MODERN TECHNOLOGIES OF FOUNDATION REMEDIATION IN THE PROCESS

OF BUILDING REVITALIZATION

Jelena Savi1, Zoran Boni2 , Verka Prolovi3

Abstract
There are growing needs to improve the housing facility with the goal to achieve a better
spatial-functional organization, to equip it with modern fittings, to enhance the level of hygiene
and create spatial and ambient conditions contributing to strengthening of housing community.
The first phase of revitalization must be a form of a reconstruction, in order to achieve the ends.
The reconstruction and remediation process should be started at the foundation structure in
order to successfully perform and properly implement all the structural measures.
Nowadays, numerous underpinning methodes are available to provide safe, fast and practical
solutions to nearly any geotechnical problem related to the foundations of a structure. Existing
buildings sometimes experience exessive settlement under their design load or face the prospect
of excessive settlement in the future if a change of building is required and increased foundation
loadings may occur. This paper presents some of the technologies that are available for limiting
settlements or improving the future performance of existing foundations. The technical solutions
best fit for the given issue are considered and adopted depending on the degree of required
strengthening works or on the cause of damage.
Keywords: Existing buildings, revitalization, foundation remediation, modern technologies

M.Sc. Jelena Savic,grad.eng.arch.

Assistant Lecturer
Faculty of Civil Eng. and Architecture
University of Ni
St. A. Medvedeva 14
+38118588202
18000 Ni
SERBIA
e-mail: jelena.savic@gaf.ni.ac.rs;

PhD Zoran Boni,grad.civil.eng.

Assistant Lecturer
Faculty of Civil Eng. and Architecture
University of Ni
St. A. Medvedeva 14
+38118588202
18000 Ni
SERBIA
e-mail: zokibon@yahoo.com;

PhD Verka Prolovi,grad.civil.eng.

Full professor
Faculty of Civil Eng. and Architecture
University of Ni
St. A. Medvedeva 14
+38118588202
18000 Ni
SERBIA
e-mail: vprolovic@yahoo.com;

UVOD
U okviru graditeljskog naslea i kod nas i u svetu veinu objekata ine stambeni objekti.

Dugogodinjom upotrebom i promenama u nainu korienja stambenih zgrada

naruava se i gubi njihova prostorno-funkcionalna vrednost, a pod uticajem niza faktora
iz unutranje i spoljanje sredine dolazi do oteenja osnovne strukture. Da bi se
obezbedila sigurnost konstrukcije i dui vek trajanja objekta potrebno je stalno praenje
stanja i preduzimanje odgovarajuih konstruktivnih mera. Kako bi bili ostvareni
predvieni konani ciljevi revitalizacije zgrada, prva faza mora biti vid rekonstrukcije u kojoj e
se odgovarajuim konstruktivnim merama i tehnikim unapreenjima konstrukcija objekata
dovesti u stanje potrebne nosivosti i sigurnosti. Ova prva faza je pripremna i mora biti garancija
uspenog sprovoenja svih drugih mera kojima treba postii odgovarajui kvalitet stanovanja.
Radovi na izvoenju sanacionih mera i pojaavanju temelja postojeih objekata spadaju u
najtee i najrizinije radove, koji zahtevaju izuzetnu strunost i veliko iskustvo onih koji te
poslove obavljaju. Osim toga to su ove intervencije ojaanja temelja veoma zahtevne,

one su i dosta skupe, pa je to jo jedan razlog da se ovom procesu pristupi ozbiljno i

studiozno.
REASONS FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND REPAIR EXISTING BUILDINGS
The provision of modern accommodation through the revitalization and upgrading of
existing old, redundant or obsolete buildings, in preference to constructing new
buildings, has increased considerably in recent years, and there are many reasons for
this. Nekada tome doprinose atraktivnost lokacije, ambijentalni uslovi, kulturnoistorijska ili arhitektonska vrednost zgrade, postojanje infrastrukture u okviru objekta,
kao i znaajno skraeni proces obnove zbog reenih administrativno-pravnih pitanja. In
the absence of open sities available for new development, particularly in the prime
commercial and residential areas of most of our towns and cities, developers seeking to
provide modern accommodation have no choice but to focus on existing buildings. A
further major factor in favour of the reconstruction of existing, redundant buildings, is
that many of these buildings have a high structural quality, or durable structures. Also
the work required to refurbish an existing building will take considerably less time than
demolition, site clearance and the construction of a new building. The cost of
reconstruction and re-using an existing building is considerably lower than the cost of
demolition and new construction.
THE CAUSES OF FOUNDATION DAMAGE (ILI DEFECTS?)
There is a wide range of reasons for foundation failure but often it is because of usled
promena u tlu i neadekvatnog naina fundiranja. Uoena oteenja je neophodno odmah
registrovati i blie definisati njihovu prirodu u pogledu brzine nastajanja, zahvaenosti i
opasnosti, naina ispoljavanja i vremena nastajanja.

The causes of foundation damage are:

loi uslovi temeljenja obzirom na tlo (prekomerno sleganje ili ekspanzija tla)
loe odabrana vrsta temeljne konstrukcije
loe izvedena temeljna konstrukcija
poveano spoljanje optereenje (dogradnja ili nadogradnja objekta)
uticaj susednih objekata,
isticanje vode iz oteenih vodovodnih i kanalizacionih instalacija

 loe reeno ili nereeno pitanje odvoenja atmosferske vode sa krovnih povrina
skupljanje tla izazvano produenom sunom i toplom sezonom
skupljanje tla usled gubitka vlanosti izazvanog vegetacijom i korenjem drvea
u
neposrednoj
blizini
objekata
Damage of the foundations of a building almost inevitably leads to cracking in the
walls. However, there are many other causes of cracking in walls, such as thermal
movement or stress induced within the wall from floors and roofs. esto su kod dosta
starih i oronulih (redundant) objekata razlozi za nastala oteenja od temelja lack of
technical knowledge of construction and poor understanding of how sub-soils perform
when under load. (Historically, this was due to lack of technical knowledge of
construction and poor understanding of how sub-soils perform when under load.) Only
careful investigation and consideration of all the facts and implications will lead to the
correct diagnosis.

SANIRANJE TEMELJA ZGRADA

Naini sanacije temelja zavise od vrste tla, vrste temelja, materijala od koga su temelji graeni,
sistema konstrukcije, nivoa podzemnih voda i razloga zbog kojih se sanacija izvodi. Pri izradi
projekta sanacije i pojaavanja temelja potrebno je utvrditi sve potrebne parametre koji se
odnose na same temelje, tlo i gornju konstrukciju. Vrlo esto ne postoje potrebni podaci o
temeljima, pa se moraju vriti otkopavanja temelja, odgovarajua snimanja i utvrivanja
dimenzija kritinih preseka, materijala od koga su graeni, dubine na kojoj su fundirani itd.
Zahvaljujui savremenoj tehnologiji i stalnoj tenji za formiranjem novih metoda, postoji vie
uspenih reenja za saniranje temeljnih konstrukcija. Underpinning is a broad term to describe
the process of modifying an existing foundation by adding support. This can be done by several
methodes such as grotings, piles and concrete caissons.
JET GROUTINGS
Injektiranje je jedan od naina poboljanja podloge (zemljita) ispod temelja. Injektiranjem se
poboljavaju mehanike karakteristike tla, a postupak se sastoji u ubrizgavanju pod pritiskom
odreenih rastvora u pore tla kroz buotine. Ispunjavanjem pora i upljina u tlu poveava se
njegova kompaktnost.

Figure.1.
Vrsta materijala za injektiranje zavisi od veliine zrna tla. Za krupnija zrna se koristi cementni
rastvor, a za sitnija zrna razliite emulzije i suspenzije. Vezivanje i ovravanje cementne
smese je mogue samo ako u tlu ne dolazi do znatnijeg ispiranja cementnih estica. Zato se vri
ubrzavanje vezivanja i ovravanja injektiranog rastvora dodavanjem specijalnih sredstava.
Postupak mlaznog cementiranja tla, prema [D. Luki], sastoji se u sledeem: najpre se u tlu
formira buotina prenika u proseku 150mm, do projektovane dubine. Nakon buenja, rotirajua
buaa ipka opremljena mlaznicama vri rasprivanje vezivnog materijala pod pritiskom, koji
vri razbijanje strukture tla. Uz istovremeno rotiranje i postepeno izdizanje buae ipke iz tla,
dolazi do formiranja stuba koji predstavlja meavinu zemljanog i vezivnog materijala.
Integrisanjem tako nastalih stubova u nizu, nastaje soilcrete masa, koja se odlikuje visokom
vrstoom na pritisak i niskom vodopropustljivou. Ova tehnika najee se primenjuje na
dubinama veim od 5m and it is constructed to transfer foundation loads to underlying suitable
bearing material. Work is accoplished safety above grade and squenced so that little or no
structural deformation occur. It is the most widely used system for underpinning historical and
sensitive structures.
Primena ipova ima puno opravdanje kada za pojaavanje temelja nije dovoljno samo izvriti
proirenje povrine naleganja ili produbljivanje temelja, nego je potrebno preneti optereenje na
dublje dobro nosive slojeve. ipovi se kao gotovi elementi mogu utiskivati, zabijati i uvrtati u
tlo. Mogu se izvoditi direktno u tlu kao bueni i nabijeni. I za njihovu izradu i za ugraivanje
koristi se specijalna oprema. Fundiranje na ipovima predstavlja ekonomino, racionalno i
tehniki dobro reenje kad se radi o loim geotehnikim uslovima i gradnji novog objekta. Za
pojaavanje temelja zgrada primena ipova je u odreenim sluajevima neizbena, ali
ograniena, tehnikim mogunostima.
Kada se radi o saniranju postojeih temelja najpogodniji za izvoenje jesu Mega ipovi, steel
pipe i mikroipovi. Zgrade na kojima su predvieni radovi na obnovi, pogotovu ako se radi o
starijim i oteenim, ne smeju se izlagati dodatnom dinamikom optereenju koje nastaje pri
ugradnji veine ipova.
Velika prednost ojaanja temelja Mega ipovima je to se radovi odvijaju bez udara i potresa i
to se ne zahteva iseljavanje stanara. Mnoge zgrade predviene za ruenje su saniranjem
temelja, na ovaj nain osigurane za bezbedno izvoenje ostalih radova na revitalizaciji. Ispod
temelja postojeeg objekta vri se potkopavanje u lamelama priblino 1.5m duine i sukcesivno
utiskivanje vie betonskih elemenata, sve dok vrh tako formiranog ipa ne dosegne do dobro
nosivog sloja. (Fig. )

Fig. Postupak utiskivanja Mega ipova

Fig. Steel pipe piers are driven with a hydraulic jack to
bearing strata
Fig. Helical anchor piers

Drugu grupu ipova koji se mogu koristiti za pojaanje temelja zgrada, predstavljaju hidrauliki
zabijeni steel piles (push ili stabbed steel piles). Two different types of stabbed steel piles are
available. One system uses sections of galvanized or epoxy-coated steel pipe for the piers. The
piers are point bearing and are driven to bearing strata with a hydraulic drive unit (Figure 1).
Another system uses screw piles with solid steel shafts (Figure 2). The lead section, with one or
more helixes attached, provides the needed bearing capacity. The piers are screwed into the
ground with an electric or hydraulic drive unit and extensions (without helixes) are added
during driving until bearing strata is reached.
Both systems can be installed from inside or outside the building. Neither driving technique
produces harmful vibrations.

Fig.
Micropiles are described as a small diameter piles that can be installed in almost any type of soil
that carry loads up to 500 tons. These micropiles are steel reinforced placed into a small
diameter hole and sealed to the ground by grout injections under relatively high pressure.
Micropiles were originally developed for underpinning existing structures. Micropiles can be
installed through and bonded within existing structures providing direct connection with
competent underlying strata. Mikroipovi se najee izvode pod nagibom u oba pravca u
posmatranoj ravni, tako da pojaana temeljna konstrukcija ima solidnu nosivost i stabilnost i za
dejstvo horizontalnih i vertikalnih sila.(Fig. )

VERTICAL
CROSS- SECTION

HORIZONTAl
CROSS- SECTION A-A

ipovi se primenjuju i u kombinaciji sa drugim konstruktivnim elementima, pa tako imamo

metode: Pile and needle, i Cantilever ring beam underpinning.
Pile and needle underpinning, illustrated in Figure 11.5, comprises reinforced concrete needles
inserted through the existing wall, above foundation level, and supported at each end by smalldiameter piles that transmit the buildings loads to a deeper, firmer stratum. The needles are
inserted at approximately 1.5 m centres along the length of the wall being underpinned, their
function being to transmit loading from the wall to the piles.

Fig. Pile and needle underpinning

The principal advantage of the pile and needle system is that there is no direct undermining of
the existing foundation, and only small areas of masonry need to be removed to construct the
needles. It should be borne in mind that pile and needle underpinning involves inserting piles
from inside, as well as outside, the building, which may cause disturbance to the occupants and
day-to-day functioning of the building throughout the works. This, however, can be overcome
by using pile and cantilever needle underpinning, where the needles, supported by two piles
installed outside the building, function as cantilevers, ruling out the need for any internal work.
Cantilever ring beam underpinning
Cantilever ring beam underpinning, illustrated in Figure 11.7, comprises steel I-section
cantilever needles that transmit the loads from the wall to a deeper bearing stratum by means of
a reinforced concrete ring beam and mini-piles.

The system is designed so that the loads from the underpinned wall place the inner line of piles
in compression and the outer line of piles in tension. This method, by providing a direct

connection between the needles and ring beam, gives continuous support to the wall along its
entire length, rather than at intervals as with pile and needle underpinning. It is therefore better
suited to less stable walls, in a more serious state of structural distress

ZAKLJUAK
Kako bi sveobuhvatni proces revitalizovanja objekata bio uspeno sproveden, neophodno je da
se sa odgovarajuim merama sanacije i ojaanja krene od temelja zgrada. Ako se ovi elementi
konstrukcije ne sagledaju potpuno i na adekvatan nain, moe biti naruena opta stabilnost
objekta, njegova funkcija, ali i susedni objekti. Sigurna i stabilna temeljna konstrukcija
omoguie sigurnu i pravilnu primenu ostalih konstruktivnih mera pri revitalizaciji stambenih
zgrada.
U svetu i kod nas radi se na usavravanju i osavremenjavanju metoda kojima se vri sanacija
temelja postojeih objekata, u skladu sa vaeom-aktuelnom tehnikom regulativom iz ove
oblasti. Cilj je da se primene metode koje nee prekidati i ometati eksploataciju objekta, a da pri
tom bude osigurana stabilnost i bezbednost. Primenjena reenja treba da budu ekonomski
prihvatljiva za stambene objekte i da odgovaraju i njihovoj trajnosti.