D8903601

A Study on the Microstructure and Abrasion

Resistance of High Chromium White Cast Irons
Solidified Directionally

Hv 1060-1800

14.56.68 5.23 oC/sec 0.25 oC/sec

0.351.3 3.21 m 12mm
1-5mmHRC60

12.2 oC/sec
0.09 0.63 oC/mm

Abstract
The Chromium carbide in high chromium white cast iron (HCWCI)
has high hardness (Hv 1060-1800), with an high hardenability matrix, it
make HCWCI have excellent wear resistibility. The size, appearance,
volume fraction, and distribution rate of the carbide are affected by the
solidification and the heat treating processes. As the support interface
with carbide and the function of strain energy absorption, the structure of
iron matrix is the key factor which controls the performance of HCWCI.
This research is studying the effect of cooling rate and temperature
gradient on the microstructure of HCWCI through a unidirectional
solidification process. A step-block shows that the cooling rate in three
steps reached 14.5, 6.68 and 5.23 oC/sec respectively, comparing a much
slow cooling rate in sand mold,0.25 oC/sec. The carbide sizes solidified in
these steps are 0.35, 1.30, and 3.21m respectively. For 12 mm step, the
hardness in 1-5 mm depth reaches HRC 60.
The effect of gravity and heat convection on the solidification
characteristic of HCWCI was study with a cylindrical mold chilled in
middle. The result shows that the cooling rate of lower section is faster
(12.2 oC/sec), the temperature gradient of lower and upper section are
0.09 and 0.63 oC/mm. The analysis on the elemental segregation shows
that the segregation ratio of lower section was smaller the upper section.
The optimization of the heat treating process condition for
hypoeutectic and hypereutectic HCWCI has also been studied in this
research. The hypoeutectic HCWCI through unidirectional chill
solidification show better wear resistivity than HCWCI with quench and
II

temper process, but the hypereutectic HCWCI shows contrary result in

wear resistivity. The volume fraction of Chromium carbide was
measuring by electroextraction method.

III

10

IV

.......................................................................................................III
Abstract ......................................................................................................II
...................................................................................................... IV
........................................................................................................V
..................................................................................................... VII
....................................................................................................VIII
...............................................................................................1
......................................................................................4
2-1 ......................................................4
2-2 ..........................................................................4
2-3 ..........................................................5
2-4 ...................................6
2-5 .........................................11
........................................................................16
3-1 .........18
3-2 .................22
3-3 .............26
3-4 .........................................28
V

 ................................................................................31
4-1
........................................................................................................31
4-2 .........49
4-3 .....................70
4-4 .....................................................84
.............................................................................................90
...................................................................................................92
.........................................................................................................100
.................................................................................................102

VI


3.2 N1 N2 ........................................... 22
3.3 ................................................................ 25
3.4 Nhypo Nhyper ................................ 26
3.5. ............................................... 27
3.6 ................................................................ 30
4.2 N0 N1 ........................... 42
4.3 B................. 46
4.4 ...................................................... 50
4.5 N1 .......................................................... 56
4.6 N2 ........................................................... 57
4.7 EPMA N1 ................... 61
4.8 EPMA N2 ................... 62
4.9 N1 N2 ............ 67
4.10 Nhyper Nhypo ................ 78
4.11 Nhyper Nhypo ...... 81
4.12 N5 ............................. 84
4.13 N6 ............................. 84
4.14 N7 ............................. 85
VII


2.1 Fe-Cr-C....................................................... 5
2.2 .............................................. 10
2.3 ....................................... 15
3.2 ..................................................... 19
3.3 ....................................... 20
3.4 ................................... 20
3.5 ....................................... 21
3.6 ............................................................ 22
3.7 ..........................................................................24
3.8 ..................................................... 25
4.1 N0 ........................................................... 31
4.2 N1 ........................................................... 31
4.3 Fe-Cr-C ............................................ 32
4.4 N0 - .......................... 33
4.5 N1 - .......................... 33
4.6 NoN1 iron ASEM ................................... 36
4.7 NoN1 iron BSEM ................................... 37
4.8 NoN1 CSEM ..................................... 38
VIII

 4.9 N1 ZSEM ................... 39

4.10 N1 IronYSEM ............ 40
4.11 ................................................ 43
4.12 N0 iron C . 44
4.13 N1 C .. 44
4.14 Z ....................................................... 48
4.15 ................................................ 49
4.16 ................................................... 50
4.17 ............................................. 51
4.18 N1 ............................................... 52
4.19 N2 .............................................. 52
4.20 ....................................................... 53
4.21 ................................................ 54
4.22 N1 ......................................................... 54
4.23 ............................................. 58
4.24 N1 ........................................................ 59
4.25 N2 ......................................................... 59
4.26 N1 SEM .................................. 63
4.27 N2 SEM .................................. 64
IX

 4.28 N1 .................................... 66
4.29 N1 ................... 68
4.30 N2 ................... 68
4.31 Fe-C-Cr 25Cr ..................................................... 71
4.32 ......................................... 72
4.33 ................................. 73
4.34 ........................... 74
4.35 Nhyper 850 450 EPMA color mapping 75
4.36 Nhypo 950 450EPMA color mapping ....... 76
4.37 Nhypo EPMA color mapping ...................................... 76
4.38 NhyperNhypor .......... 78
4.39 NhyperNhypor .......... 79
4.40 NhyperNhypo............... 79
4.41 NhyperNhypo .... 80
4.42 NhypoX-Ray .............................. 82
4.43 NhyperX-Ray ............................. 82
4.44 N6 ............................................................. 86
4.45 N6 SEM ................................. 87
.4.46 N7 SEM ................................. 87
X

 4.47 X-ray .................................................................... 88

.4.48 Fe-C-Cr ..................................................... 89

XI

[1,2,3]
(Fe3C)
3
5

(30)

(Cr, Fe)3CHv 1060~1240

(Cr, Fe)7C3 (Hv1300~1800)
[1, 4]

(Abrasive Wear)

[5,6]

[6,7,8]

[7,9](microcutting)
(plowing)(grooves)
(brittle cracking)
(gouging)

[10,11]


2-1

Biner[12] 2.8C-16Cr Mo
0-4%w.t 1180 oC 8
Arikan[13] 15Cr-3Mo 0.38 %Ti 1050 oC 6 hr
250 oC 6hrBiner[14]
2.8C-16Cr 950 oC-1050 oC
Biner

100

2-2

[15,16,17]
Fe-C-Cr
Fe-C-Cr(metastable system) 2.1
10M7C3 10
M3CM7C3

73

M7C3
L

M3C

M3C
M3C 4.3C

(eutectic trough) 1184oC

(quasi-peritectic)

2.1 Fe-Cr-C [8]

2-3

50
Hv250 -600
73
Hv1200-1800Quartz)Hv900-1280
5

W, Mo, Nb, V, Ti

Hawk[18]

[3]

Radulovic[19] 20

2-4
2-4-1
Cr/CFe3CCr7C3
Cr23C6CrFe
(Cr, Fe)3C(Cr, Fe)7C3(Cr, Fe)23C6[20, 21, 22]
3-6

Maratray[23,24]
CV%=12.33(%C)+0.55(%Cr)-15.2------------------------------------------(1)
Pattyn Cr/C

0.025-0.035

 2.0Pattyn[25] Cr/C

(abrasive)Albertin[26]

(Hematite)(phosphate rock)

38
Hv800-1000
Tabrett[27]

(morphology)
Biner[12]
50

2-4-2

2wt.
C 0.35wt. 1.85wt.

[27,28,29] 2.6wt.

Alamdari[30] Si

2.0 -3.8wt.Si Fe-3C-20Cr-1.7Nb

Si
Alamdari 2.5 wt. %
[30] 2.04 wt. %
1.6
wt.% 2.7wt.%
1 % [23]

3wt.%

Mo
8

 A4 A3

2-5wt.%[31]28wt.
Cr 0.6wt.
0.6 wt.

[30] 3.8% 58

15Cr-3Mo

3 w.tKibble[31] 25
wt. %Cr 0-2.5 wt. %MoMo
Mo
Mo

27wt.%Cr
Biner[12]
Mo2C
Tabrett[23] 1 wt. 3-4 wt.


10M3C
11-26%M7C3

Cr/C 3-15

Cr/C Cr/C 3.5 30

Cr/C 8 60[32]

2.2

2.2 [23]
19
28.8 Cr-3.2 C
12.5[23] Mo V
VCr Mo
Mn 0.8w.t
10

 0.81.0w.t

2-5
2-5-1
Kuwano[33]Fe-15Cr 1.82.3 3.4 850
9009501000 oC 10, 20, 40, 60, 300, 1000min

(1)
(2)

(3) 850900 oC
(4)

(5)
(6) 1000oC 100min

Zhang[34]
Fe-1.89C-21Cr-1.22Si-1.89Mo-1.47Ni 9501200
o

C 250600 oC

9501075oC

11

400oC 400oC

1130oC 6
650oC 3 TEM
500 nm(lath
martensite)(twinned martensite)[35]
Ms

M7C3, M3C, M23C6

M7C3, M3C, M23C6

Ms
Maratray Tabrett[23]
15Cr-3Mo 1025 oC
Kibble[31] 25Cr 750oC-950oCCr/C

(Martensite)(0.06%)
750-850 oC
12


800 oC 16
950 oC

2.6 750-850 oC

2.6 950
o

2-5-2
(Cr,Fe)7C3
1-4m 100mHawk[35] 3C-24.5Cr-0.29Ni-1.0Mn-0.59Mo
(pin-on-disk)
Lu [29]
[C]0.0474[Cr]4.3 (3.93)
(4.31) (4.86)
1500oC

Lu[29]

13

7.94R-0.19----------------------------------------------------------------(2)
:(m)
R: (m/sec)
Jackson[37]
2R=const.

R=ds/dt--------------------------------------------------(3)

S(m)
t(sec)
(2)(3)
2.3
[36]

f =

2l
FM ---------------------------------------------------------------------(4)
d

f =(kg/mm2)
FM=(kg/mm2)

l =(mm)
d =(mm)

14

 2.3 (a) (b)

15

3.1

16

 3.1

17

3-1

ASTM A53287 CLASS 3.1 N0 N1

4.22
4.17 1550oC 1450oC
Swiss-ARL3460 spectrometer
Furan
3.1 N0 6N1
element

Si

Mn

Cr

Cu

Ni

Fe

N0

2.92

0.34

0.81

27.46

0.008

0.02

bal.

N1

2.87

0.4

0.85

27.5

1.16

2.57

0.007

0.02

bal.

3-1-1
36012040mm 8mm
+30
10oC

3-1-2 Furan
502512mm
18

3.2 Furan

3.2
3-1-3
Ktransmitter
0-5V 0 - 1450oC 0.2- +0.2
PCL818H A/D
GENIE
3.3
K type
3.2

19

 3.3
3-1-4
3.4
3 2.5g
5g 2ml 90ml
OM JSM-6500 FE-SEM

[38] EPMA

3.4

20

3-1-5
600 ASTM E18 150kg
HRC 5

3-1-6

100X-2000X ASTM
E112-96 3000X-5000X
50 3.5 4 5
0.01

3.5

21

3-2
ASTM A53287 CLASS 3.2
N1N2 4.16 3.48
1550oC 1450oCSwiss-ARL3460 spectrometer

Furan
3.2 N1 N2
C

Si

Mn

Cr

Cu

Ni

Mo

Fe

Cr/C

C.E

N1

2.87

0.4

0.85

27.5

1.16

2.57

---

bal

9.85

4.16

N2

2.36

0.43

0.68

23.9

1.9

2.9

5.21

bal

10.1

3.48

3-2-1
furan sand
3.6 furan
sand

3.6
22

 64 1302565 3
5050 mm 8

+30oC ~ -10oC

3-2-2 Furan
Furan

3-2-3
Ktransmitter
0-5V 0- 1370oC -0.2~ +0.2
PCL818H A/D
GENIE

K- type
3.2

3-2-4
3.7
23

 2.5g 5g 2ml 90ml

OM SEM
EPMA

3.7
3-2-5
EDM 510mm pin-on-disc
3.3 3.8

24

 3.3

Load and wear sample

Control units

Abrasive disc

3.8

25

3-3
3-3-1
3.4

20160 Nhypo 3.8Nhyper

4.5
3.4 Nhypo Nhyper
element

Si

Mn

Cr

Cu

Ni

Mo

Fe

Nhypo

2.62

0.34

0.81

25.46

1.5

2.5

0. 8

0.02

bal

Nhyper

3.2

0.4

0.85

27.5

1.16

2.57

0. 7

0.02

bal

3-3-2

2015
1050, 1000, 950, 900, 850 oC
3
600, 550, 500, 450 oC 5 3.5

26

 3.5.
speciment

Destabilization
o

( C)

Tempering(oC)

1050
1000
Nhypo

600, 550,
950

500, 450

900
850
1050
1000
Nhyper

600, 550,
950

500, 450

900
850
As cast

3-3-3
ASTM E-18-74 150kgf
HRC
3-3-4
2000#Al2O3
1 0.3mHCl

200 500
SEM-EDX(SC)
27

3-4
10%HCl

(Faraday)[38]
W = i t a/nF-----------------------------------------(5)
W
i(mA)
t(hr)
a(g/mol)
n
F

3-4-1
10ml
90ml

28

3-4-2
EDM 10202

3-4-3
60, 80, 100, 120mA 4, 6, 8
W1W2W3
W1W2Wm ()
W2W3Wc ()
Xm()Wm / (WmWc)
Xc()Wc / (WmWc)

3-4-4
0.25
Olimpus Bhsm-363U Cambridge Instrument S360
(SEM)

3-4-5
3.6
Rigaku DMAX-B

X-ray Cu-K40kv100mA

29

 3.6
Composites of Iron wt%
Iron
C

Si

Mn

Ni

Cr

Mo

Cu

Fe

N5

3.42

0.51

0.01

0.02

0.68

1.28

16.1

0.34

0.02

0.07

bal

N6

3.05

0.55

0.01

0.02

0.38

0.19

27.5

0.43

0.02

0.07

bal

N7

0.51

0.71

0.01

0.02

0.34

0.22

13.2

0.26

0.13

0.11

bal

30


4-1
4-1-1
N0 N1
4.1 4.2

Sand
A1
B1
B2
C1
C2
C3
N0 cooling cure

1400
sand

1200
C3

Temperature

1000

C2
C1

800

B2

600

B1
A1

400
200
0
100

1000

time(S)

\
4.1 N0
1600

sand
A1
B1
B2
C1
C2
C3
N1 cooling cure

1400

Temperature(degree C)

1200

sand

C3

1000

C2
C1

800

B2

600

B1

400
A1

200
0
100

1000

Time (sec)

4.2 N1
31

 1250oC 4.3 Fe-Cr-C

1250oCL 73

4.3 Fe-Cr-C [23]

4.4 4.5
mushy zone-

[16,43]

32

liquid phase line

solid phase line

50

Distance(mm)

40

30

20

10

10

15
1/2

(Time) (sec)

20

1/2

4.4 N0 -

liquid phase line

solid phase line

50

Distance(mm)

40

30

20

10

10

15
1/2

20

1/2

(Time) (sec)

4.5 N1 -
4.1
14.68/sec

33

 0.25/sec

4.1 N0 N1

Liquidus

tf
Iron

position

N0

N1

Solidus

(sec)

T
t

T
t

6.13

14.52

---

---

4.8

---

---

B1

18.64

8.32

1.96

2.74

0.49

B2

64.3

6.68

1.57

1.17

0.21

C1

17.9

6.81

1.66

4.2

0.54

C2

105

5.23

1.27

2.29

0.29

C3

122.2

4.81

1.17

1.83

0.23

sand

305

4.77

---

---

0.12

---

---

14.68

---

---

5.89

---

----

B1

62.3

11.88

2.55

2.25

0.5

B2

118.9

6.24

1.33

1.97

0.44

C1

66.8

14.17

4.12

1.98

0.26

C2

133.3

5.4

1.57

1.06

0.14

C3

188

2.52

0.73

0.69

0.089

sand

276.8

0.25

---

0.13

---

4.25

4.1

4.66

3.44

---

T
Cooling rate, (oC/sec)
t
G Thermal gradient ,(oC/mm)
R
tf

T
G R growth rate, (mm/sec)
t

Time of thermal arrest , (sec)

34

5.6

7.8

4.49

7.68

---

 E. Bullock [39]:
r3 = ro3 + (b/GR)exp(-Q*/k TE)--------------------------------------------- (6)
, r(m) ; ro (m) ; G
(0C/mm) ; R (0C/sec) ; Q*;(Joule/mm2-sec) ; TE
(oC) ; k b
GR () r
G RBAC
C
2-3(oC/sec)N1 C1 C3
5.5

4-1-2
4.6 N0 N1 A(12mm)SEM
N0 3-5mm
4.6N0(a)
(b)N1 [2]
4.6 N1 (a) 0.1mm
N1
6mm
NiCu
4.6N1(a)(b)

35

N0

N1

(a)

(a)

(b)

(b)

(c)

(c)

(d)

(d)

4.6 No N1 iron A SEM (a) chilled 1(b)chilled 2

(c)chilled 3(d) chilled 4
36

N0

N1

(a)

(a)

(b)

(b)

(c)

(c)

(d)

(d)

4.7 No N1 iron B SEM (a) chilled 1(b)chilled 2

(c)chilled 3(d) chilled 4
37

N0

N1

(a)

(a)

(b)

(b)

(c)

(c)

(d)

(d)

4.8 No N1 C SEM (a) chilled 1(b)chilled 2

(c)chilled 3(d) chilled 4
38

 N0 N1 4.22, 4.17

4.6N0(d)
N1 (d) 12mm
4.6 N1 (b)
3mm

4.6 N0 (a) 4.6 N1 (a)4.7 N0 (a)4.7 N1 (a)4.8 N0 (a) 4.8 N1 (a)

N0 N1 N0 2-3mm
0.35-0.5m B C 6mm
1-4.5m
10m Ni Cu

(a)

(b)

4.9 N1 Z SEM
39

 4.9 N1
(a)
(b)(a)

(a)

(b)

Heat flow direction

4.10 N1 Iron Y SEM

4.10(a) Y
4.10(b)

40

 4.2
B,C
N0 N1 N1 N0
11N0
3-3.9m 0.5m
4.11
sample C 10mE.
Bullock (2) 4.124.13 5oC/sec
1m 5oC/sec
N0 N1 iron
y=85.045x-2.116

-------------- ----------------------------------------------(7)

y=0.0067x20.1162x3.556 -------------------------------------------(8)

=85.045R-2.116 (m) ---------------------------------------------------------(9)

=0.0067R20.1162x3.556 (m)-----------------------------------(10)
R Liming Lu[36]
Spinelli[40,41,42]

41

 4.2 N0 N1
Iron

N0

particle
sample position

size
(m)

N1

standard carbide
deviation Vol.(%)

chilled-1

0.31

0.18

chilled-2

0.62

0.28

chilled-3

0.87

0.6

chilled-4

2.24

chilled-1

particle
size
(m)

standard

deviation Vol.( %)

0.21

0.11

35.5

1.05

1.04

39.3

3.30

1.76

1.16

4.79

1.61

1.16

0.76

0.45

0.29

1.66

0.81

chilled-2

0.44

0.26

1.82

1.21

chilled-3

0.54

0.28

2.75

2.89

43.2

chilled-4

1.3

0.74

48.4
2.37

2.23

4.74

3.27

chilled-5

1.42

0.66

3.86

4.45

chilled-6

3.24

1.6

3.74

3.40

chilled-7

2.91

3.68

2.61

chilled-1

0.41

0.16

0.48

0.24

chilled-2

0.59

0.3

2.14

0.96

chilled-3

1.02

0.67

2.29

0.86

chilled-4

1.37

0.57

3.44

2.55

39.8

carbide

chilled-5

3.21

2.35

44.1
2.59

1.74

3.20

3.59

chilled-6

3.48

2.62

4.41

3.95

chilled-7

1.95

0.97

3.02

2.22

chilled-8

3.43

2.27

3.02

1.44

chilled-9

3.54

1.98

3.61

2.16

42

(a)

(b)

4.11 (a)N0 iron (b)N1 iron

43

N0 iron particle size& cooling rate

4

carbide particle average

size( m)

3.5
3

2.5

-2.1164

y = 85.045x

R = 0.9859

1.5
1

0.5
0
3

11

13

15

17

cooling rate(oC/sec)

4.12 N0 iron C

4.13 N1 C

Maratray 36.7 ASTM

ASTM.E112-96 35.5%-48.4%

A
44

 B
A C
JXA-8600SX EPMABCr Fe
4.3
40 at.%
1400oC

chilled-1
Cr7C3
Cr
41.7 at
EPMA
0.5mB-chilled-1
Ni Cu

45

 4.3 B
Iron

N0

N1

position

Element[atomic%]
C

Fe

Cr

Si

Mn

Cu

Ni

chilled-1-primary

40.4

18.9

40.1

0.48

---

---

chilled -1-eutectic

42.3

33.6

23.3

0.368

0.56

---

---

chilled -2-primary

38.6

18.9

42.1

0.46

---

---

chilled-2- eutectic

32.8

32.9

26.5

0.34

0.54

---

---

chilled -2-matrix

20.6

61.2

17

0.64

0.72

---

---

chilled -3-primary

36

18.9

44.6

0.48

--

--

chilled -3-eutectic

37.2

22.2

39.9

0.6

--

--

chilled -3-matrix

11.2

72.4

14.7

0.86

0.83

---

---

chilled -4-primary

35

18.5

45.9

0.5

--

--

chilled -4-eutectic

36.2

20

43.2

0.55

--

--

chilled -4-matrix

9.3

73.5

15.4

0.9

0.94

---

---

chilled -1-primary

39.7

16.8

42.7

0.566

0.04

0.13

chilled -1-eutectic

40.2

18.9

40

0.68

0.02

0.11

chilled -2-primary

39.7

17.4

42.2

0.48

---

---

chilled -2-eutectic

40.2

18.9

40.07

0.68

---

---

chilled -2-matrix

5.37

71.6

15.1

2.38

1.08

1.29

3.11

chilled -3-primary

39.9

17.5

41.85

0.01

0.53

---

---

chilled -3-eutectic

40.2

17.6

41.56

0.49

---

---

chilled -3-matrix

6.18

70.1

15.9

2.14

0.96

1.35

3.3

chilled-4-primary

39.7

17.6

41.7

0.55

---

---

chilled -4-eutectic

39.7

18.3

41.3

0.54

---

---

chilled -4-matrix

5.75

71.2

15

2.3

1.04

1.32

3.28

46

4-1-3
B Rockwell 4.14 N0
5mm
HRC60 HRC58 N0
5mm
HRC52N1
HRC60 NiCu

47

(a)

(b)

4.14 Z (a) N0 (b) N1

48

4-2
4-2-1

ANSYS FLUENT 4.15

4.4 50sec
V 250sec
500sec
4.16

4.15

49

 4.4

Cp

544 J/kg-K

51.9 w/m-K

388 w/m-k

12.3x10-6/OC

7.8g/cm3

7.1 g/cm3

1450 OC

Hf

251 J/kg

4.16
4.16

50


4-17 down low(-3)
down mid &(-2)down up&(-1)top low&(+3) down mid
&(+2) down up &(+1)Ktype
4.17, 4.18

1250oCL 73

4.17

51

-3
-2
-1
0
+1
+2
+3

1600
1400

Temperature(degree C)

1200
1000

-1
+1

800

+3
-3
+2
-2

600

0
400
200
0
100

1000

Time (sec)

4.18 N1

-3
-2
-1
0
+1
+2
+3

1600
1400

Temperature(degree C)

1200
1000

+2

+3
-3

800
600
400

+1 -2
-1
0

200
0
500

1000

1500

Time (sec)

4.19 N2

E. Bullock [38]
4.5 4.6
52

 4.20 GL 0.09, 0.29 oC/mm

GL 0.63, 1.18oC/mm

4.21
N1
321sec 40sec N2
14sec

4.20

53

 4.21

1250oC
4.22 +3 -3 1280oC
1320oC 4.3 Fe-Cr-C
-3

1450

Temperature( C)

1400

1350

eutectic reaction zone

-3
-2
-1
0
+1
+2
+3

1300

1250

1000

Time(sec)

4.22 N1
54

 ANSYS FLUENT +2,0,-2

4.23

T=exp(-0.382log(t)+8.71)-------------------------------------------------(11)
(+2)
T=18462-1.93t+ 8.910-4 t2 -1.510-7t3---------------------------------(12)

(-2)
T=1694-1.78t+86386t2-1.5210-7t3 ------------------------------------(13)
Tok

tsec

T
=(-0.382/t)exp(-0.382log(t)+8.71)----------------------------------(14)
t

(+2)
T
= -1.93-17.810-4t4.510-7t2--------------------------------------(15)
t

(-2)
T
= -1.78+172772t4.5610-7t2--------------------------------------(16)
t

55

 4.5 N1

Position

Liquidus

tf
(sec)

T
t

-3

277

4.8

53.33

-2

172

5.1

56.67

-1

51

44.22

40

12

----

+1

48

3.8

6.0

+2

185

2.6

4.11

+3

321

2.7

4.26

56

Solidus

0.09

---

0.63

T
t

1.2

0.15

1.8

0.22

4.8

0.59

4.2

----

2.86

0.3

1.63

0.17

0.78

0.08

8.07

-----

9.4

 4.6 N2

Position

Liquidus

tf

Solidus
T
t

1.17

0.13

1.91

0.22

18.85

5.94

0.67

9.92

7.63

6.81

1.24

19.13

4.78

4.05

4.86

0.52

+2

119

3.2

2.71

1.67

0.18

+3

179

5.36

4.54

1.12

0.12

(sec)

T
t

-3

177.2

5.14

17.3

-2

117

4.56

15.35

-1

36.7

5.6

14.3

+1

0.29

1.18

tfTime of thermal arrest is eutectic reaction (sec)

T
Cooling rate( 0C/sec )
t
RGrowth rate (mm/sec )=

T
G
t

GThermal gradient ( 0C/mm )

57

8.86

9.37

 4.23

4-2-2
N1 M7C3 4.24
4.25
N2 4.24
4.25 (0)
(2)(level-3)
SEM

58

Primary
M7C3

4.24 N1

4.25 N2

JEOL JXA-8200 EPMA N1, N2

4-7, 4-8, Sr[c] Sr[Cr] Tabrett [5]

Sr[x]%= carbide[x]% / matrix[x]%----------------------------------------(17)

N1 Sr[c]Sr[Cr]

59

 M7C3
N2

60

 4.7 EPMA N1
N1 Iron

61

 4.8 EPMA N2
N2

62

 4.26 N1 SEM

63

 4.27 N2 SEM

64

4-2-3
N1 4-9
1.54m 3.52m
6.11m N2
5.94m+2 -2 22.15 m

2 3 4.28 ABC
(level-1,level-2,level-3)( D)
level-1 2m 50level-2,
level-3 4-5m 20-30

4.29, 4.30

y=9.767x-0.771

-----------------------------------------------------------(18)

y=-2.7295x+33.28 ----------------------------------------------------------(19)
y x R
=9.767R-0.771(m)---------------------------------------------------------20
=-2.7295R +33.28(m)--------------------------------------------------21
20 Lu[29] Spinelli[40,41,42]
21
65

4-2-4
4-9 N1 HRC50(+2)
HRC48.7 (-2) HRC 45.4N2
HRC48(+2) HRC 44.2 (-2)
HRC45.7

particle distribution(%)

N1 chill-parts ( 0 )carbide particle distribution

50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0

level-1
level-2
Level-3

10

12

14

16

particle size (m)

4.28 N1

66

 4.9 N1 N2
location

Carbide

Test
Iron

layer

average size
value

HRc
+2

Level-1 Level-2

Level-3

49.4

49

47.4

22.3

34

34.3

51.4

48.7

49.6

(m)

2.3

abrasive
(mg/km)
HRc

N1

1.54

abrasive
16

33.7

24.5

47

45

44.2

29

41.5

46.25

44.2

44.8

43.7

(mg/km)
HRc
-2

5.2

abrasive
(mg/km)
HRc

+2

22.15

abrasive
53.6

53

65

48.5

48.1

47.6

(mg/km)
HRc
N2

5.94

abrasive
62.2

64.6

79

45.7

45.8

45.5

48.2

47.4

76

(mg/km)
HRc
-2

23.5

abrasive
(mg/km)
Note: N2 dendrite arm space

67

 4.29 N1

4.30 N2
4-2-5
4.9 N1
16mg/km 49.6mg/kmN2

68

 N1 0 level-1,level-2,
level-3 HRC51.4,48.7,49.6 N2
HRC48.5 ,48.1, 47.6 1.5-3
N1 N2 16, 33.7, 24.5 mg/ km 62.6,
64.6,79 mg/km
[23,40]

69

4-3
[38,39,40]

3.8
4.5 2.5 wt.%, 1.5 wt.%

4-3-1
2.62C
-25.46Cr 3.2C-27.5Cr 4.31

M7C3 1400oC
K2(M7C3) 1280oC k2
23-28%Cr
1000oC-1100oC[42,43,44]
4.32(a)

M7C3
M7C3
70

4.32(b)

4.31 Fe-C-Cr 25Cr[28]

71

 4.32 (a) Nhypo (b)Nhyper

950 oC 3 hrdestabilization
4.33(a)
72

(SC)

4.33 (a) Nhypo (b)Nhyper

950 oC 3 hrdestabilization
4.33(b)
73

[44]
destabilization

450 oC-5hr
4.34(a)
4.34(b)

4.34 (a) Nhypo (b)Nhyper

74

 SEM

EPMA color mapping

4.35 Nhyper 850 450 EPMA color mapping

75

 4.36 Nhypo 950 450EPMA color mapping

4.37 Nhypo EPMA color mapping

4.354.36
4.37
76

Mo2C[44,45]
EPMA color mapping 4.37
CrC
4.354.36

4-3-2
HRC 150Kg 5
Nhyper Nhypor
4.10 850 HRC61.7
HRC48.1 HRC13.6 950
HRC58.6 HRC44.8 HRC13.8 4.39
900 1050
HRC48.5 1050 HRC49.2
destabilization 1050[46,47,48,]

77

 4.10 Nhyperr Nhypoe

Hardness (HRC)

Iron

Quenching

Tempering

temperature(oC)

temperature(oC)

As cast

750

850

950

1050

400

450

500

550

Nhyper 59.5

61.7

54.9

48.5

60.17

62.55

57.96

54.22

48.1

Nhypo

57.3

58.6

49.2

57.79

60.26

58.39

54.92

44.8

51.3

4.38 Nhyper Nhypor

78

 4.39 Nhyper Nhypor

4.40 Nhyper Nhypo

79

 4.41 Nhyper Nhypo

850,950-3hr 400, 450
,500,550 5hr 4.39
450 HRC62HRC60.26
[48,49,50]
X-Ray

4-3-3
510mm
4.40 4.41 Nhypo Nhyper
950 850
Nhypo
Nhyper
80

 450

4.11

4.11 Nhyper Nhypo

Abrasion(mg/km)
Unidirectional
solidification
Quenching(9500C)
Tempering(4500C)

Average

N1-chilled

16

33.7

24.5

24.7

N2-chilled

62.2

64.6

79

68.6

Nhyper

19

34

43

32

Nhypo

33

16

20

23

81

4-3-4 X-Ray

13000

Nhypo- Q950C
Nhypo- Q950C+T450C
* Austenite
C M7C3

12000

intensity(cps)

11000

10000

9000

8000

7000
6000
5000
20

40

60

80

100

degrees-2 theta

4.42 Nhypo X-Ray

16000

Nhyper-cast
Nhyper-Q850C
Nhyper-Q850C+T450
c M7C3
* Austenite

15000
14000

intensity(cps)

13000

12000

11000

10000
9000
8000
7000
6000
20

40

60

80

100

degrees 2-theta

4.43 Nhyper X-Ray

4.42 44
850
82

 44 4.43
850
Ni 2.5 wt.%
[51,52,53]

83

4-4
4-4-1

4.124.134.14 N5,
N6, N7
4.12 N5 wt.%
Carbide volume fraction(%)
Current(mA)

Electrolytically Extracted time(hr)

Average

100

28.7

28.7

28.9

28.8

80

28.7

28.9

30.0

29.2

60

28.4

28.8

30.0

29.1

29.0

total

4.13 N6 wt.%
Carbide volume fraction(%)
Electrolytically Extracted time(hr)
Current(mA)

Average
4

100

31.5

30.7

33.6

31.9

80

30.7

30.8

31.5

31

60

31.7

30.7

32.9

31.8

total

31.6

84

 4.14 N7 wt.%
Carbide volume fraction(%)
Electrolytically Extracted time (hr)
Current(mA)

Average
4

100

3.8

4.5

4.1

4.1

80

3.5

3.5

4.0

3.7

60

2.8

4.1

3.3

total

3.5

4.12 N5 -2.1
+3.4 4.13 N6 -2.8 ~ +6.3% 4.14 N7
-18.8~25.2

4.12
4.134.14
[39]N5N6N7 29.0
31.63.5%
Maratray N5
30.6N6 36.6N7
18.9%N5 N6 9w.t%
2.6% 6%
85

 Maratray

4-4-2
4.44 N6
4.45 SEM
4.46 N7
N6
N7 SEM
N6 N6 N7

4.44 N6

86

 4.45 N6 SEM

.4.46 N7 SEM

87

(a)

(b)

4.47 X-ray (a) N5,(b)N6,

4-4-3
4.47 N5N6N7 -ray
N5 N6 M7C3Cr7C3

88

 Fig.4.48 Fe-C-Cr
Cr7C3+(Cr, Fe)

.4.48 Fe-C-Cr [23 ]

89

1.
0.35~0.5m
2. NiCu N1 N0 NiCu
Ni Cu

N0
0-2mm
3. N0 3~5mm

4.

5. 4.18

1.54m

90

6. 850 1050 HRC13.5

950 1050 HRC9.4
850 450
HRC 62.5 950 450
HRC60.26
7.

91


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561988p.1-6
8. H. Zum and Gahr, Wear 64 (1980) p.175-194
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2007,11,

97

 A N1 level-1
m 0.76

1.22

1.44

2.01

3.03

0.98

0.3

0.77

1.22

1.44

2.01

3.03

1.18

0.41

0.77

1.01

1.23

1.47

2.05

3.19

1.43

0.48

0.79

1.01

1.24

1.49

2.07

3.24

1.93

0.48

0.8

1.01

1.25

1.52

2.07

3.27

2.93

0.52

0.81

1.01

1.25

1.53

2.08

3.27

0.75

0.54

0.81

1.01

1.26

1.53

2.1

3.44

0.55

0.82

1.01

1.26

1.55

2.1

3.47

1.2

0.56

0.84

1.01

1.28

1.56

2.11

3.5

1.43

0.56

0.84

1.01

1.28

1.56

2.16

3.54

1.94

0.56

0.84

1.03

1.28

1.56

2.21

3.6

2.94

0.57

0.85

1.04

1.28

1.56

2.24

3.73

0.57

0.85

1.04

1.3

1.57

2.28

3.88

0.57

0.86

1.05

1.3

1.57

2.28

3.93

0.61

0.86

1.05

1.31

1.57

2.28

3.95

0.63

0.86

1.06

1.31

1.58

2.29

4.05

0.63

0.86

1.06

1.32

1.59

2.3

4.11

0.64

0.86

1.07

1.32

1.63

2.33

4.23

0.65

0.88

1.08

1.32

1.63

2.34

5.49

0.66

0.88

1.08

1.33

1.65

2.34

6.88

0.66

0.89

1.08

1.34

1.69

2.37

1.54

0.66

0.89

1.08

1.34

1.69

2.38

0.76

0.66

0.9

1.11

1.34

1.69

2.39

0.67

0.9

1.11

1.34

1.7

2.44

1.2

0.67

0.91

1.11

1.34

1.7

2.45

1.43

0.67

0.93

1.12

1.35

1.73

2.47

1.97

0.68

0.93

1.13

1.35

1.77

2.49

2.97

0.69

0.94

1.13

1.36

1.81

2.63

0.74

0.7

0.95

1.13

1.36

1.88

2.63

0.98

0.7

0.95

1.13

1.36

1.88

2.66

1.17

0.72

0.95

1.13

1.38

1.89

2.68

1.43

0.73

0.96

1.16

1.38

1.9

2.71

1.93

0.73

0.97

1.16

1.39

1.9

2.73

2.82

0.74

0.98

1.17

1.41

1.91

2.76

0.75

98

 B N1 level-2
m 1.22

1.6

1.92

2.29

2.65

3.19

3.9

5.06 9.74 3.09

0.28

1.23

1.61

1.93

2.3

2.68

3.22

3.91 5.35 9.96 3.83

0.54

1.28

1.61

1.93

2.32

2.68

3.23

3.94 5.37 9.97 1.21

0.54

1.29

1.62

1.93

2.32

2.71

3.26

3.95 5.41 10.29 1.6

0.59

1.29

1.63

1.95

2.33

2.72

3.27

3.95 5.53 10.54 1.88

0.75

1.3

1.63

1.95

2.34

2.73

3.28

3.97 5.54 11.54 2.25

0.75

1.3

1.63

1.96

2.35

2.74

3.28

3.98 5.54 11.75 2.63

0.77

1.3

1.63

1.96

2.35

2.74

3.29

3.99 5.73 12.43 3.13

0.77

1.32

1.63

1.96

2.36

2.77

3.29

4.02 5.79 12.7

0.79

1.33

1.64

2.36

2.77

3.29

4.1

5.85 13.19

0.82

1.34

1.66

2.01

2.36

2.79

3.31

4.11 5.94 14.33

0.82

1.35

1.68

2.02

2.37

2.79

3.32

4.13 6.17 19.78

0.85

1.35

1.71

2.02

2.37

2.79

3.34

4.18 6.19 3.25

0.9

1.36

1.73

2.04

2.4

2.8

3.36

4.21 6.19 1.22

0.94

1.36

1.73

2.05

2.41

2.8

3.43

4.22 6.37

1.6

0.95

1.36

1.74

2.06

2.41

2.8

3.43

4.26 6.48 1.89

0.95

1.37

1.76

2.09

2.42

2.8

3.46

4.33

2.27

0.97

1.37

1.77

2.09

2.44

2.8

3.46

4.34 6.57 2.64

0.98

1.37

1.78

2.11

2.46

2.85

3.47

4.51 6.64 3.17

1.39

1.78

2.12

2.46

2.85

3.47

4.53 6.64 3.85

1.02

1.4

1.78

2.12

2.48

2.87

3.5

4.54

6.7

4.95

1.02

1.42

1.79

2.13

2.48

2.87

3.5

4.57

6.8

1.16

1.03

1.44

1.8

2.14

2.48

2.87

3.53

4.58 6.86

1.6

1.07

1.44

1.8

2.14

2.48

2.89

3.54

4.6

1.86

1.08

1.47

1.81

2.15

2.51

2.91

3.55

4.61 7.18 2.25

1.08

1.5

1.81

2.16

2.51

2.92

3.58

4.65 7.25 2.62

1.09

1.51

1.82

2.17

2.51

2.93

3.61

4.66 7.83 3.08

1.1

1.51

1.84

2.17

2.54

2.93

3.63

4.69 7.84 3.83

1.13

1.54

1.84

2.2

2.55

2.93

3.66

4.72

7.9

4.88

1.14

1.55

1.85

2.2

2.56

2.95

3.69

4.72

7.9

1.2

1.14

1.56

1.85

2.21

2.58

2.95

3.73

4.77 7.91

1.6

1.15

1.58

1.85

2.21

2.59

2.95

3.75

4.78 8.07 1.87

1.15

1.58

1.86

2.22

2.6

3.06

3.77

4.8

8.23 2.25

1.15

1.59

1.86

2.24

2.61

3.07

3.77

4.86 8.82 2.62

99

6.5

6.9

 C N1 level-3
m

0.91

1.84

2.34

2.94

3.78

5.48

12.02

0.36

1.38

1.86

2.41

2.94

3.79

3.65

12.27

0.56

1.41

1.86

2.43

2.95

3.82

5.56

12.39

0.62

1.41

1.23

2.44

1.95

3.82

5.73

13.87

0.49

1.41

1.86

2.52

2.96

3.87

5.73

15.42

0.51

1.42

1.87

2.53

2.96

3.89

5.75

15.82

0.59

1.45

1.91

2.55

2.97

3.91

5.76

24.35

0.9

1.46

1.91

2.55

3.02

3.96

5.85

24.51

0.6

0.99

1.93

2.57

3.02

3.97

5.96

3.521

0.6

1.5

1.29

2.59

3.03

4.02

6.21

1.37

0.92

1.96

2.59

3.03

2.68

6.36

1.84

0.61

1.01

1.32

2.59

3.04

4.05

6.37

1.55

0.62

1.52

1.32

2.59

3.05

4.05

6.48

1.94

0.64

1.54

2.04

1.73

3.08

4.07

6.6

3.76

0.97

1.54

1.36

2.64

3.09

4.18

6.65

0.88

0.64

1.58

2.05

2.64

2.08

4.19

4.46

1.77

1.01

1.05

2.07

2.65

3.14

4.21

6.76

1.53

1.03

1.6

1.37

2.65

3.18

4.24

6.85

2.89

1.08

1.61

1.4

2.66

3.2

4.45

7.5

3.63

1.09

1.61

2.12

2.66

3.2

4.48

7.66

5.23

1.1

1.06

2.13

2.69

3.23

4.48

7.68

0.89

1.13

1.07

2.13

2.7

3.24

2.98

7.79

1.79

0.76

1.09

2.14

1.8

3.26

2.98

7.95

2.32

1.17

1.1

1.43

1.81

3.37

4.5

8.1

2.91

1.18

1.67

1.43

2.74

3.39

4.69

8.4

1.95

0.78

1.68

1.46

2.75

3.42

4.8

8.62

5.3

0.8

1.68

2.22

2.82

3.44

4.83

9.39

0.9

1.24

1.69

1.49

2.82

3.45

4.92

9.42

1.81

1.25

1.69

1.49

2.82

3.49

4.96

9.51

2.34

1.27

1.7

2.25

2.83

3.51

5.03

9.66

1.94

0.85

1.14

1.49

2.84

3.53

5.06

9.68

3.67

1.32

1.73

2.27

1.91

3.53

5.13

9.76

5.38

1.32

1.74

2.28

2.89

3.57

5.15

9.93

1.32

1.74

1.52

2.89

3.61

5.23

9.96

100

level-1

level-2

Level-3

0.75

14.57

1.7

4.4

1.5

48.18

16.15

20.51

2.25

18.62

24.65

18.32

10.53

20.11

16.48

3.75

4.86

10.76

10.62

4.5

2.43

6.8

8.42

5.25

5.95

4.03

0.4

2.83

4.03

6.75

2.83

2.2

7.5

0.4

1.42

1.1

8.25

1.98

1.83

0.57

0.73

9.75

1.13

1.83

10.5

0.85

1.1

11.25

0.28

0.73

12

0.57

0.73

12.75

0.57

1.1

13.5

0.28

14.25

0.37

15

0.28

15.75

0.37

16.5

0.37

17.25

18

18.75

19.5

20.25

0.28

21

21.75

22.5

23.25

24

24.75

0.73
101


(Dong - Shyen Yang)

50 2 12

70
75
77
100

7273
7786
78.7-78.9
80.7-9
8690
90

130 12
04-7111-111 ext.3185
102

103