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Hv 1060-1800
12.2 oC/sec
0.09 0.63 oC/mm
Abstract
The Chromium carbide in high chromium white cast iron (HCWCI)
has high hardness (Hv 1060-1800), with an high hardenability matrix, it
make HCWCI have excellent wear resistibility. The size, appearance,
volume fraction, and distribution rate of the carbide are affected by the
solidification and the heat treating processes. As the support interface
with carbide and the function of strain energy absorption, the structure of
iron matrix is the key factor which controls the performance of HCWCI.
This research is studying the effect of cooling rate and temperature
gradient on the microstructure of HCWCI through a unidirectional
solidification process. A step-block shows that the cooling rate in three
steps reached 14.5, 6.68 and 5.23 oC/sec respectively, comparing a much
slow cooling rate in sand mold,0.25 oC/sec. The carbide sizes solidified in
these steps are 0.35, 1.30, and 3.21m respectively. For 12 mm step, the
hardness in 1-5 mm depth reaches HRC 60.
The effect of gravity and heat convection on the solidification
characteristic of HCWCI was study with a cylindrical mold chilled in
middle. The result shows that the cooling rate of lower section is faster
(12.2 oC/sec), the temperature gradient of lower and upper section are
0.09 and 0.63 oC/mm. The analysis on the elemental segregation shows
that the segregation ratio of lower section was smaller the upper section.
The optimization of the heat treating process condition for
hypoeutectic and hypereutectic HCWCI has also been studied in this
research. The hypoeutectic HCWCI through unidirectional chill
solidification show better wear resistivity than HCWCI with quench and
II
III
10
IV
.......................................................................................................III
Abstract ......................................................................................................II
...................................................................................................... IV
........................................................................................................V
..................................................................................................... VII
....................................................................................................VIII
...............................................................................................1
......................................................................................4
2-1 ......................................................4
2-2 ..........................................................................4
2-3 ..........................................................5
2-4 ...................................6
2-5 .........................................11
........................................................................16
3-1 .........18
3-2 .................22
3-3 .............26
3-4 .........................................28
V
................................................................................31
4-1
........................................................................................................31
4-2 .........49
4-3 .....................70
4-4 .....................................................84
.............................................................................................90
...................................................................................................92
.........................................................................................................100
.................................................................................................102
VI
3.2 N1 N2 ........................................... 22
3.3 ................................................................ 25
3.4 Nhypo Nhyper ................................ 26
3.5. ............................................... 27
3.6 ................................................................ 30
4.2 N0 N1 ........................... 42
4.3 B................. 46
4.4 ...................................................... 50
4.5 N1 .......................................................... 56
4.6 N2 ........................................................... 57
4.7 EPMA N1 ................... 61
4.8 EPMA N2 ................... 62
4.9 N1 N2 ............ 67
4.10 Nhyper Nhypo ................ 78
4.11 Nhyper Nhypo ...... 81
4.12 N5 ............................. 84
4.13 N6 ............................. 84
4.14 N7 ............................. 85
VII
2.1 Fe-Cr-C....................................................... 5
2.2 .............................................. 10
2.3 ....................................... 15
3.2 ..................................................... 19
3.3 ....................................... 20
3.4 ................................... 20
3.5 ....................................... 21
3.6 ............................................................ 22
3.7 ..........................................................................24
3.8 ..................................................... 25
4.1 N0 ........................................................... 31
4.2 N1 ........................................................... 31
4.3 Fe-Cr-C ............................................ 32
4.4 N0 - .......................... 33
4.5 N1 - .......................... 33
4.6 NoN1 iron ASEM ................................... 36
4.7 NoN1 iron BSEM ................................... 37
4.8 NoN1 CSEM ..................................... 38
VIII
4.28 N1 .................................... 66
4.29 N1 ................... 68
4.30 N2 ................... 68
4.31 Fe-C-Cr 25Cr ..................................................... 71
4.32 ......................................... 72
4.33 ................................. 73
4.34 ........................... 74
4.35 Nhyper 850 450 EPMA color mapping 75
4.36 Nhypo 950 450EPMA color mapping ....... 76
4.37 Nhypo EPMA color mapping ...................................... 76
4.38 NhyperNhypor .......... 78
4.39 NhyperNhypor .......... 79
4.40 NhyperNhypo............... 79
4.41 NhyperNhypo .... 80
4.42 NhypoX-Ray .............................. 82
4.43 NhyperX-Ray ............................. 82
4.44 N6 ............................................................. 86
4.45 N6 SEM ................................. 87
.4.46 N7 SEM ................................. 87
X
XI
[1,2,3]
(Fe3C)
3
5
(30)
(Abrasive Wear)
[5,6]
[6,7,8]
[7,9](microcutting)
(plowing)(grooves)
(brittle cracking)
(gouging)
[10,11]
2-1
Biner[12] 2.8C-16Cr Mo
0-4%w.t 1180 oC 8
Arikan[13] 15Cr-3Mo 0.38 %Ti 1050 oC 6 hr
250 oC 6hrBiner[14]
2.8C-16Cr 950 oC-1050 oC
Biner
100
2-2
[15,16,17]
Fe-C-Cr
Fe-C-Cr(metastable system) 2.1
10M7C3 10
M3CM7C3
73
M7C3
L
M3C
M3C
M3C 4.3C
50
Hv250 -600
73
Hv1200-1800Quartz)Hv900-1280
5
W, Mo, Nb, V, Ti
Hawk[18]
[3]
Radulovic[19] 20
2-4
2-4-1
Cr/CFe3CCr7C3
Cr23C6CrFe
(Cr, Fe)3C(Cr, Fe)7C3(Cr, Fe)23C6[20, 21, 22]
3-6
Maratray[23,24]
CV%=12.33(%C)+0.55(%Cr)-15.2------------------------------------------(1)
Pattyn Cr/C
0.025-0.035
2.0Pattyn[25] Cr/C
(abrasive)Albertin[26]
(Hematite)(phosphate rock)
38
Hv800-1000
Tabrett[27]
(morphology)
Biner[12]
50
2-4-2
2wt.
C 0.35wt. 1.85wt.
[27,28,29] 2.6wt.
Alamdari[30] Si
Si
Alamdari 2.5 wt. %
[30] 2.04 wt. %
1.6
wt.% 2.7wt.%
1 % [23]
3wt.%
Mo
8
A4 A3
2-5wt.%[31]28wt.
Cr 0.6wt.
0.6 wt.
[30] 3.8% 58
15Cr-3Mo
3 w.tKibble[31] 25
wt. %Cr 0-2.5 wt. %MoMo
Mo
Mo
27wt.%Cr
Biner[12]
Mo2C
Tabrett[23] 1 wt. 3-4 wt.
10M3C
11-26%M7C3
Cr/C 3-15
2.2 [23]
19
28.8 Cr-3.2 C
12.5[23] Mo V
VCr Mo
Mn 0.8w.t
10
0.81.0w.t
2-5
2-5-1
Kuwano[33]Fe-15Cr 1.82.3 3.4 850
9009501000 oC 10, 20, 40, 60, 300, 1000min
(1)
(2)
(3) 850900 oC
(4)
(5)
(6) 1000oC 100min
Zhang[34]
Fe-1.89C-21Cr-1.22Si-1.89Mo-1.47Ni 9501200
o
C 250600 oC
9501075oC
11
400oC 400oC
1130oC 6
650oC 3 TEM
500 nm(lath
martensite)(twinned martensite)[35]
Ms
Ms
Maratray Tabrett[23]
15Cr-3Mo 1025 oC
Kibble[31] 25Cr 750oC-950oCCr/C
(Martensite)(0.06%)
750-850 oC
12
800 oC 16
950 oC
2.6 750-850 oC
2.6 950
o
2-5-2
(Cr,Fe)7C3
1-4m 100mHawk[35] 3C-24.5Cr-0.29Ni-1.0Mn-0.59Mo
(pin-on-disk)
Lu [29]
[C]0.0474[Cr]4.3 (3.93)
(4.31) (4.86)
1500oC
Lu[29]
13
7.94R-0.19----------------------------------------------------------------(2)
:(m)
R: (m/sec)
Jackson[37]
2R=const.
R=ds/dt--------------------------------------------------(3)
S(m)
t(sec)
(2)(3)
2.3
[36]
f =
2l
FM ---------------------------------------------------------------------(4)
d
f =(kg/mm2)
FM=(kg/mm2)
l =(mm)
d =(mm)
14
15
3.1
16
3.1
17
3-1
Si
Mn
Cr
Cu
Ni
Fe
N0
2.92
0.34
0.81
27.46
0.008
0.02
bal.
N1
2.87
0.4
0.85
27.5
1.16
2.57
0.007
0.02
bal.
3-1-1
36012040mm 8mm
+30
10oC
3-1-2 Furan
502512mm
18
3.2 Furan
3.2
3-1-3
Ktransmitter
0-5V 0 - 1450oC 0.2- +0.2
PCL818H A/D
GENIE
3.3
K type
3.2
19
3.3
3-1-4
3.4
3 2.5g
5g 2ml 90ml
OM JSM-6500 FE-SEM
[38] EPMA
3.4
20
3-1-5
600 ASTM E18 150kg
HRC 5
3-1-6
100X-2000X ASTM
E112-96 3000X-5000X
50 3.5 4 5
0.01
3.5
21
3-2
ASTM A53287 CLASS 3.2
N1N2 4.16 3.48
1550oC 1450oCSwiss-ARL3460 spectrometer
Furan
3.2 N1 N2
C
Si
Mn
Cr
Cu
Ni
Mo
Fe
Cr/C
C.E
N1
2.87
0.4
0.85
27.5
1.16
2.57
---
bal
9.85
4.16
N2
2.36
0.43
0.68
23.9
1.9
2.9
5.21
bal
10.1
3.48
3-2-1
furan sand
3.6 furan
sand
3.6
22
64 1302565 3
5050 mm 8
+30oC ~ -10oC
3-2-2 Furan
Furan
3-2-3
Ktransmitter
0-5V 0- 1370oC -0.2~ +0.2
PCL818H A/D
GENIE
K- type
3.2
3-2-4
3.7
23
3.7
3-2-5
EDM 510mm pin-on-disc
3.3 3.8
24
3.3
Control units
Abrasive disc
3.8
25
3-3
3-3-1
3.4
4.5
3.4 Nhypo Nhyper
element
Si
Mn
Cr
Cu
Ni
Mo
Fe
Nhypo
2.62
0.34
0.81
25.46
1.5
2.5
0. 8
0.02
bal
Nhyper
3.2
0.4
0.85
27.5
1.16
2.57
0. 7
0.02
bal
3-3-2
2015
1050, 1000, 950, 900, 850 oC
3
600, 550, 500, 450 oC 5 3.5
26
3.5.
speciment
Destabilization
o
( C)
Tempering(oC)
1050
1000
Nhypo
600, 550,
950
500, 450
900
850
1050
1000
Nhyper
600, 550,
950
500, 450
900
850
As cast
3-3-3
ASTM E-18-74 150kgf
HRC
3-3-4
2000#Al2O3
1 0.3mHCl
200 500
SEM-EDX(SC)
27
3-4
10%HCl
(Faraday)[38]
W = i t a/nF-----------------------------------------(5)
W
i(mA)
t(hr)
a(g/mol)
n
F
3-4-1
10ml
90ml
28
3-4-2
EDM 10202
3-4-3
60, 80, 100, 120mA 4, 6, 8
W1W2W3
W1W2Wm ()
W2W3Wc ()
Xm()Wm / (WmWc)
Xc()Wc / (WmWc)
3-4-4
0.25
Olimpus Bhsm-363U Cambridge Instrument S360
(SEM)
3-4-5
3.6
Rigaku DMAX-B
X-ray Cu-K40kv100mA
29
3.6
Composites of Iron wt%
Iron
C
Si
Mn
Ni
Cr
Mo
Cu
Fe
N5
3.42
0.51
0.01
0.02
0.68
1.28
16.1
0.34
0.02
0.07
bal
N6
3.05
0.55
0.01
0.02
0.38
0.19
27.5
0.43
0.02
0.07
bal
N7
0.51
0.71
0.01
0.02
0.34
0.22
13.2
0.26
0.13
0.11
bal
30
4-1
4-1-1
N0 N1
4.1 4.2
Sand
A1
B1
B2
C1
C2
C3
N0 cooling cure
1400
sand
1200
C3
Temperature
1000
C2
C1
800
B2
600
B1
A1
400
200
0
100
1000
time(S)
\
4.1 N0
1600
sand
A1
B1
B2
C1
C2
C3
N1 cooling cure
1400
Temperature(degree C)
1200
sand
C3
1000
C2
C1
800
B2
600
B1
400
A1
200
0
100
1000
Time (sec)
4.2 N1
31
[16,43]
32
50
Distance(mm)
40
30
20
10
10
15
1/2
(Time) (sec)
20
1/2
4.4 N0 -
50
Distance(mm)
40
30
20
10
10
15
1/2
20
1/2
(Time) (sec)
4.5 N1 -
4.1
14.68/sec
33
0.25/sec
4.1 N0 N1
Liquidus
tf
Iron
position
N0
N1
Solidus
(sec)
T
t
T
t
6.13
14.52
---
---
4.8
---
---
B1
18.64
8.32
1.96
2.74
0.49
B2
64.3
6.68
1.57
1.17
0.21
C1
17.9
6.81
1.66
4.2
0.54
C2
105
5.23
1.27
2.29
0.29
C3
122.2
4.81
1.17
1.83
0.23
sand
305
4.77
---
---
0.12
---
---
14.68
---
---
5.89
---
----
B1
62.3
11.88
2.55
2.25
0.5
B2
118.9
6.24
1.33
1.97
0.44
C1
66.8
14.17
4.12
1.98
0.26
C2
133.3
5.4
1.57
1.06
0.14
C3
188
2.52
0.73
0.69
0.089
sand
276.8
0.25
---
0.13
---
4.25
4.1
4.66
3.44
---
T
Cooling rate, (oC/sec)
t
G Thermal gradient ,(oC/mm)
R
tf
T
G R growth rate, (mm/sec)
t
34
5.6
7.8
4.49
7.68
---
E. Bullock [39]:
r3 = ro3 + (b/GR)exp(-Q*/k TE)--------------------------------------------- (6)
, r(m) ; ro (m) ; G
(0C/mm) ; R (0C/sec) ; Q*;(Joule/mm2-sec) ; TE
(oC) ; k b
GR () r
G RBAC
C
2-3(oC/sec)N1 C1 C3
5.5
4-1-2
4.6 N0 N1 A(12mm)SEM
N0 3-5mm
4.6N0(a)
(b)N1 [2]
4.6 N1 (a) 0.1mm
N1
6mm
NiCu
4.6N1(a)(b)
35
N0
N1
(a)
(a)
(b)
(b)
(c)
(c)
(d)
(d)
N0
N1
(a)
(a)
(b)
(b)
(c)
(c)
(d)
(d)
N0
N1
(a)
(a)
(b)
(b)
(c)
(c)
(d)
(d)
N0 N1 4.22, 4.17
4.6N0(d)
N1 (d) 12mm
4.6 N1 (b)
3mm
N0 N1 N0 2-3mm
0.35-0.5m B C 6mm
1-4.5m
10m Ni Cu
(a)
(b)
4.9 N1 Z SEM
39
4.9 N1
(a)
(b)(a)
(a)
(b)
40
4.2
B,C
N0 N1 N1 N0
11N0
3-3.9m 0.5m
4.11
sample C 10mE.
Bullock (2) 4.124.13 5oC/sec
1m 5oC/sec
N0 N1 iron
y=85.045x-2.116
-------------- ----------------------------------------------(7)
y=0.0067x20.1162x3.556 -------------------------------------------(8)
41
4.2 N0 N1
Iron
N0
particle
sample position
size
(m)
N1
standard carbide
deviation Vol.(%)
chilled-1
0.31
0.18
chilled-2
0.62
0.28
chilled-3
0.87
0.6
chilled-4
2.24
chilled-1
particle
size
(m)
standard
deviation Vol.( %)
0.21
0.11
35.5
1.05
1.04
39.3
3.30
1.76
1.16
4.79
1.61
1.16
0.76
0.45
0.29
1.66
0.81
chilled-2
0.44
0.26
1.82
1.21
chilled-3
0.54
0.28
2.75
2.89
43.2
chilled-4
1.3
0.74
48.4
2.37
2.23
4.74
3.27
chilled-5
1.42
0.66
3.86
4.45
chilled-6
3.24
1.6
3.74
3.40
chilled-7
2.91
3.68
2.61
chilled-1
0.41
0.16
0.48
0.24
chilled-2
0.59
0.3
2.14
0.96
chilled-3
1.02
0.67
2.29
0.86
chilled-4
1.37
0.57
3.44
2.55
39.8
carbide
chilled-5
3.21
2.35
44.1
2.59
1.74
3.20
3.59
chilled-6
3.48
2.62
4.41
3.95
chilled-7
1.95
0.97
3.02
2.22
chilled-8
3.43
2.27
3.02
1.44
chilled-9
3.54
1.98
3.61
2.16
42
(a)
(b)
43
3.5
3
2.5
-2.1164
y = 85.045x
R = 0.9859
1.5
1
0.5
0
3
11
13
15
17
cooling rate(oC/sec)
4.12 N0 iron C
4.13 N1 C
A
44
B
A C
JXA-8600SX EPMABCr Fe
4.3
40 at.%
1400oC
chilled-1
Cr7C3
Cr
41.7 at
EPMA
0.5mB-chilled-1
Ni Cu
45
4.3 B
Iron
N0
N1
position
Element[atomic%]
C
Fe
Cr
Si
Mn
Cu
Ni
chilled-1-primary
40.4
18.9
40.1
0.48
---
---
chilled -1-eutectic
42.3
33.6
23.3
0.368
0.56
---
---
chilled -2-primary
38.6
18.9
42.1
0.46
---
---
chilled-2- eutectic
32.8
32.9
26.5
0.34
0.54
---
---
chilled -2-matrix
20.6
61.2
17
0.64
0.72
---
---
chilled -3-primary
36
18.9
44.6
0.48
--
--
chilled -3-eutectic
37.2
22.2
39.9
0.6
--
--
chilled -3-matrix
11.2
72.4
14.7
0.86
0.83
---
---
chilled -4-primary
35
18.5
45.9
0.5
--
--
chilled -4-eutectic
36.2
20
43.2
0.55
--
--
chilled -4-matrix
9.3
73.5
15.4
0.9
0.94
---
---
chilled -1-primary
39.7
16.8
42.7
0.566
0.04
0.13
chilled -1-eutectic
40.2
18.9
40
0.68
0.02
0.11
chilled -2-primary
39.7
17.4
42.2
0.48
---
---
chilled -2-eutectic
40.2
18.9
40.07
0.68
---
---
chilled -2-matrix
5.37
71.6
15.1
2.38
1.08
1.29
3.11
chilled -3-primary
39.9
17.5
41.85
0.01
0.53
---
---
chilled -3-eutectic
40.2
17.6
41.56
0.49
---
---
chilled -3-matrix
6.18
70.1
15.9
2.14
0.96
1.35
3.3
chilled-4-primary
39.7
17.6
41.7
0.55
---
---
chilled -4-eutectic
39.7
18.3
41.3
0.54
---
---
chilled -4-matrix
5.75
71.2
15
2.3
1.04
1.32
3.28
46
4-1-3
B Rockwell 4.14 N0
5mm
HRC60 HRC58 N0
5mm
HRC52N1
HRC60 NiCu
47
(a)
(b)
48
4-2
4-2-1
4.15
49
4.4
Cp
544 J/kg-K
51.9 w/m-K
388 w/m-k
12.3x10-6/OC
7.8g/cm3
7.1 g/cm3
1450 OC
Hf
251 J/kg
4.16
4.16
50
4-17 down low(-3)
down mid &(-2)down up&(-1)top low&(+3) down mid
&(+2) down up &(+1)Ktype
4.17, 4.18
1250oCL 73
4.17
51
-3
-2
-1
0
+1
+2
+3
1600
1400
Temperature(degree C)
1200
1000
-1
+1
800
+3
-3
+2
-2
600
0
400
200
0
100
1000
Time (sec)
4.18 N1
-3
-2
-1
0
+1
+2
+3
1600
1400
Temperature(degree C)
1200
1000
+2
+3
-3
800
600
400
+1 -2
-1
0
200
0
500
1000
1500
Time (sec)
4.19 N2
E. Bullock [38]
4.5 4.6
52
4.21
N1
321sec 40sec N2
14sec
4.20
53
4.21
1250oC
4.22 +3 -3 1280oC
1320oC 4.3 Fe-Cr-C
-3
1450
Temperature( C)
1400
1350
-3
-2
-1
0
+1
+2
+3
1300
1250
1000
Time(sec)
4.22 N1
54
T=exp(-0.382log(t)+8.71)-------------------------------------------------(11)
(+2)
T=18462-1.93t+ 8.910-4 t2 -1.510-7t3---------------------------------(12)
(-2)
T=1694-1.78t+86386t2-1.5210-7t3 ------------------------------------(13)
Tok
tsec
T
=(-0.382/t)exp(-0.382log(t)+8.71)----------------------------------(14)
t
(+2)
T
= -1.93-17.810-4t4.510-7t2--------------------------------------(15)
t
(-2)
T
= -1.78+172772t4.5610-7t2--------------------------------------(16)
t
55
4.5 N1
Position
Liquidus
tf
(sec)
T
t
-3
277
4.8
53.33
-2
172
5.1
56.67
-1
51
44.22
40
12
----
+1
48
3.8
6.0
+2
185
2.6
4.11
+3
321
2.7
4.26
56
Solidus
0.09
---
0.63
T
t
1.2
0.15
1.8
0.22
4.8
0.59
4.2
----
2.86
0.3
1.63
0.17
0.78
0.08
8.07
-----
9.4
4.6 N2
Position
Liquidus
tf
Solidus
T
t
1.17
0.13
1.91
0.22
18.85
5.94
0.67
9.92
7.63
6.81
1.24
19.13
4.78
4.05
4.86
0.52
+2
119
3.2
2.71
1.67
0.18
+3
179
5.36
4.54
1.12
0.12
(sec)
T
t
-3
177.2
5.14
17.3
-2
117
4.56
15.35
-1
36.7
5.6
14.3
+1
0.29
1.18
T
Cooling rate( 0C/sec )
t
RGrowth rate (mm/sec )=
T
G
t
57
8.86
9.37
4.23
4-2-2
N1 M7C3 4.24
4.25
N2 4.24
4.25 (0)
(2)(level-3)
SEM
58
Primary
M7C3
4.24 N1
4.25 N2
59
M7C3
N2
60
4.7 EPMA N1
N1 Iron
61
4.8 EPMA N2
N2
62
4.26 N1 SEM
63
4.27 N2 SEM
64
4-2-3
N1 4-9
1.54m 3.52m
6.11m N2
5.94m+2 -2 22.15 m
2 3 4.28 ABC
(level-1,level-2,level-3)( D)
level-1 2m 50level-2,
level-3 4-5m 20-30
4.29, 4.30
y=9.767x-0.771
-----------------------------------------------------------(18)
y=-2.7295x+33.28 ----------------------------------------------------------(19)
y x R
=9.767R-0.771(m)---------------------------------------------------------20
=-2.7295R +33.28(m)--------------------------------------------------21
20 Lu[29] Spinelli[40,41,42]
21
65
4-2-4
4-9 N1 HRC50(+2)
HRC48.7 (-2) HRC 45.4N2
HRC48(+2) HRC 44.2 (-2)
HRC45.7
particle distribution(%)
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
level-1
level-2
Level-3
10
12
14
16
4.28 N1
66
4.9 N1 N2
location
Carbide
Test
Iron
layer
average size
value
HRc
+2
Level-1 Level-2
Level-3
49.4
49
47.4
22.3
34
34.3
51.4
48.7
49.6
(m)
2.3
abrasive
(mg/km)
HRc
N1
1.54
abrasive
16
33.7
24.5
47
45
44.2
29
41.5
46.25
44.2
44.8
43.7
(mg/km)
HRc
-2
5.2
abrasive
(mg/km)
HRc
+2
22.15
abrasive
53.6
53
65
48.5
48.1
47.6
(mg/km)
HRc
N2
5.94
abrasive
62.2
64.6
79
45.7
45.8
45.5
48.2
47.4
76
(mg/km)
HRc
-2
23.5
abrasive
(mg/km)
Note: N2 dendrite arm space
67
4.29 N1
4.30 N2
4-2-5
4.9 N1
16mg/km 49.6mg/kmN2
68
N1 0 level-1,level-2,
level-3 HRC51.4,48.7,49.6 N2
HRC48.5 ,48.1, 47.6 1.5-3
N1 N2 16, 33.7, 24.5 mg/ km 62.6,
64.6,79 mg/km
[23,40]
69
4-3
[38,39,40]
3.8
4.5 2.5 wt.%, 1.5 wt.%
4-3-1
2.62C
-25.46Cr 3.2C-27.5Cr 4.31
M7C3 1400oC
K2(M7C3) 1280oC k2
23-28%Cr
1000oC-1100oC[42,43,44]
4.32(a)
M7C3
M7C3
70
4.32(b)
71
(SC)
[44]
destabilization
450 oC-5hr
4.34(a)
4.34(b)
SEM
75
Mo2C[44,45]
EPMA color mapping 4.37
CrC
4.354.36
4-3-2
HRC 150Kg 5
Nhyper Nhypor
4.10 850 HRC61.7
HRC48.1 HRC13.6 950
HRC58.6 HRC44.8 HRC13.8 4.39
900 1050
HRC48.5 1050 HRC49.2
destabilization 1050[46,47,48,]
77
Iron
Quenching
Tempering
temperature(oC)
temperature(oC)
As cast
750
850
950
1050
400
450
500
550
Nhyper 59.5
61.7
54.9
48.5
60.17
62.55
57.96
54.22
48.1
Nhypo
57.3
58.6
49.2
57.79
60.26
58.39
54.92
44.8
51.3
78
79
4-3-3
510mm
4.40 4.41 Nhypo Nhyper
950 850
Nhypo
Nhyper
80
450
4.11
Average
N1-chilled
16
33.7
24.5
24.7
N2-chilled
62.2
64.6
79
68.6
Nhyper
19
34
43
32
Nhypo
33
16
20
23
81
4-3-4 X-Ray
13000
Nhypo- Q950C
Nhypo- Q950C+T450C
* Austenite
C M7C3
12000
intensity(cps)
11000
10000
9000
8000
7000
6000
5000
20
40
60
80
100
degrees-2 theta
16000
Nhyper-cast
Nhyper-Q850C
Nhyper-Q850C+T450
c M7C3
* Austenite
15000
14000
intensity(cps)
13000
12000
11000
10000
9000
8000
7000
6000
20
40
60
80
100
degrees 2-theta
4.42 44
850
82
44 4.43
850
Ni 2.5 wt.%
[51,52,53]
83
4-4
4-4-1
4.124.134.14 N5,
N6, N7
4.12 N5 wt.%
Carbide volume fraction(%)
Current(mA)
Average
100
28.7
28.7
28.9
28.8
80
28.7
28.9
30.0
29.2
60
28.4
28.8
30.0
29.1
29.0
total
4.13 N6 wt.%
Carbide volume fraction(%)
Electrolytically Extracted time(hr)
Current(mA)
Average
4
100
31.5
30.7
33.6
31.9
80
30.7
30.8
31.5
31
60
31.7
30.7
32.9
31.8
total
31.6
84
4.14 N7 wt.%
Carbide volume fraction(%)
Electrolytically Extracted time (hr)
Current(mA)
Average
4
100
3.8
4.5
4.1
4.1
80
3.5
3.5
4.0
3.7
60
2.8
4.1
3.3
total
3.5
4.12 N5 -2.1
+3.4 4.13 N6 -2.8 ~ +6.3% 4.14 N7
-18.8~25.2
4.12
4.134.14
[39]N5N6N7 29.0
31.63.5%
Maratray N5
30.6N6 36.6N7
18.9%N5 N6 9w.t%
2.6% 6%
85
Maratray
4-4-2
4.44 N6
4.45 SEM
4.46 N7
N6
N7 SEM
N6 N6 N7
4.44 N6
86
4.45 N6 SEM
.4.46 N7 SEM
87
(a)
(b)
4-4-3
4.47 N5N6N7 -ray
N5 N6 M7C3Cr7C3
88
Fig.4.48 Fe-C-Cr
Cr7C3+(Cr, Fe)
89
1.
0.35~0.5m
2. NiCu N1 N0 NiCu
Ni Cu
N0
0-2mm
3. N0 3~5mm
4.
5. 4.18
1.54m
90
91
1. R. W. Durman, The application of alloyed white cast irons in
crushing, grinding, and material handling processes, British
Foundryman, 69, 1976,p. 141-149
2.
461985,p.25-34
3. 10 25
1989, p4
4. J. M. Bereza, Wear and impact resistant white cast irons, British
Foundryman, 74, 1981,p. 205-211
5. R. W. Durman, Basic metallurgical concepts and the mechanical
testing of some abrasion-resistant alloy, Foundry Trade Journal,
May 24, 1973,p. 645-651
6. T. Zhang and D. Y. Li, Effect of alloy yttrium on corrosion-erosion
behavior of 27Cr Cast White iron in different corrosive slurries,
Materials Science and Engineering A325, 2002,p.87-97
7. 18Cr,2.9C, 0.85Si
561988p.1-6
8. H. Zum and Gahr, Wear 64 (1980) p.175-194
9. H. huai Liu, Jun Wang, Bao-luo Shen, and Hong-shan Yang, ,Effect
of deep cryogenic treatment on property of 3Cr13Mo1V1.5 high
chromium cast iron, materials& design, Vol.28,2007,p.1059~1064
92
10. 1982
11. R. S. Jackson, The austenite liquidus surface and constitutional
diagram for the Fe-C-Cr metastable system, Journal of iron and
steel institute,Vol.208,1970, p.163-167
12. S. B. Biner, The role of eutectic carbide morphology on the fracture
behavior of high chromium cast irons Austenitic alloys,
Canandian Metallurgical Quarterly, Vol.24, 1985, p.155-162
13.Arikan, The effect of titanium on the abrasion resistance of
15Cr-3Mo white cast iron, Wear 247, 2001,p.231-235
14. S.B.Biner, The role of eutectic carbide morphology on the fracture
behavior
of
high
chromium
cast
irons
martensitic
in
high
chromium
cast
iron,
AFS
Transaction
1990,Vol.166, p.725-734
34. M. X. Zhang, The effect of heat treatment on the toughness,
hardness and microstructure of low carbon white cast iron, J. of
Materials science 2001, Vol.36, p.3865-3875
35. J. A.Hawk,Effect of carbide orientation on abrasion of high Cr
white cast iron, Wear189 (1995), p136~142
36. A. Sawamoto, K. Ogi, K.Matsuda, Solidfication structures of
Fe-C-Cr ( V-Nb-W) alloys, AFS Transactions, Vol.94, 1986, p.403
37. T. Zhang, D.Y.Li, Effect of alloying yttrium on corrosion-erosion
behavior of 27Cr cast white iron in different corrosive slurries,
Materials Science and Engineering A325, 2002, p.87-97
38. (2001), p.26
39. E. Bullock, M. McLean and J.D.Livingston The effect of grain
growth in solidification parameter Acta Metall, 1977 ,
vol.25 ,p.328-333
40. J. E.Spinelli, I.L, Ferreira, A.Garcia, Influence of melt convection
95
p.985-990
48. T. Fujita, Kiyoshi Watanabe, Influence of Lead and Sulphur
addition on machinability of high chromium cast iron, JFS, Vol.71,
No.8, 1999, p.505-510
49. T. Zhang, D. Y. Li, Effect of alloy yttrium on corrosionerosion
behavior of 27Cr Cast White iron in different corrosive slurries,
Materials Science and Engineering A325, 2002,p.8797.
50. R. L. Pattyn, Heat treatment of high Cr white irons, AFS
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52. J. A. Hawk,Effect of carbide orientation on abrasion of high Cr
white cast iron, Wear189 (1995), p136142.
53.
2007,11,
97
A N1 level-1
m 0.76
1.22
1.44
2.01
3.03
0.98
0.3
0.77
1.22
1.44
2.01
3.03
1.18
0.41
0.77
1.01
1.23
1.47
2.05
3.19
1.43
0.48
0.79
1.01
1.24
1.49
2.07
3.24
1.93
0.48
0.8
1.01
1.25
1.52
2.07
3.27
2.93
0.52
0.81
1.01
1.25
1.53
2.08
3.27
0.75
0.54
0.81
1.01
1.26
1.53
2.1
3.44
0.55
0.82
1.01
1.26
1.55
2.1
3.47
1.2
0.56
0.84
1.01
1.28
1.56
2.11
3.5
1.43
0.56
0.84
1.01
1.28
1.56
2.16
3.54
1.94
0.56
0.84
1.03
1.28
1.56
2.21
3.6
2.94
0.57
0.85
1.04
1.28
1.56
2.24
3.73
0.57
0.85
1.04
1.3
1.57
2.28
3.88
0.57
0.86
1.05
1.3
1.57
2.28
3.93
0.61
0.86
1.05
1.31
1.57
2.28
3.95
0.63
0.86
1.06
1.31
1.58
2.29
4.05
0.63
0.86
1.06
1.32
1.59
2.3
4.11
0.64
0.86
1.07
1.32
1.63
2.33
4.23
0.65
0.88
1.08
1.32
1.63
2.34
5.49
0.66
0.88
1.08
1.33
1.65
2.34
6.88
0.66
0.89
1.08
1.34
1.69
2.37
1.54
0.66
0.89
1.08
1.34
1.69
2.38
0.76
0.66
0.9
1.11
1.34
1.69
2.39
0.67
0.9
1.11
1.34
1.7
2.44
1.2
0.67
0.91
1.11
1.34
1.7
2.45
1.43
0.67
0.93
1.12
1.35
1.73
2.47
1.97
0.68
0.93
1.13
1.35
1.77
2.49
2.97
0.69
0.94
1.13
1.36
1.81
2.63
0.74
0.7
0.95
1.13
1.36
1.88
2.63
0.98
0.7
0.95
1.13
1.36
1.88
2.66
1.17
0.72
0.95
1.13
1.38
1.89
2.68
1.43
0.73
0.96
1.16
1.38
1.9
2.71
1.93
0.73
0.97
1.16
1.39
1.9
2.73
2.82
0.74
0.98
1.17
1.41
1.91
2.76
0.75
98
B N1 level-2
m 1.22
1.6
1.92
2.29
2.65
3.19
3.9
0.28
1.23
1.61
1.93
2.3
2.68
3.22
0.54
1.28
1.61
1.93
2.32
2.68
3.23
0.54
1.29
1.62
1.93
2.32
2.71
3.26
0.59
1.29
1.63
1.95
2.33
2.72
3.27
0.75
1.3
1.63
1.95
2.34
2.73
3.28
0.75
1.3
1.63
1.96
2.35
2.74
3.28
0.77
1.3
1.63
1.96
2.35
2.74
3.29
0.77
1.32
1.63
1.96
2.36
2.77
3.29
0.79
1.33
1.64
2.36
2.77
3.29
4.1
5.85 13.19
0.82
1.34
1.66
2.01
2.36
2.79
3.31
0.82
1.35
1.68
2.02
2.37
2.79
3.32
0.85
1.35
1.71
2.02
2.37
2.79
3.34
0.9
1.36
1.73
2.04
2.4
2.8
3.36
0.94
1.36
1.73
2.05
2.41
2.8
3.43
4.22 6.37
1.6
0.95
1.36
1.74
2.06
2.41
2.8
3.43
0.95
1.37
1.76
2.09
2.42
2.8
3.46
4.33
2.27
0.97
1.37
1.77
2.09
2.44
2.8
3.46
0.98
1.37
1.78
2.11
2.46
2.85
3.47
1.39
1.78
2.12
2.46
2.85
3.47
1.02
1.4
1.78
2.12
2.48
2.87
3.5
4.54
6.7
4.95
1.02
1.42
1.79
2.13
2.48
2.87
3.5
4.57
6.8
1.16
1.03
1.44
1.8
2.14
2.48
2.87
3.53
4.58 6.86
1.6
1.07
1.44
1.8
2.14
2.48
2.89
3.54
4.6
1.86
1.08
1.47
1.81
2.15
2.51
2.91
3.55
1.08
1.5
1.81
2.16
2.51
2.92
3.58
1.09
1.51
1.82
2.17
2.51
2.93
3.61
1.1
1.51
1.84
2.17
2.54
2.93
3.63
1.13
1.54
1.84
2.2
2.55
2.93
3.66
4.72
7.9
4.88
1.14
1.55
1.85
2.2
2.56
2.95
3.69
4.72
7.9
1.2
1.14
1.56
1.85
2.21
2.58
2.95
3.73
4.77 7.91
1.6
1.15
1.58
1.85
2.21
2.59
2.95
3.75
1.15
1.58
1.86
2.22
2.6
3.06
3.77
4.8
8.23 2.25
1.15
1.59
1.86
2.24
2.61
3.07
3.77
99
6.5
6.9
C N1 level-3
m
0.91
1.84
2.34
2.94
3.78
5.48
12.02
0.36
1.38
1.86
2.41
2.94
3.79
3.65
12.27
0.56
1.41
1.86
2.43
2.95
3.82
5.56
12.39
0.62
1.41
1.23
2.44
1.95
3.82
5.73
13.87
0.49
1.41
1.86
2.52
2.96
3.87
5.73
15.42
0.51
1.42
1.87
2.53
2.96
3.89
5.75
15.82
0.59
1.45
1.91
2.55
2.97
3.91
5.76
24.35
0.9
1.46
1.91
2.55
3.02
3.96
5.85
24.51
0.6
0.99
1.93
2.57
3.02
3.97
5.96
3.521
0.6
1.5
1.29
2.59
3.03
4.02
6.21
1.37
0.92
1.96
2.59
3.03
2.68
6.36
1.84
0.61
1.01
1.32
2.59
3.04
4.05
6.37
1.55
0.62
1.52
1.32
2.59
3.05
4.05
6.48
1.94
0.64
1.54
2.04
1.73
3.08
4.07
6.6
3.76
0.97
1.54
1.36
2.64
3.09
4.18
6.65
0.88
0.64
1.58
2.05
2.64
2.08
4.19
4.46
1.77
1.01
1.05
2.07
2.65
3.14
4.21
6.76
1.53
1.03
1.6
1.37
2.65
3.18
4.24
6.85
2.89
1.08
1.61
1.4
2.66
3.2
4.45
7.5
3.63
1.09
1.61
2.12
2.66
3.2
4.48
7.66
5.23
1.1
1.06
2.13
2.69
3.23
4.48
7.68
0.89
1.13
1.07
2.13
2.7
3.24
2.98
7.79
1.79
0.76
1.09
2.14
1.8
3.26
2.98
7.95
2.32
1.17
1.1
1.43
1.81
3.37
4.5
8.1
2.91
1.18
1.67
1.43
2.74
3.39
4.69
8.4
1.95
0.78
1.68
1.46
2.75
3.42
4.8
8.62
5.3
0.8
1.68
2.22
2.82
3.44
4.83
9.39
0.9
1.24
1.69
1.49
2.82
3.45
4.92
9.42
1.81
1.25
1.69
1.49
2.82
3.49
4.96
9.51
2.34
1.27
1.7
2.25
2.83
3.51
5.03
9.66
1.94
0.85
1.14
1.49
2.84
3.53
5.06
9.68
3.67
1.32
1.73
2.27
1.91
3.53
5.13
9.76
5.38
1.32
1.74
2.28
2.89
3.57
5.15
9.93
1.32
1.74
1.52
2.89
3.61
5.23
9.96
100
level-1
level-2
Level-3
0.75
14.57
1.7
4.4
1.5
48.18
16.15
20.51
2.25
18.62
24.65
18.32
10.53
20.11
16.48
3.75
4.86
10.76
10.62
4.5
2.43
6.8
8.42
5.25
5.95
4.03
0.4
2.83
4.03
6.75
2.83
2.2
7.5
0.4
1.42
1.1
8.25
1.98
1.83
0.57
0.73
9.75
1.13
1.83
10.5
0.85
1.1
11.25
0.28
0.73
12
0.57
0.73
12.75
0.57
1.1
13.5
0.28
14.25
0.37
15
0.28
15.75
0.37
16.5
0.37
17.25
18
18.75
19.5
20.25
0.28
21
21.75
22.5
23.25
24
24.75
0.73
101
(Dong - Shyen Yang)
50 2 12
70
75
77
100
7273
7786
78.7-78.9
80.7-9
8690
90
130 12
04-7111-111 ext.3185
102
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