Chap 11

Chapter 11
Physical and Chemical Control of Microbes
Multiple Choice Questions

1. Which of the following microbial forms has the highest resistance to physical and chemical
controls?
A. naked viruses
B. protozoan cysts
C. fungal spores
D. bacterial endospores
E. yeast
ASM Objective: 03.04 The growth of microorganisms can be controlled by physical, chemical, mechanical, or biological means.
ASM Topic: Module 03 Metabolic Pathways
Blooms Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 11.02 Identify the microorganisms that are most resistant and least resistant to control measures.
Section Number: 11.01
Topic: Basics of Microbial Control
2. The process that destroys or removes all microorganisms and microbial forms, including
bacterial endospores, on inanimate objects is
A. disinfection.
B. sterilization.
C. antisepsis.
D. sanitization.
E. degermation.
Learning Outcome: 11.01 Distinguish among the terms sterilization, disinfection, antisepsis, and decontamination.
3. The use of a physical or chemical process to destroy vegetative pathogens on inanimate

objects is
A. disinfection.
B. sterilization.
C. antisepsis.
D. sanitization.
E. degermation.
4. The use of chemical agents directly on exposed body surfaces to destroy or inhibit
vegetative pathogens is
A. disinfection.
B. sterilization.
C. antisepsis.
D. sanitization.
5. Scrubbing or immersing the skin in chemicals to reduce the numbers of microbes on the
skin is
A. disinfection.
B. sterilization.
C. sanitization.
D. degermation.
6. Which of the following types of control agents would be used to achieve sterility?
A. virucide
B. bactericide
C. germicide
D. sporicide
E. fungicide
7. The easiest microbial forms to kill or inhibit are

A. naked viruses.
B. vegetative bacteria and fungi.
C. endospores.
D. protozoan cysts.
E. mycobacteria and staphylococci.
Blooms Level: 2. Understand
8. The method of removing vegetative microbial life forms and debris to reduce
contamination to safe levels is termed
A. antisepsis.
B. disinfection.
C. sterilization.
D. decontamination.
E. sanitization.
9. The method of removing vegetative life forms from living surfaces is termed
A. antisepsis.
B. disinfection.
C. sterilization.
D. decontamination.
10. The removal of all life forms from inanimate objects is termed
A. antisepsis.
B. disinfection.
C. sterilization.
D. decontamination.
E. degerming.
11. The alcohol wipe used on a patient's skin before an injection is an example of
A. antisepsis.
B. disinfection.
C. sterilization.
D. decontamination.
E. sanitization.
Learning Outcome: 11.17 Explain the mode of action of alcohols and their limitation as effective antimicrobials.
Topic: Chemical Control Methods
12. Which is correct regarding the rate of microbial death?

A. Cells die at increasingly greater rates.
B. Only older cells die in a culture.
C. Cells in a culture die at a constant rate.
D. Upon contact with the control agent, all cells die at one time.
E. Cells become metabolically inactive but are never killed.
Learning Outcome: 11.03 Define -static and -cidal. Compare the action of microbicidal and microbiostatic agents, providing an example of
each.
13. Which of the following factors will influence the action of microbial agents?
A. the number of microorganisms
B. the type of microorganisms present
C. temperature and pH
D. mode and dosage of the agent
E. All of the choices will influence the action.
14. Microbial death occurs when there is

A. no movement.
B. no reproduction.
C. a change in appearance.
D. a decrease in size.
E. All of the choices occur.
each.
15. Each of the following is a target of antimicrobial agents except

A. cell walls.
B. cell membranes.
C. ribosomes.
D. cellular proteins.
E. cytoplasm.
Learning Outcome: 11.04 Name four categories of cellular targets for physical and chemical agents.
16. Surfactants work by

A. coating the organism preventing interaction with its environment.
B. blocking transport into the organism.
C. blocking transport out from the organism.
D. disrupting membrane integrity.
17. Some microbial control agents are able to _____ cell proteins by breaking bonds that
maintain the native state, the three-dimensional configuration of the proteins.
A. denature
B. bind
C. dissolve
D. mutate
18. Agents that can denature microbial proteins include all of the following except
A. moist heat.
B. alcohol.
C. acids.
D. metallic ions.
E. X rays.

Learning Outcome: 11.11 Differentiate between the two types of radiation control methods, providing an application of each.
19. Which of the following does not affect microbial nucleic acids?
A. moist heat
B. ultraviolet light
C. X rays
D. ethylene dioxide
E. formaldehyde
Learning Outcome: 11.05 Name six methods of physical control of microorganisms.
Topic: Physical Control Methods
20. Physical agents for controlling microbial growth include all of the following except
A. ultraviolet radiation.
B. boiling water.
C. HEPA filters.
D. pasteurization.
E. hydrogen peroxide.
Learning Outcome: 11.14 Name the desirable characteristics of chemical control agents.
21. Sterilization is achieved by

A. flash pasteurization.
B. hot water.
C. boiling water.
D. steam autoclave.
E. All of the choices are correct.
22. Dry heat

A. is less efficient than moist heat.
B. cannot sterilize.
C. includes tyndallization.
D. is used in devices called autoclaves.
E. will sterilize at 121 C for 15 minutes.
Learning Outcome: 11.06 Compare and contrast moist and dry heat methods of control, and identify multiple examples of each.
23. The minimum sterilizing conditions in a steam autoclave are

A. 121C at 15 psi for 15 minutes.
B. 63C for 30 minutes.
C. 160C for 2 hours.
D. 71.6C for 15 seconds.
E. 100C for 30 minutes.
24. The shortest time required to kill or inactivate all the microbes in a sample at a specified
temperature is called the
A. thermal death point (TDP).
B. thermal death time (TDT).
C. sporicidal time.
D. death phase point.
Learning Outcome: 11.07 Define thermal death time and thermal death point, and describe their role in proper sterilization.
25. The lowest temperature needed to kill or inactivate all microbes in 10 minutes is the
A. thermal death point (TDP).
B. thermal death time (TDT).
C. sporicidal time.
D. death phase point.
Learning Outcome: 11.07 Define thermal death time and thermal death point, and describe their role in proper sterilization.
26. Disinfection of beverages such as apple juice, milk, and wine is optimally achieved by
A. pasteurization.
B. chlorination.
C. moist heat autoclave.
D. filtration.
E. boiling water.
27. Placing organisms at 4oC is

A. bactericidal.
B. bacteriostatic.
C. decontamination.
D. sterilization.
E. germicidal.
each.
28. Pasteurization
A. kills all vegetative forms.
B. reduces the number of vegetative forms.
C. reduces the number of endospores.
D. increases food nutrient value.
E. is used to sterilize food products.
29. _____ heat is more rapidly effective and efficient compared to _____ heat.
A. High; dry
B. High; moist
C. Dry; moist
D. Moist; dry
E. Moist; high
30. A method for sterilizing milk, called _____ treatment, uses 134 C for 1 to 2 seconds.
A. pasteurization
B. batch pasteurization
C. flash pasteurization
D. ultra high temperature
E. tyndallization
Learning Outcome: 11.08 Explain four different methods of moist heat control.
31. What instrument is most effective for pressure-temperature sterilization?

A. oven
B. autoclave
C. water-bath
D. Bunsen burner
E. incubator
32. Intermittent sterilization, which uses 3 days of lower temperature steam for short periods
of time, is also called
A. pasteurization.
B. incubation.
C. tyndallization.
D. disinfection.
E. desiccation.
33. Which of the following is not a primary target of milk pasteurization?

A. Salmonella
B. Campylobacter jejuni
C. Lactobacillus
D. Listeria monocytogenes
E. Brucella
34. Vials of microorganisms that undergo the freeze-drying process called _____, will remain
preserved and viable for years.
A. desiccation
B. flash freeze
C. lyophilization
D. pasteurization
E. sterilization
Learning Outcome: 11.10 Identify advantages and disadvantages of cold treatment and desiccation.
35. Removal of moisture by dehydration is called

A. desiccation.
B. flash freeze.
C. lyophilization.
D. pasteurization.
E. sterilization.
36. _____ radiation excites atoms to a higher energy state within molecules such as DNA that
then leads to the formation of pyrimidine dimers.
A. Infrared
B. Ultraviolet
C. Gamma
D. Particle
E. Ionizing
37. Electrons are ejected from atoms in cells when organisms are exposed to
A. desiccation.
B. ultraviolet light.
C. ethyl alcohol.
D. hydrogen peroxide.
E. gamma rays and X rays.
38. Which of the following items are typically irradiated in order to kill microbes?
A. cured meats
B. human tissues such as heart valves and skin
C. operating room air
D. surgical gloves
ASM Topic: Module 06 Impact of Microorganisms
39. Which control method would not be a suitable choice for killing Mycobacterium in a
capped culture tube?
A. ultraviolet (germicidal) light
B. gamma rays
C. 121C at 15 psi for 15 minutes
D. 160C for 2 hours
Blooms Level: 3. Apply
40. Place the following forms of radiation in order from the most penetrating to the least
penetrating.
A. gamma, cathode, X rays
B. gamma, X rays, cathode
C. cathode, gamma, X ray
D. cathode, X ray, gamma
E. X ray, gamma, cathode
41. HEPA filters are used to remove microbes from

A. air.
B. liquids.
C. human tissues.
D. medical instruments.
Learning Outcome: 11.12 Outline the process of filtration and describe its two advantages in microbial control. Explain how filtration
functions as a control method.
42. Filtration sterilization

A. can remove viruses.
B. relies on gravity.
C. removes toxins.
D. uses heat and filtration.
E. leaves behind endospores.
43. _____ is a control method that removes microorganisms rather than inhibiting or killing
them.
A. Boiling
B. Sterilization
C. Radiation
D. Filtration
E. Disinfection
44. Which of the following is not a factor that affects germicidal activity?
A. material being treated
B. length of exposure
C. strength of the germicide
D. microorganism being treated
E. All of the choices are factors.
45. All of the following pertain to hypochlorites except

A. release hypochlorous acid in solution.
B. cause denaturation of enzymes.
C. found in iodophors.
D. used to disinfect dairy, restaurant, and medical equipment.
E. found in common household bleach.
46. Iodophors include

A. chloramines.
B. betadine.
C. tincture of iodine.
D. alcohols.
E. chlorhexidine.
Learning Outcome: 11.15 Discuss several different halogen agents and their uses in microbial control.
47. _____ is a halogen used in gaseous and liquid form for large scale disinfection of drinking
water and sewage.
A. Iodine
B. Chlorine
C. Bromine
D. Fluorine
E. Betadine
48. Which of the following is not true of chloramines?

A. contain chlorine
B. can sanitize and disinfect
C. form trihalomethanes with organic compounds
D. are safer than free chlorine
E. treat wounds and skin surfaces
Learning Outcome: 11.16 List advantages and disadvantages to the use of phenolic compounds as control agents.
49. All of the following are phenols or phenolics except

A. Lysol.
B. hexachlorophene.
C. triclosan.
D. cresols.
E. chlorhexidine.
Learning Outcome: 11.16 List advantages and disadvantages to the use of phenolic compounds as control agents.
50. The compound that is an organic base containing chlorine and two phenolic rings, and is
used increasingly for wound degerming, neonatal washes, hand scrubbing, and prepping
surgical skin sites is
A. carbolic acid.
B. chlorhexidine.
C. triclosan.
D. formalin.
E. quaternary ammonium compounds.
51. Which of the following germicides is/are also sporicidal?

A. Betadine
B. chlorine
C. phenolics
D. chlorhexidine
E. chlorine, chlorhexidine, and Betadine
52. Alcohols
A. denature proteins when in a 50-95% alcohol-water solution.
B. disinfect items when soaking method is utilized.
C. are skin degerming agents.
D. at 50% or higher concentrations dissolve cell membrane lipids.
53. The chemical agent/s that produce/s highly reactive hydroxyl-free radicals and also
decomposes to O2 gas is
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Cidex.
cationic detergents.
hydrogen peroxide.
chlorhexidine.
iodophors.
Learning Outcome: 11.18 Pinpoint the most appropriate applications of hydrogen peroxide agents.
54. Hydrogen peroxide is

A. sporicidal.
B. fungicidal.
C. bactericidal.
D. virucidal.
55. All of the following act as surfactants except

A. detergents.
B. soaps.
C. quaternary ammonia.
D. alcohols.
E. iodine.
Learning Outcome: 11.19 Define the term surfactant, and explain this antimicrobial's mode of action.
56. Which of the following is not a heavy metal?

A. tincture of iodine
B. merthiolate
C. silver nitrate solution
D. zinc
E. mercurochrome
Learning Outcome: 11.20 Identify examples of some heavy metal control agents and their most common applications.
57. _____ solution was introduced in the late 19th century for preventing gonococcal
infections in a newborn's eyes after exposure to the mother's infected birth canal.
A. Merthiolate
B. Triclosan
C. Betadine
D. Silver nitrate
E. Zinc oxide
58. Heavy metals work by

A. rupturing the cell membrane.
B. inactivating proteins.
C. binding to DNA.
D. dissolving the cell wall.
E. mutating DNA.
59. Which of the following is not used as an antiseptic?

A. iodophor
B. chlorhexidine
C. 3% hydrogen peroxide
D. merthiolate
E. aqueous glutaraldehyde
Learning Outcome: 11.21 Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of aldehyde agents in microbial control.
60. Which of the following is not true of glutaraldehyde?

A. is classified as a carcinogen
B. inactivates viruses
C. does not damage plastics
D. cross-links proteins on cell surfaces
E. inactivates endospores in 3 hours
61. Endospores can be inactivated by

A. dry heat at 170 C for 2 hours.
B. incineration.
C. glutaraldehyde for 3 or more hours.
D. ethylene oxide for 3 or more hours.
62. Which is mismatched?

A. sodium hypochlorite - chlorine
B. iodophor - iodine
C. benzalkonium chloride - quaternary ammonium compound
D. merthiolate - silver
E. formalin - formaldehyde
63. All of the following are alkylating control agents except

A. ethylene oxide.
B. iodophor.
C. glutaraldehyde.
D. formaldehyde.
E. propylene oxide.
Learning Outcome: 11.22 Identify applications for ethylene oxide sterilization.
64. The sterilizing gas used in chemiclaves is

A. ethylene oxide.
B. iodophor.
C. glutaraldehyde.
D. formaldehyde.
E. chlorine dioxide.
65. Ethylene oxide is

A. sporicidal.
B. only effective with high heat.
C. the active agent in household bleach.
D. used as an antiseptic against anaerobes.
E. a halogen.
66. Which of the following acids is not used to destroy or inhibit microbial cells in food?
A. acetic acid
B. benzoic acid
C. lactic acid
D. phosphoric acid
E. propionic acid
67. Using a HEPA filter in a vacuum or furnace is an example of which microbial control
method?
A. physical method
B. dry method
C. chemical agent
D. gases
E. surfactant
68. In lab, inoculating loops are sterilized using

A. moist heat.
B. chemicals.
C. incineration.
D. filtration.
E. gas sterilization.
Learning Outcome: 11.09 Explain two methods of dry heat control.
69. Antimicrobial agents can target the cell wall by

A. blocking its synthesis.
B. digesting it.
C. denaturing proteins.
D. All of the choices are correct.
70. Which of the following represents the use of osmotic pressure as a microbial control
method?
A. bleaching a kitchen counter
B. salting of meat
C. rinsing of a cut with Betadine
D. exposing dental equipment to UV light
Learning Outcome: 11.13 Identify some common uses of osmotic pressure as a control method.
True / False Questions

71. Microbicidal agents are sterilants.
FALSE
72. Bacteriostatic agents kill bacterial cells.

FALSE
each.
73. Prions require more extensive methods of sterilization than are needed for bacterial
endospores.
TRUE
74. The presence of organic matter such as saliva and pus can interfere with the actions of
disinfectants.
TRUE
each.
75. When a control agent targets the metabolic processes of microbial cells, active younger
cells typically die more rapidly than older cells.
TRUE
76. A microorganism that is not motile and has stopped metabolizing is considered dead.
FALSE
each.
77. Most microbial contaminants of food are killed or inactivated at freezing temperatures.
FALSE
ASM Topic: Module 06 Impact of Microorganisms
78. Pasteurization is used to sterilize milk.

FALSE
79. Pasteurization does not inactivate endospores or thermoduric microbes.

TRUE
80. Ionizing radiation is more effective than nonionizing radiation in killing or inactivating
microbes.
TRUE
81. Chlorine compounds remain stable and effective in the presence of excess organic matter.
FALSE
82. Alcohols are more effective at inactivating enveloped viruses than naked viruses.
TRUE
83. Isopropyl alcohol wiped across a skin site can sterilize it.
FALSE
84. Hydrogen peroxide is used in the process of sterilizing instruments such as endoscopes.
TRUE
85. Ozone is a very effective disinfectant.

TRUE
86. Soaps and detergents are very effective as sterilants.

FALSE
87. Organisms in the genus Pseudomonas are resistant to quarts.

TRUE
88. Chlorine and ethylene oxide are sterilizing gases.

TRUE
89. Aniline dyes like crystal violet have antimicrobial activity particularly against grampositive bacteria and some fungi.
TRUE
Multiple Choice Questions

90. Your little girl is in the ICU ward of a hospital, and you would like to take her favorite
little cloth doll to her. However, it must be sterilized. Your choices of sterilization are
ethylene oxide gas, ultraviolet radiation, or an iodophor containing solution. Which of the
following is an accurate evaluation of these choices?
A. Betadine is not feasible as a choice since most iodophore solutions do not sterilize.
B. Ethylene oxide gas is a great sterilant, and there is no toxicity associated with it.
C. Ultraviolet radiation is a good choice for complete sterilization because it is cheap.
D. All of these choices are equally good as sterilizing agents and will not harm the doll.
Blooms Level: 4. Analyze
91. You have inherited some old glass baby milk bottles from your grandmother and you
would like to use them instead of plastic bottles. The bottles are placed into a large metal
container and placed in the oven, at 325 degrees F for about 2 hours. What factor would you
change if you wanted the sterilization to occur much quicker?
A. Use a pressure cooker to sterilize the bottles, in steam.
B. Increase the temperature of the oven by 5 degrees.
C. Pour an antimicrobial chemical into the bottles before placing into the oven.
D. Place the bottles outside in the sunlight and then place in the oven.
Learning Outcome: 11.09 Explain two methods of dry heat control.
92. Your aim is to sterilize prosthetic devices like heart valves and artificial joint structures
before being used in the patient. Considering where they will be placed and the probable
composition of the devices, what would be the best chemical to use?
A. iodine
B. crystal violet dye
C. quaternary ammonium compounds
D. bleach
93. Which antimicrobial method does not sterilize?

A. autoclave
B. ethylene oxide gas
C. pasteurization
D. ionizing radiation
94. You have some old plastic Petri dishes that you would like to use for pouring
bacteriological agar plates. The only method of physical sterilization is ultraviolet radiation
sterilization with your UV light (you cannot use the autoclave because it will disfigure and
melt the plastic). After sterilizing the plates, pouring the sterilized agar medium, and then
leaving the plates out at room temperature for a day or two to let them solidify and dry, you
find contaminating bacterial colonies growing on the agar. Predict what has happened in this
situation.
A. The agar had bacteria in it, even after sterilization in the autoclave.
B. The lids of the Petri dishes were inadvertently left on while being sterilized.
C. The room temperature enhanced the growth of normal biota of the agar.
D. Air got into the poured agar plates, contaminating them.
95. Your friend Joe recently visited the doctor for steroid injections into his knee to reduce
swelling due to previous knee injury. Within a couple of days, he had an infection caused by
Pseudomonas, a very pathogenic and drug resistant bacterium. Luckily, Joe went to the doctor
immediately and received antibiotics. The doctor tells him that problem has occurred to many
other people across the U.S. Predict the most likely cause of this situation:
A. The staff giving the steroid injections did not use proper aseptic technique.
B. The steroid was contaminated at the production plant, so all batches of that drug made at
that plant were contaminated with the bacterium.
C. The bacterium is normally on the skin of people, so can easily access the patient's blood
during the needle stick.
D. The needles were re-used and already contaminated before being used on the patients.
each.

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Chap 11

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Chapter 11

Physical and Chemical Control of Microbes

Multiple Choice Questions

3. The use of a physical or chemical process to destroy vegetative pathogens on inanimate

7. The easiest microbial forms to kill or inhibit are

12. Which is correct regarding the rate of microbial death?

14. Microbial death occurs when there is

15. Each of the following is a target of antimicrobial agents except

16. Surfactants work by

ASM Topic: Module 03 Metabolic Pathways

21. Sterilization is achieved by

22. Dry heat

23. The minimum sterilizing conditions in a steam autoclave are

27. Placing organisms at 4oC is

31. What instrument is most effective for pressure-temperature sterilization?

33. Which of the following is not a primary target of milk pasteurization?

35. Removal of moisture by dehydration is called

41. HEPA filters are used to remove microbes from

42. Filtration sterilization

45. All of the following pertain to hypochlorites except

46. Iodophors include

48. Which of the following is not true of chloramines?

49. All of the following are phenols or phenolics except

51. Which of the following germicides is/are also sporicidal?

54. Hydrogen peroxide is

55. All of the following act as surfactants except

56. Which of the following is not a heavy metal?

58. Heavy metals work by

59. Which of the following is not used as an antiseptic?

60. Which of the following is not true of glutaraldehyde?

61. Endospores can be inactivated by

62. Which is mismatched?

63. All of the following are alkylating control agents except

64. The sterilizing gas used in chemiclaves is

65. Ethylene oxide is

68. In lab, inoculating loops are sterilized using

69. Antimicrobial agents can target the cell wall by

True / False Questions

72. Bacteriostatic agents kill bacterial cells.

78. Pasteurization is used to sterilize milk.

79. Pasteurization does not inactivate endospores or thermoduric microbes.

85. Ozone is a very effective disinfectant.

86. Soaps and detergents are very effective as sterilants.

87. Organisms in the genus Pseudomonas are resistant to quarts.

88. Chlorine and ethylene oxide are sterilizing gases.

Multiple Choice Questions

93. Which antimicrobial method does not sterilize?

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