Group 1

Bautista, Annoel
Cabugatan, Norhannah
Cordano, Hazel F.
CE121-C5

Problems

Superelevation
1. A current roadway has a design speed of 100 km/hr, a coefficient of friction of
0.1, and carries drivers with perception-reaction times of 2.5 seconds. The
drivers use cars that allows their eyes to be 1 meter above the road. Because
of ample roadkill in the area, the road has been designed for carcasses that
are 0.5 meters in height. All curves along that road have been designed
accordingly.The local government, seeing the potential of tourism in the area
and the boost to the local economy, wants to increase the speed limit to 110
km/hr to attract summer drivers. Residents along the route claim that this is a
horrible idea, as a particular curve called "Dead Man's Hill" would earn its
name because of sight distance problems. "Dead Man's Hill" is a crest curve
that is roughly 600 meters in length. It starts with a grade of +1.0% and ends
with (-1.0)%. There has never been an accident on "Dead Man's Hill" as of
yet, but residents truly believe one will come about in the near future.A local
politician who knows little to nothing about engineering (but thinks he does)
states that the 600-meter length is a long distance and more than sufficient
to handle the transition of eager big-city drivers. Still, the residents push
back, saying that 600 meters is not nearly the distance required for the
speed. The politician begins a lengthy campaign to "Bring Tourism to Town",
saying that the residents are trying to stop "progress". As an engineer,
determine if these residents are indeed making a valid point or if they are
simply trying to stop progress? Using sight distance formulas from other
sections, it is found that 100 km/hr has an SSD of 465 meters and 110 km/hr
has an SSD of 555 meters, given the criteria stated above. Since both 465
meters and 555 meters are less than the 600-meter curve length, the correct
formula to use would be:

Since the 1055-meter minimum curve length is greater than the current 600-meter
length on "Dead Man's Hill", this curve would not meet the sight distance
requirements for 110 km/hr.
This seems like a very large gap. The question becomes, was the curve even good
enough at 100 km/hr? Using the same formula, the result is:

740 meters for a minimum curve length is far greater than the existing 600-meter
curve. Therefore, the residents are correct in saying that "Dead Man's Hill" is a
disaster waiting to happen. As a result, the politician, unable to hold public
confidence by his "progress" comment, was forced to resign.
2. An existing horizontal curve has a radius of 85 meters, which restricts the
maximum speed on this section of road to only 60% of the design speed of
the highway. Highway officials want to improve the road to eliminate this
bottleneck. Assume coefficient of side friction is 0.15 and rate of
superelevation is 0.08. Compute the existing speed, design speed, and find
the new radius of curvature.
Existing Speed

1000 2
)
3600
R=
9.81( e + f s )
(v

1000 2
)
v 2(0.077)
3600
85=
=
9.81( 0.08+0.15)
2.254
(v

v =50 km/hr

Design Speed
50/0.6= 83.33 km/hr
Find the radius of the new curve, using the value of

fs

for 83.33 kph ( f s=0.14 .

1000 2
)
3600
85=
=248 m
9.81( 0.08+0.14)
(83.33

3. Calculate minimum radius for a design speed of 120 km/h. The

superelevation rate is limited to 0.06 due to icing effects in winter

1000 2
)
3600
R=
g (e + f s )
(v

120

km
1000 m
=120
=33.33 m/s
h
3600 s

(33.33)
R=
=755.1 m
9.81(0.06+ 0.09)

Safe Sight Distance (Vertical Curve)

1.

2.

3. At Station 4 + 860, the new highway must pass under the center of an
existing railroad which is at elevation 203.910 at the highway centerline. The
railroad bridge that will be constructed over the highway will be 1.2 m in
depth, 6.0 m in width and at right angles to the highway. What would be the
length of the vertical curve that would provide a 5.05-m clearance under the
railroad bridge?
Given: Design Speed = 90 km/h
G1 = -1.5%
G2 = +2.0% A = 3.5%
PVI Station = 4+ 910
PVI elevation = 195.710

Safe Sight Distance (Concave Upward)

1. A pipe 6 ft in diameter passes over a highway sag vertical curve with a
clearance of 16 ft. What is the lowest elevation and station of the bottom
of pipe? Assume the length of the vertical curve is 400 ft, G1 = -3, G2 =
4%, PC Station is 5+00.00 and elevation is 100.00.

G1
3
* 400
* 400 171.43 ft
A
7
STA 5 00.00
1 71.43
STA 6 71.43
Low pt

G
Ax 2
7 *171.43 2
3
1 * x 16 100

* 171.43 16
200 L 100
200 * 400 100
elev 100 2.57 5.14 16 113.43 ft
elev 100

2.

3.

Horizontal curve
1. A horizontal curve with a radius of 200 m forms part of a 2 lane highway
with a posted speed of 50 km/hr. If the highway is flat, determine the
distance a house can be placed from the centreline of the inside of the
curve without reduced the required Stopping Sight Distance. Assume a
perception reaction time of 2.5 seconds.
Determine the required stopping sight distance (S)

S=ds=0.278t rv +

v2
254 ( f G )

S=ds=0.278 (2.5 )( 50 ) +

502
=74.12 m
254 ( 0.25 )

Determine the Minimum m

m=R 1cos

28.65 S
28.6574.12
=200 1cos
=3.424 m
R
200

2. A horizontal curve is designed with a 450 m radius. The curve has a

tangent of 175 m and the PI is at metric station 9+550. Determine the
stationing of the PT.
First Determine the Central Angle
Then determine the length

T =Rtan

( 2 )

175=450 tan

( 2 )

=42.5
L=

R
180

L=

45042.53.14
=333.79 m
180

Given that the tangent is 175 m

Stationing PC=9+550 - 175 = 9+375
Stationing of PT = 9+375 + 333.79m = 9+708
3. Given I = 824', station of PI is 64+27.46 and circular curve radius
R=2864.79 ft, Find the PC station, PT station, External ordinate distance E
and middle ordinate distance M.
a.

Find PC
i. T = R tan (I/2)
ii. I = 824' = 8.4
iii. T = 2864.79' tan (8.4/2) = 210.38'
iv. PC = PI - T = 6427.46' - 210.38' = 62+17.08'

b.

Find PT
i. "PT cannot be obtained by adding the tangent distance to the
station of the PI, although the location of the PT on the
ground is determined by measuring the tangent distance
from the PI. Points representing the PC and PT must be
carefully marked and placed exactly on the tangent lines as
the correct distance from the PI so other computed values
will fit their fixed positions on the ground." (see Elementary
Surveying, 12th Ed by Ghilani and Wolf, p. 709)
ii. PT = PC + L

iii. L = RI(/180) = 2864.79' x 8.4 * / 180 = 420.00'

iv. PT = 6217.08' + 420.00' = 66+37.08
c.

Find external distance E

i. E = R{1/[cos(I/2)] - 1} = 2864.79'{1/[cos(8.4/2)] - 1} =
7.71 ft

d.

Find middle ordinate distance M

i. M = R[1-cos(I/2)] = 2864.79'[1-cos(8.4/2)] = 7.69'