Part 1:

1)
The two key issues that the American Civil War consisted of were the opposing ideas
and opinions on slavery, and the battles that commenced to decide whether the
United States was to be a divided confederation of sovereign states or an
undividable nation with a sovereign national government and whether this nation
would continue to exist as the largest slaveholding country in the world. First off, the
Civil War was the result of two unchanging and uncompromising differences in ideas
and opinions (pro-slavery and anti-slavery) over the power of the nation
government to allow slavery in territories that had not yet become states. Once
Abraham Lincoln had won the election in 1860 as the first president with the
platform that pledged to keep slavery out of the territories. Then, seven slave states
within the deep South had formed a new nation, the Confederate States of America
with the idea of maintaining slavery in America. Lincoln along with most of the
Northern people didnt agree with this idea, as it was going against his own view on
slavery and Lincoln considered it a threat to maintaining democracy in America, as
well as divide the United States into many different small countries. Second, this
was also the major cause of many battles that took place, such as the triggering
event of the war that was initiated at Fort Sumter in Charleston Bay on April 12 th,
1861 due to the Confederate States of America claiming it as their own fort. Lincoln
then called upon the militia to handle with this rebellion among the United States,
which then lead to intense violence, destruction of land, and much bloodshed
continued persistently for three years from 1862-1865. Once the Confederate
armies surrendered by spring of 1865, and the leader of the movement was
captured by the Union cavalry; the war had ended, as the outcome for the Union
was looking good to start the process of turning America into a united nation free of
slavery.
2)
Jim Crow was a popular song-and-dance act throughout the 1830s and 1840s
created by white entertainer Thomas Dartmouth Rice and it was made after a black
slave. Jim Crow was initially made to imitate blacks to ridicule them and their
culture; as its popularity increased, this resulted in much hatred for blacks during
the time which then had an affect on how the government treated black people and
their rights as human beings. The outcome of this was an American Caste System
that consisted of racial hierarchy that defined the American lifestyle through laws
and practices which was fundamentally operated. These laws mainly consisted of
complete segregation between black and white people. During the Jim Crow period,
there was almost a separate facilities and areas for blacks and whites, such as
separate hospitals, schools, prisons, classrooms, and bathrooms, and segregation in
many more laws for almost every aspect of life. However, if these laws were ever
broken, the consequence was violence, abuse, and lynching. These were used
mostly started by whites and used to rid of the black race, as they thought whites
were superior; black people were often falsely accused for violations of the Jim Crow
laws and were subjected to these punishments. Four specific examples of typical Jim

Crow laws would be: schools for white children and black children shall be
conducted separately, no white child should be under the custody, control,
maintenance, or support of a negro; no colored barber shall serve as a barber to
white girls or women, and that the state librarian is directed to fit up and maintain a
separate place for the use of colored people who may come to the library for the
purpose of reading books or periodicals.
3)
Plessy v. Ferguson is a case that took place in the Supreme Court that addressed
the violation of a Louisiana law passed in 1890 that required separate railway
carriages for blacks and whites. The case was put against Homer Plessy, who was
seven eights white and one eights black and had the appearance of a white man.
He purchased a first-class ticket for a trip between New Orleans and Covington, La,
and sat down in a vacant seat meant for whites only; he then got arrested and
imprisoned for it for violating the law and was taken to trial in court. In court,
Plessys arguments proved that this racial hierarchy system was purely making the
blacks inferior to whites and that these laws were anything but equal for blacks,
despite this, the court rejected Plessys arguments defending blacks and describing
how the laws were unfair to them. However, this convinced Justice John Marshall
Harlan that there is no dominant, superior, or ruling class of citizens, and that there
is no caste. Marshall claims that the Constitution is color-blind and doesnt know or
tolerate classes among citizens. This had a positive impact on Jim Crow laws by
loosening racial segregation in public places and stopping legal obstacles against
increasingly-segregated teaching institutions throughout the South.
4)
The U.S Supreme Court decided racially segregated schools as unconstitutional in
its Brown v. Board of Education ruling on May 17 th, 1954. During the time of the
Brown v. Board ruling, southern and border states required their public schools to be
racially segregated, along with an extra four states being allowed to do the same;
one third of states segregated their schools by law. They were supposedly separate
but equal, corresponding to the Plessy v. Ferguson court case, however, in reality,
black schools were severely underfunded compared to white schools. In 1954,
southern black schools received only 60% of the per-pupil funding as southern white
schools, up from 45% in 1940. This resulted in black schools lacking basic
necessities. Initially, in 1950 and 1950, Brown v. Board of Education started off as
five cases and they all ended up failing. Many took personal risks to be able to be
apart of the case, which made a number of plaintiffs lose jobs along with their
family members as well. Plaintiffs were also subjected to abuse and violence as a
part of their risks. Thurgood Marshall argued the case on the behalf of the plaintiffs
and the U.S government supported Marshalls argument, but the Supreme Court
wasnt sure on how to desegregate, which called upon several court discussions
until it finally issued an unanimous ruling in may 1955. Southerners attempted to
delay this advancement by closing down certain public schools rather than opening
them up to blacks. The outcome of the case wasnt very major and didnt change
much. By early 1964, only 1% of black children who were in the Confederacy went

to school with white children and received discrimination and harassment in school.
In fact, today most schools in the United States still remain segregated.
Paragraph:
This photo illustrates a black child dressed in white from top to bottom, being
escorted by what seems to be four white men as a wall next to them reads
NIGGER, beside the wall lays a splatter from a tomato thrown at the wall. The full
white clothing describes the complete innocence of the black child. The red from the
tomato resembles passionate feelings, such as hatred for blacks, and blood which
can be symbolic for lynching. The words NIGGER float over her head as well as
tomatoes being thrown at her depict discrimination and harassment mainly because
of her race since shes the only black person in the picture, and since black kids
desegregated into white schools still got abused and harassed based on their race
and the racial hierarchy that most people at the time knew of; since the movement
towards racial equality was still a very fresh idea at the time. The four adults that
surround the black child are seen to be escorting her, and in a way supervising and
protecting her at the same time. This can be seen as the advancement towards
desegregation since the child is holding school supplies in her hand showing that
she is being escorted from, or to an educational institute meaning that they could
be bringing her to a white school with better funding in their schools. The white
clothing also describes how the child may be wearing white to be fit into a white
school.
Part 2:
1)
Lynching is when 3 or more people which make up a mob, put someone to death
(which was legal at the time), without extra court or legal sanctions involved. This
was often done in tradition, or in a persons own manner of providing justice.
It was not until 1886 that the number of black lynch victims exceeded the number
of white lynch victims, since the act had later been racialized because of racial
hierarchy. Then it grew to be a constant struggle of who deserves protection and
rights of the American constitution; which at the time was regarded as a privilege,
not a right for a citizen meaning. The fact that black people were considered inferior
to white people meant that most black people in America were sought as
undeserving of these rights and protection. Over time, scientists also pursued to
prove these types of things through about black people, to really emphasize that
they truly are inferior to white people. A common conception that most black men
were accused for doing was rape of white women since whites at the time wanted
to maintain racial purity for racial dominance, it was a prime excuse for black men
to be hanged for and a lot of them were falsely accused for this when there were
interracial relationships between black men and white women.
2)
Scottsboro was a case about a fight between white and black young men aboard a
Southern Railroad freight train riding as hoboes that took place during the

Depression in Alabama. Nine black youths were arrested and convicted of rape from
two women that got off the train claiming it. Although they were falsely accused,
even with the testimony from one woman from the freight train, Victoria Price who
clearly told the court that she wasnt raped. The court failed to provide fair trials
because of substantial racism. The court goes as far as bribing her with $1,500 to
change her testimony The outcome was clear; even with the evidence that these
boys were innocent of raping two white women, the court prolonged the case with
many unfair trials. In the end, their death sentences were changed to time in jail
and eventually all of them who werent killed already, died.
3)
On August 7, 1930, James Herbert Cameron was a victim of being lynched from a
maple tree who survived; he was only 16 at the time. He was subjected to it
because of being accused of robbing a couple with two other acquaintances. During
the incident, he changed his mind and ran away from the man. The three were
arrested within hours and in jail. The two other black men were hung and killed after
a mob including KKK members broke into the jail, as it came to Mr. Camerons turn
to be lynched, he was saved by a voice that said Take the boy back. He had
nothing to do with any raping or shooting of anybody. He later founded the Black
Holocaust Museum in Milwaukee in 1988, to educate people about how black people
were treated in that time. After spending 5 years in jail as a punishment instead of
being lynched, he started the NAACP throughout Indiana. His accomplishments and
achievements consisted of: serving as Indianas Director of Civil Liberties,
organizing the NAACP, receiving an honorary doctoral degree from the University of
Wisconsin-Milwaukee, and more. His contribution towards the future generation is
his own recognition and proof of the lifestyles that blacks were forced to live, and
the amount of effort that was put in to bring this change, that is still being fought
even now. He couldve done many things after surviving the lynching, but the fact
that he dedicated his life to bringing this acknowledgement about how blacks are
being treated shows how significant the issue was at the time.
After James Cameron peacefully died in 2006, hundreds of people went to
Milwaukees Cathedral of St. John to pay tribute and give respect, recognition, and
acknowledgement of his effort that changed the lives of black people entirely.
6)
Abraham Lincoln Assassination: April 15, 1865
JF Kennedy Assassination: November 22, 1963
RF Kennedy Assassination: June 6, 1968
Martin Luther King Assassination: April 4, 1968
Malcolm Little Assassination: February 21, 1965
Part 3:

1) Yes, you can hear stereotypes without seeing it, but its chances your
perspective once you see it. E.g: Asians are good at math.
Reflection:
The difference between listening and viewing media is the visual aspect involved in
viewing media. Listenable media is more descriptive because it focuses on
commentary rather than just providing an image. When compared to viewing,
listening lacks the visual attachment that accompanies viewing it meaning that
when people listen to media they have interpreted images in their mind differently
and many people have their own version of an image when listening to it. For
children, viewable media doesnt require them to think since images are already
accompanied with the words. The more children get used to viewable media that
becomes more involved in everyday life as time goes on, the lesser they think, the
less creative and thoughtful their minds become. Examples of this in the To Kill A
Mockingbird novel are when Scout hears all these stereotypes and bad things about
black people from the town, and when she experiences the court case is when she
really sees the difference between what she hears, and what she sees; which
deepens her understanding about the matter. Children today are more attached to
media because of its accessibility almost everywhere. The more engaged you get
with media in general, the more attentive and aware you become of important
matters regarding the world. However, as you spend more time checking media,
you begin to lose grip of reality, and the fact that media these days can be
incredibly biased or exaggerated doesnt help it. Children long ago didnt have
social media which means their interactions were only limited to physical; compared
to kids today, who have lost a lot of valuable physical communication and
interactional skill because of overusing social media to communicate to people, but
because of the ability to access more media, children today are more socially aware
of what goes around in the world. Outside of the family, media affects the childs
understanding of the world because of the exposure to all types of news, because at
home youre only taught as much as your family educates you about.
2)
Important Newspaper Headlines in the Depression:
STOCK MARKET CRASH
UNEMPLOYED PEOPLE
BLACK TUESDAY
Part 4: