lines
Note: formulas are illustrative only, certain assumptions were made for them.

A system of conductors having a precise geometry and

arrangement that is used to transfer power from source to load
with minimum loss.
Media for conveying information from one point to another.
The conductive connections between system elements which
carry signal power.

2-wire line: radiation, dielectric and skin

losses

RING TIP

S
a

twisted pair

co-ax

Zo = 276 r log (2S/d)

Co-axial: dielectric and skin losses; power

handling limitation

waveguide

Zo = (138 r) log (D/d)

Waveguide: good all-around characteristics

at microwave frequencies
(rectangular) Zg = 120 / (1 (

Microstrip and stripline: low-power

millimeter wave bands

strip-line

/(2a))2)

FOC

Zo = 60/eff ln(8H/W+0.25W/H), W/H1

FOC: infra-red and light frequencies.

JBC 2012

JBCardenas, EE, ECE, A.P.P., C.P.M.

T.L. and Antennas

Com4D Intro

4/2/2015 4:43 AM
JBCardenas 1982

dB Units
Radio power, radar, energy, and field strength

Antenna measurements

dBc relative to carrierin telecommunications, this

indicates the relative levels of noise or sideband peak
power, compared with the carrier power. Compare
dBC, used in acoustics.
dB(J) energy relative to 1 joule. 1 joule = 1 watt per
hertz, so power spectral density can be expressed in
dBJ.
dB(mW) power relative to 1 milliwatt. When used in
the radio field, the dB is usually referenced to a 50 ohm
load, with the resultant voltage being 0.224 volts.
There are times when spec sheets may show the
voltage & power level e.g. 120 dBm = 0.224
microvolts.
dB(V/m) electric field strength relative to
1 microvolt per meter. Often used to specify the signal
strength from a television broadcast at a receiving site
(the signal measured at the antenna output will be in
dBV)..
dB(fW) power relative to 1 femtowatt.
dB(W) power relative to 1 watt.
dB(kW) power relative to 1 kilowatt.
dB(Z) energy of reflectivity (weather radar), related
to the amount of transmitted power returned to the
radar receiver; the reference level for Z is 1 mm6 m3.
Values above 1520 dBZ usually indicate falling
precipitation.
dBsm decibel measure of the radar cross
section (RCS) of a target relative one square meter.
The power reflected by the target is proportional to its
RCS. "Stealth" aircraft and insects have negative RCS
measured in dBsm, large flat plates or non-stealthy
aircraft have positive values.

dB(isotropic) the forward gain of an

antenna compared with the hypothetical isotropic
antenna, which uniformly distributes energy in all
directions. Linear polarization of the EM field is
assumed unless noted otherwise.
dB(dipole) the forward gain of
an antenna compared with a half-wave dipole
antenna. 0 dBd = 2.15 dBi
dB(isotropic Circular) the forward gain of an
antenna compared to a circularly
polarized isotropic antenna. There is no fixed
conversion rule between dBiC and dBi, as it
depends on the receiving antenna and the field
polarization.
dB(quarterwave) the forward gain of an antenna
compared to a quarter wavelength whip. Rarely
used, except in some marketing material. 0 dBq =
0.85 dBi

Voltage

dBV voltage relative to 1 volt, regardless of

impedance.
dBu or dBv voltage relative to 0.775
volts. Originally dBv, it was changed to dBu to
avoid confusion with dBV. The "v" comes from
"volt", while "u" comes from "unloaded".
dBmV mVRMS) voltage relative to 1 millivolt
across 75 . dBV or dBuV

T.L. and Antennas

JBC 2012

Audio electronics
dBm power relative to 1 milliwatt. No reference
impedance is assumed, although 600 ohms is
common in audio equipment.
dBFS the amplitude of a signal compared with
the maximum which a device can handle
before clipping occurs. Full-scale may be
defined as the power level of a fullscale sinusoid or alternatively a fullscale square wave.
dBTP - peak amplitude of a signal compared with
the maximum which a device can handle
before clipping occurs. In digital systems, 0
dBTP would equal the highest level (number)
the processor is capable of representing.
Measured values are always negative or zero,
since they are less than or equal to full-scale.

Acoustics

dB(SPL) for sound in air and other gases, relative to

20 micropascals (Pa) = 2105 Pa, the quietest
sound a human can hear. This is roughly the sound
of a mosquito flying 3 meters away. This is often
abbreviated to just "dB", which gives some the
erroneous notion that "dB" is an absolute unit by
itself. For sound in water and other liquids, a
reference pressure of 1 Pa is used.

One Pascal is equal to 94 dB(SPL). This level is used

to specify microphone sensitivity. For example, a
typical microphone may put out 20 mV at one
pascal. For other sound pressure levels, the output
voltage can be computed from this basis, except
John Nieper
that noise and distortion will affect the extreme
levels.
dB(PA) relative to 1 Pa, often used in
telecommunications.
dB SIL el relative to 1012 W/m2, which is roughly
Other measurements
the threshold of human hearing in air.
dB-Hz bandwidth relative to 1 Hz. E.g., 20 dB-Hz
dB SWL l relative to 1012 W.
corresponds to a bandwidth of 100 Hz. Commonly
dB(A), dB(B), and dB(C) These symbols are often used to
used in link budget calculations. Also used
denote the use of different weighting filters, used
in carrier-to-noise-density ratio (not to be
to approximate the human ear's response to sound,
confused with carrier-to-noise ratio, in dB).
although the measurement is still in dB (SPL).
dBov or dBO the amplitude of a signal (usually
dB HL or dB hearing level is used in audiograms as a
audio) compared with the maximum which a
measure of hearing loss.
device can handle before clipping occurs. Similar
dB Q is sometimes used to denote weighted noise level,
to dBFS, but also applicable to analog systems.
commonly using the ITU-R 468 noise weighting
dBr simply a relative difference from something else,
which is made apparent in context. The difference
of a filter's response to nominal levels, for
instance.
dBrn - dB above reference noise.

JBC 2012

JBCardenas, EE, ECE, A.P.P., C.P.M.

T.L. and Antennas

Com4D Intro

4/2/2015 4:43 AM
JBCardenas 1982

JBCardenas 1982

Topic 02
Intrinsic Impedance, characteristic impedance, definitions
only
Balanced and Unbalanced Lines, descriptions

Twin lead, Twisted pairs, Co-axial

Baluns, Others
TL primary parameters, distributed impedances
Review Z-parameters, 2 port networks; S-parameters
Sample problem solving on Zo, er, dimensions

Parallel wire TL, Twisted pair, Phantom Circuits

Co-axial cables, Strip Line
S-Parameters basic: Z to S conversions
Class activity/seatwork/exercise

T.L. and Antennas

JBC 2005~2012

Types of Transmission Lines

Differential or balanced lines (where neither

conductor is grounded): e.g. twin lead,
twisted-cable pair, and shielded-cable pair.
Single-ended or unbalanced lines (where
one conductor is grounded): e.g. concentric
or coaxial cable.
Transmission lines for microwave and higher
frequencies use: e.g. striplines, microstrips,
and waveguides.
JBC 2012

JBCardenas, EE, ECE, A.P.P., C.P.M.

T.L. and Antennas

10

Com4D Intro

4/2/2015 4:43 AM
JBCardenas 1982

Balanced Lines

TWO-WIRE OPEN LINES are parallel lines

and have uses such as power lines, rural
telephone lines, and telegraph lines. This
type of line has high radiation losses and is
subject to noise pickup.

11

T.L. and Antennas

JBC 2012

11

TWIN LEAD has parallel lines and is most

often used to connect televisions to their
antennas.

A TWISTED PAIR consists of two insulated wires

twisted together. This line has high insulation loss.
insert phantom circuits

12
JBC 2012

JBCardenas, EE, ECE, A.P.P., C.P.M.

T.L. and Antennas

12

Com4D Intro

4/2/2015 4:43 AM
JBCardenas 1982

Formulas for Parallel Wires Lines

For parallel two-wire lines:

Z o (276 / R ) log

2S
d

= or;
= or;
o = 4x10-7 H/m;
o = 8.854 1878pF/m

d
The following (below) for info only: In some books: inside log add 1.2/f or
1.3/f for STP and UTP where f is a stranding factor. More precise formulas as
used in the industry available. For example, based on formula above Cm o
r / ln(2S/d) but in the industry Cm = 0.01944 re / log {(2S/d) [(1(S/D)2)/(1+(S/D)2)] 0.1086 f1( d/2S, S/D)}, where f1 is a very complicated
function and D is diameter of hypothetical shield.
T.L. and Antennas

JBC 2012

13

Ideally Balanced Shielded Pair

Info only, not exam materials

ideal balanced shielded pair

S
a
d

t
DOD = d + 2t

Cu: Rdc = 1.08 x 105 / Ac / loop mile; A in CM

Al: Rdc = 1.795 x 105 / Ac / loop mile; A in CM
Cm = 0.01944 r / log {(2S/d) [(1-(S/D)2)/(1+(S/D)2)]
0.1086 f1( d/2S, S/D)}, where r is
effective relative
dielectric constant in this
usage, F / mile
Cg = 0.03889 r /( log {[3 (1+4(d/2S)2)][1(S/D)4(1+4(d/2S)2)] /(8(d/2S)(S/D)2)} + 0.4343f2(d/2S,
S/D))
Ls = 1.482 log (2S/d) + 0.1609, (m H / mile)
Space per pair, SPP = 3.35 S2 x 10-3 (kilo CM)
Core diameter, CD = ((SPP) (N) (103)), in mils.

S = DOD + a

= LxC not good enough, compression, non-homogenous

f1 ( u, w ) = (4u2 / (1 - u2)) ( 1 - 4w2 / (1 w4)) (1 - 4w2) +

2u4 ( 1 + 16w6) (16u2w6/(1 - u2)) ( 1 4w2 / (1 - w4))
+
Jose B. Cardenas, C.P.M.
EE,4ECE
(32u
w2 / (1 - w2)) ( 1 4w2 / (1 - w4)) (3 - 8w2).
JBC
JBC2012
1982~2009 v 2.5

JBCardenas, EE, ECE, A.P.P., C.P.M.

T.L. and Antennas

14

Com4D Intro

4/2/2015 4:43 AM
JBCardenas 1982

Typical Application
100Base T4
100Base T2
100Base Tx
100Base F

4 pr Cat3
2 pr Cat3
2 pr Cat5
multimode FOC

1000Base CX
1000Base SX
1000Base LX
1000Base T

105 ohms 2 pr shielded

multimode
single mode
4 pr TP Cat5

Jose B. Cardenas, C.P.M. EE, ECE

JBC
JBC2012
1982~2009 v 2.5

T.L. and Antennas

15

Phantom Circuits

One technique to reduce OSP cost (not in use anymore) is

the use of phantom circuits. They are included here only
for information only. The circuit below shows how a third
connection is made possible without installing a 3rd circuit.

JBC 2012

JBCardenas, EE, ECE, A.P.P., C.P.M.

T.L. and Antennas

16

Com4D Intro

4/2/2015 4:43 AM
JBCardenas 1982

Unbalanced Line

contains two
concentric conductors insulated from
each other by spacers. Some rigid
coaxial lines are pressurized with an
inert gas to prevent moisture from
entering. High-frequency losses are less
than with other lines.
RIGID

COAXIAL

17

LINE

T.L. and Antennas

JBC 2012

17

FLEXIBLE COAXIAL LINES consist of a

flexible inner conductor and a concentric outer
conductor of metal braid. The two are
separated by a continuous insulating material.

Common values: 50, 75

Previously 60 (Eu), 93 IBM 3270

JBC 2012

JBCardenas, EE, ECE, A.P.P., C.P.M.

T.L. and Antennas

18

Com4D Intro

4/2/2015 4:43 AM
JBCardenas 1982

Formulas for Co-ax Lines

Zo

138

log

D
d

d
= or; = or; o = 4x10-7 H/m; o = 8.854 1878pF/m

The following equations and charts (next slide) for info only:

JBC 2012

T.L. and Antennas

19

Reason for 50

JBC 2012

JBCardenas, EE, ECE, A.P.P., C.P.M.

T.L. and Antennas

20

10

Com4D Intro

4/2/2015 4:43 AM
JBCardenas 1982

Baluns
A dipole, being composed of two
symmetrical ungrounded elements, works
best when fed by a balanced transmission
line, such as ladder line. When a dipole with
an unbalanced feedline such as coaxial
cable is used for transmitting, the shield
side of the cable, in addition to the antenna,
radiates. Furthermore, the antenna is not as
efficient as it could be because it is
radiating closer to the ground and its
radiation (and reception) pattern may be
distorted asymmetrically. To prevent this,
dipoles fed by coaxial cables have a balun
between the cable and the antenna or a
balanced line, to convert the unbalanced
signal provided by the coax to a balanced
symmetrical signal.
T.L. and Antennas

JBC 2012

21

Scattering Coefficient
S-parameter Theory: 2-port network examples

H parameters
Y Parameters
Z - Parameters
S Parameters
`

V1
I2
I1
I2
V1
V2

=
=
=
=
=
=

h11 I1
h21 I1
Y11 V1
Y21 V1
Z11 I1
Z21 I 2

+
+
+
+
+
+

h12 V2
h22 V2
Y12 V2
Y22 V2
Z12 I2
Z22 I2

but its hard to

measure
voltage and
get open
circuits w/ w.g.

b1 =
b2 =
where

S11 a1 + S12 a2
S21 a1 + S22 a2
a = incident wave
b = reflected wave.

bi =
Sij =
=
=

jn Sij aj
for i =1, 2 ... n
or reflection coefficient for i = j
forward transmission coeff i > j
reverse transmission coeff i < j

nport devices:
if matched

JBC 2012

JBCardenas, EE, ECE, A.P.P., C.P.M.

T.L. and Antennas

22

11

Com4D Intro

4/2/2015 4:43 AM
JBCardenas 1982

Parameter Conversion
Symmetry : S = (transpose)
Unity :
in Sij Sij* = 1 for j = 1, 2
... n (complex
conjugate)
Zero :
in Sik Sij* = 0 for k j {
k = 1, 2 ... n ; j = 1, 2 ...
Sij = bi / an
j where no waves
enter ports other than j.

Relating S Parameter to zParameter (all z are normalized)

but for validation:
[Ski] = [ zkj kj ] [ zij ij] 1
where
ij = 1 if j = i
=0
SOURCE: Waypoint Software EE Ref, 1995
otherwise.

T.L. and Antennas

JBC 2012

23

Scattering Theory: Example

Given: A section of T.L. of length L is represented by:
V = Va e jgz + Vb e+jgz
I = (1/Zo)(Va e jgz + Vb e+jgz)
-jcotgL -jcscgL
Find: the z and S parameters.
Z / Z = -jcscgL -jcotgL
ij

Solution:
V1 =
V2 =
Z11 =
=
=
=
etc

[
]
[ ]

0
e-jgL
I1z11 + I2z12
Sij =
e-jgL 0
I1z21 + I2z22
V1/V2 |I2 = 0
Zo(Va+Vb)/(Va-Vb) |I2=0 when Vb = Vae-2jBgL
Zo(Va+Vae-2jBgL)/(Va-Vae-2jBgL) and e-jb = cos(b) - j sin(b)
Zo(-j cot BgL)

JBC 2012

JBCardenas, EE, ECE, A.P.P., C.P.M.

T.L. and Antennas

24

12

Com4D Intro

4/2/2015 4:43 AM
JBCardenas 1982

JBCardenas 1982

Topic 03
This topic should be discussed with focus on analytical and
computational examples:
TL wave propagation
Equivalent circuit
Distributed primary parameters
TL losses
Sample Problems: Vmax Vmin Standing waves
Sample Problems: Reflection coef., propagation constant
Exercises

T.L. and Antennas

JBC 2005~2012

Losses in A Transmission Line

COPPER LOSSES can result from power (I2R)

loss, in the form of heat, or skin effect. These losses
decrease the conductivity of a line.
DIELECTRIC LOSSES are caused by the heating
of the dielectric material between conductors, taking
power from the source.
RADIATION AND INDUCTION LOSSES are
caused by part of the electromagnetic fields of a
conductor being dissipated into space or nearby
objects.
EVANESCENT WAVE LOSSES.
26

Engr. Flordeliza Valiente

JBC 2012

JBCardenas, EE, ECE, A.P.P., C.P.M.

T.L. and Antennas

26

13

Com4D Intro

4/2/2015 4:43 AM
JBCardenas 1982

Distributed Constants

Are constants of inductance, resistance and

capacitance that are distributed along the
transmission line.

27

T.L. and Antennas

JBC 2012

27

Iterative Circuit

Sending

Receiving

End

End

28
JBC 2012

JBCardenas, EE, ECE, A.P.P., C.P.M.

T.L. and Antennas

28

14

Com4D Intro

4/2/2015 4:43 AM
JBCardenas 1982

Transmission Line Equivalent Circuit

L

R
Zo

R
C

Lossy Line

29

L
G

L
Zo

L
C

Lossless Line

Engr. Flordeliza Valiente

T.L. and Antennas

JBC 2012

29

Notes on Transmission Line

Characteristics of a line is determined by its
primary electrical constants or distributed
parameters: R (/m), L (H/m), C (F/m), and
G (S/m).
Characteristic impedance, Zo, is defined as
the input impedance of an infinite line or
that of a finite line terminated with a load
impedance, ZL = Zo.

30

Engr. Flordeliza Valiente

JBC 2012

JBCardenas, EE, ECE, A.P.P., C.P.M.

T.L. and Antennas

30

15

Com4D Intro

4/2/2015 4:43 AM
JBCardenas 1982

Transmission-Line Wave Propagation

Electromagnetic waves travel at < c in a transmission

line because of the dielectric separating the conductors.
The velocity of propagation is given by:
1
1
c
v

m/s
LC

uR r
v
1

c = 2.998 x
m/sec
c
uR r
Note also that e and er may not be the effective value such as in UTP where

Velocity factor, k, is defined as:

108

compression and air gap will affect capacitance.

31

Engr. Flordeliza Valiente

T.L. and Antennas

JBC 2012

31

Where: Z = R + jXL series impedance/section

Y = G + jBc shunt admittance/section

32

Engr. Flordeliza Valiente

JBC 2012

JBCardenas, EE, ECE, A.P.P., C.P.M.

T.L. and Antennas

32

16

Com4D Intro

4/2/2015 4:43 AM
JBCardenas 1982

By KVL:

By KCL:
I + dI = I + EY

E + dE = E + IZ

dI = EY (dS) ----(1)

dE = IZ (dS) ----(2)

dI/dS = EY ----(3)

dE/dS = IZ

----(4)

Differentiate I and E with respect to S

33

General Solution:
I = I1 e ZY S + I2 e -ZY

----(5)

E = E1 e ZY S - E2 e -ZY

----(6)

Engr. Flordeliza Valiente

T.L. and Antennas

JBC 2012

33

Propagation Constant

Propagation constant, , determines the

variation of V or I with distance along the
line: V = Vse-S; I = Ise-S, where VS, and IS
are the voltage and current at the source
end, and S = distance from source.

R jLG jC j

where = attenuation coefficient (= 0 for

lossless line), and = phase shift
coefficient = 2/ (rad./m)
34

Engr. Flordeliza Valiente

JBC 2012

JBCardenas, EE, ECE, A.P.P., C.P.M.

T.L. and Antennas

34

17

Com4D Intro

4/2/2015 4:43 AM
JBCardenas 1982

subsitute (6) to (4)

d E1e

E2e
dS

ZY S

E1 ZY e

Compare to (5)

35

ZY

ZY S

IZ

E2 ZY e
Z

I1

E1 ZY
E
1
Z
Z
Y

Engr. Flordeliza Valiente

T.L. and Antennas

JBC 2012

Zo
Zo

35

Z
Y
R jL
G jC

L
Zo
C
36

ZY

--------- (7)

--------- (8)

Engr. Flordeliza Valiente

JBC 2012

JBCardenas, EE, ECE, A.P.P., C.P.M.

T.L. and Antennas

36

18

Com4D Intro

4/2/2015 4:43 AM
JBCardenas 1982

Wavelength
- distance travelled by a point in the time
required to complete one cycle.

c
v
kc ;
f
uR r

----(9)

T.L. and Antennas

JBC 2012

37

Incident & Reflected Waves

For an infinitely long line or a line

terminated with a matched load, no
incident power is reflected. The
line is called a flat or non-resonant
line.
For a finite line with no matching
termination, part or all of the
incident voltage and current will be
reflected.
V

JBC 2012

JBCardenas, EE, ECE, A.P.P., C.P.M.

Z L Zo

Z L Zo

SWR

max

Vmin

1
1

T.L. and Antennas

38

19

Com4D Intro

4/2/2015 4:43 AM
JBCardenas 1982

Voltage

Standing Waves

Vmax = Ei + Er
Vmin = Ei - Er

With a mismatched line, the incident and reflected

waves set up an interference pattern on the line
known as a standing wave.
1
V
The standing wave ratio is :
SWR max
Vmin

39

Engr. Flordeliza Valiente

T.L. and Antennas

JBC 2012

39

Reflection Coefficient
The reflection coefficient is defined as:

Er
Ei

or

Ir
Ii

It can also be shown that: Z L Z o

Z L Zo
Note that when ZL = Zo, = 0;
when ZL = 0, = -1;and
when ZL = open circuit, = 1.
40

Engr. Flordeliza Valiente

JBC 2012

JBCardenas, EE, ECE, A.P.P., C.P.M.

T.L. and Antennas

40

20

Com4D Intro

4/2/2015 4:43 AM
JBCardenas 1982

Other Formulas
When the load is purely resistive: SWR Z L or Z o
Zo
ZL
(whichever gives an SWR > 1)
Return Loss, RL = Fraction of power reflected
= ||2, or -20 log || dB
So, Pr = ||2Pi
Mismatched Loss, ML = Fraction of power
transmitted/absorbed = 1 - ||2 or -10 log(1-||2) dB
So, Pt = Pi (1 - ||2) = Pi - Pr
41

Engr. Flordeliza Valiente

T.L. and Antennas

JBC 2012

41

Position of Vmax and Vmin

S max

m 180o

S max S min

180o
180o

2
2
360o

S max S min
42

S min

n 180o

Engr. Flordeliza Valiente

JBC 2012

JBCardenas, EE, ECE, A.P.P., C.P.M.

T.L. and Antennas

42

21

Com4D Intro

4/2/2015 4:43 AM
JBCardenas 1982

Input Impedance, ZIN

E L Z L Z O
e
E
2Z L

I L Z L Z O
I
e
2Z O

ZY S

ZY S

ZY S

ZY S

If

43

Z L ZO
Z L ZO

and

ZY

Engr. Flordeliza Valiente

T.L. and Antennas

JBC 2012

43

Substitute

Z IN

Z IN
44

Z
eS L
ZL
ZO
Z
eS L
ZL

Z O S
e
ZO
Z O S
e
ZO

eS Z L ZO Z L ZO eS
ZO S
e Z L ZO Z L ZO eS

Engr. Flordeliza Valiente

JBC 2012

JBCardenas, EE, ECE, A.P.P., C.P.M.

T.L. and Antennas

44

22

Com4D Intro

4/2/2015 4:43 AM
JBCardenas 1982

Z IN ZO

Z e
Z e

eS ZO eS e S x1 / 2
eS Z L eS e S x1 / 2

Recall

e A e A
sinh A
2

e A e A
cosh A
2
45

e A e A
tanh A A
e eA

Engr. Flordeliza Valiente

T.L. and Antennas

JBC 2012

Z IN ZO

45

Z L cosh S ZO sinh S 1/ cosh S

ZO cosh S Z L sinh S 1/ cosh S

Z IN ZO

Z L ZO tanh S
ZO Z L tanh S

------- (19)

For lossy lines

JBC 2012

JBCardenas, EE, ECE, A.P.P., C.P.M.

T.L. and Antennas

46

23

Com4D Intro

4/2/2015 4:43 AM
JBCardenas 1982

Manipulating tanh S:
Case I:
0;

=0

say = 0.1; S = 2m;

S= 0.2

tanh(0.2) = 0.1974

47

Engr. Flordeliza Valiente

T.L. and Antennas

JBC 2012

47

Case II:
0;

say = 0.1;

S = S + jS

= 0.2;

S = 10m;

S = 1 + j2

e (1 j 2) e (1 j 2)
tanh A (1 j 2)
e
e (1 j 2)
48

Engr. Flordeliza Valiente

JBC 2012

JBCardenas, EE, ECE, A.P.P., C.P.M.

T.L. and Antennas

48

24

Com4D Intro

4/2/2015 4:43 AM
JBCardenas 1982

e(1+j2) = e1 ej2
Recall Euler Identity
ejA = 1 A = cosA jsinA

Case III:
= 0;

S = jS

tanh S = tanh jS
49

Engr. Flordeliza Valiente

T.L. and Antennas

JBC 2012

49

Let S =A

e A e A
tanh A A
e eA
tanh jA

cos A j sin A cos A j sin A

cos A j sin A cos A j sin A

tanh jA
50

2 j sin A
2 cos A

Engr. Flordeliza Valiente

JBC 2012

JBCardenas, EE, ECE, A.P.P., C.P.M.

T.L. and Antennas

50

25

Com4D Intro

4/2/2015 4:43 AM
JBCardenas 1982

tanh jA j tan A
Therefore:

tanh jS j tan S
Substitute to equation (19)

Z IN Z O

Z L jZ O tan S
Z O jZ L tan S

------- (20)

For loss less lines

JBC 2012

JBCardenas, EE, ECE, A.P.P., C.P.M.

T.L. and Antennas

51

26