East Anglia Construction

Safety Group
21 April 2011

Temporary Works
Whats Changed

Eur. Ing. Peter Pallett

FDRATION EUROPENE D ASSOCIATIONS

NATIONALES D INGNIEURS

The EUR ING title delivered by FEANI is designed as a guarantee of

competence for professional engineers in Europe.
The EUR INGs are listed in the FEANI Register, a database maintained
by the Secretariat General in Brussels. Currently over 29,700
European Engineers are listed in the register (October 2007).
The European Commission, in a statement to the European
Parliament, has recognized the FEANI Register and the EUR ING title
as valuable tools for the recognition of national diplomas among
member states. " The FEANI scheme is an excellent example of selfregulation by a profession at European level and it provides a model
for other professional groups in the technical and scientific sector.
The Commission considers that an engineer who has obtained the
title of Eur Ing should not normally be required to undertake an
adaptation period or sit an aptitude test. ( Directive 2005/36/EC .)"

Content
1.
1. Introduction
Introduction
2.
2. Changes
Changes 2009
2009 -- 2011
2011
(a)
(a) Procedures
Procedures
(b)
(b) Falsework
Falsework
(c)
(c) Scaffolding
Scaffolding
3.
3. Changes
Changes in
in 2011
2011
(a)
(a) Wind
Wind
(b)
(b) Formwork
Formwork

Part
Part One
One -- Introduction
Introduction

Temporary Works
Definition:

Works undertaken during construction

but not required to form part of the
finally completed construction works.
Includes the works to stabilise or
protect an existing building or structure
that are not intended to be permanent.

Cofferdams

Tower Crane Bases

Support to Cabins over River Thames

Temporary Faade Retention Structures

RMD-Kwikform

Scaffolding

Harsco Infrastructure

Upper Forth Crossing - 2008

27,000 ton

1.2 km

Steel wall formwork - Housing

Hindhead Tunnel A3

1 of 2

November 2009

Leada-Acrow

Soffit Formwork and Falsework

Typical costs for a reinforced concrete frame

Item

material
cost

labour
& plant

% of
total

Concrete

15 %

8%

23 %

Reinforcement

14 %

6%

20 %

Formwork and
falsework

9%

30 %

39 %

12 %

6%

18 %

50 %

50 %

100%

Sundries etc
Totals

Source: Formwork - a guide to good practice

Part
Part Two
Two -- Changes
Changes 2009
2009 -- 2011
2011

(a)
(a) Reminder
Reminder of
of

The Law

and
and

TW Procedures

CDM 2007
Approved Code of
Practice and the

CDM Regs 2007

Document L144
March 2007
124 pages

15
Source: http://books.hse.gov.uk
Tel: 01787 881 165
1 of 4

Construction (Design and Management) Regs 2007

Approved Code of Practice (ACOP)

104 :

The design of temporary works, such as

falsework, formwork and scaffolding, falls within
the scope of the CDM 2007 Regs..
CDM co-ordinators have to take reasonable steps
to ensure co-operation between permanent and
temporary works designers, in particular to
ensure that arrangements are in place to ensure
that designs are compatible and that the
permanent works can support any loadings from
temporary works.

2 of 4

CDM Regs 2007

Industry Guidance
for Designers

Published May 2007

(50 pages)

3 of 4

(Available as free *.pdf

from Construction Skills )

Guidance for Designers (CDM07/4)

2.6.8 Designers need to consider how the structure
can be constructed, cleaned, maintained and
decommissioned. This may involve:
checking that the overall design takes

full account

of any temporary works needed,

no matter who is to develop those works.

checking that consideration has been given to the

availability of sufficient space
and adequate ground support for large plant
required to construct or maintain the structure.
4 of 4

BS 5975 : 2008
Code of practice for
temporary works
procedures
and
the permissible stress
t
design ofenfalsework

1 of 10

m
d
m
n
o
i
1
C First 0published
1
W
1982
c
i
2
1
l
.
:
b
5
1
.
u
A
7
P
+
1
8
r
0 Permissible
d
o
0
f
n
Stress
2
a
:
t
f
5
s
a
7
r
e
9
r
D S5
u
d
e
B
c
o
r
270
P
2
n
io
t
c
Se
Chairman: Frank Marples

Typical Register used as Active Site Document

2 of 10

Appointment of Temporary Works Co-ordinator

7.3.1

The appointment of a temporary works

co-ordinator (TWC) should be the first operation
in a chain of events culminating in the
construction of a Temporary Works scheme.
The TWC should be appointed by the designated
individual of the main or principal contractor.

NOTE: In large organisations the TWC may be

7.1.2
It isbyessential
for the
TWC /to
be competent
proposed
a Contracts
Director
manager
or similar
have relevant
up-to-date
and both
but theand
designated
individual
shouldtraining
be satisfied
that
qualifications
and the
the abilities
experience
appropriate
the proposed
TWC has
outlined
in 7.1.2
the complexity
of theofproject.
beforetoconfirming
acceptance
the proposal.

3 of 10

Source BS 5975:2008+A1:2011

BS 5975:2008

Clause 7.2.5

Activities of the Temporary Works Coordinator

c) ensure that a design brief is prepared with full
consultation, is adequate, and is in accord with the
actual situation on site;
d) ensure that any residual risks, (assumed construction
methods or loading constraints) are included;
e) ensure a satisfactory temporary works design is carried out;
f)

ensure that a design check is carried out by someone not

involved in original design - for concept, structural
adequacy and brief compliance;

n)

after a final check, which is satisfactory, ensure a permit to

load is issued by either the TWC or TWS;

o)

when it has been confirmed that the permanent structure

has attained adequate strength, ensure a permit to
dismantle is issued by either the TWC or TWS;

4 of 10

( Source BS 5975:2008+A1:2011 )

Typical letter
of appointment
of a TWC

On larger sites the

appointment of a
Temporary Works
Supervisor is also
recommended

5 of 10

Appointment of Temporary Works Supervisor

7.3.1

On larger sites or where site manager or

project manager considers it necessary, or
where there are one or more subcontractors
carrying out temporary works operations, or
where the TWC requests assistance, one or
more TWSs may be appointed.
The TWS should be appointed by the designated
individual of the organisation for whose work
the TWS is responsible.

6 of 10

Source BS 5975:2008+A1:2011

Appointment of Temporary Works Supervisor

6.4.5 Contractors carrying out a number of small
contracts may appoint a TWC with overall
responsibility and a TWS, with an appropriate
level of authority for each individual site.
7.3.2

It is essential for the TWSs to be competent

and to have relevant up-to-date training and
both qualifications and the experience
appropriate to the operations for which they
are responsible.

7 of 10

Source BS 5975:2008+A1:2011

BS 5975:2008
Category

Design Check Categories

Scope

Restricted to
standard solutions

Independence

Site issue - by another

member of site team
or design team

Simple design
( falsework top restraint
is NOT assumed )

by another member
of design team

More complex design.

excavations, structural
steelwork, foundations,
top restrained etc.

by individual not
involved in design
and not consulted by
the TW designer

Complex or
innovative design

by another
organisation

8 of 10

Typical
Permit
to
Load

9 of 10

10 of 10

Part
Part Two
Two -- Changes
Changes 2009
2009 2011
2011

(b)
(b)

Falsework

Any temporary structure used to

support a permanent structure while
it is not self-supporting.

RMDKwikform

Support of Twin wall and Precast soffit

BS EN 12812: 2008
Falsework
Published
January 2011

Limit State Design

170
Chairman: Frank Marples

1 of 4

BS EN 12812: 2008
Class A

Design classes for falsework

Dimensional limitations and generally

restricts application to building work.
Structural performance is derived from
pre-existing knowledge of the
performance of the components of the
structure, such as props etc..
Such information is often included in
standard solutions.
Source NA.4

Class B

Falsework where a complete design is

undertaken. There are two sub-classes.
2 of 4

Design classes for falsework

Class A

Class B1

Slab area < 0.3 m

(ie 300mm)
Beams

< 0.5 m

Clear span < 6.0 m

Height < 3.5 m
(measured to underside
of permanent works)

Design in
accordance
with relevant
EuroCodes

Class B2
Simplified design
in BS EN 12812
and/or in
accordance with
relevant
EuroCodes
Most falsework
in this class
But there is a
m x 1.15
3 of 4

BS 5975 : 2008
Code of practice for
temporary works
procedures and the
permissible stress
design of falsework
First published 1982

Permissible Stress

270

4 of 4

Chairman: Frank Marples

BS 5975:2008
New
New Loadings
Loadings
on
on Falsework
Falsework

Construction Operations - Working Area Load

Allow for a Service Class 1 load of only 0.75 kN/m
over the entire area, including access and working areas.
i.e.

only 30mm extra concrete !

BS 5975 - The British Standard Heap - Cl 17.4.3.1

1 of 3

Working Area Load

Working area
Service Class 1
load 0.75 kN/m
BS 5975 Clause 17.4.3.1

2 of 3

Additional Transient In-situ Concrete Load

In-situ concrete loading
0.75 kN/m to 1.75 kN/m

3m

Total load equal

3m
to 10% concrete load

Working area
Service Class 1
load 0.75 kN/m
BS 5975 Clause 17.4.3.1

2 of 3

In-situ Concrete Construction Operations Loads

Summary
Thickness
Up to 300mm

calcs
0.75 + 0.75

300 to 700mm

0.75 + 10% t

Over 700mm

0.75 + 1.75

Total
1.50 kN/m2
0.75 +

10% of weight
of concrete

2.50 kN/m2

Slab thickness t

3 of 3

1 of 1

Permanent formwork
minimum
construction
load of 1.50 kN/m2

Working Areas - Access for striking

Wherever falsework requires removal of individual
pieces, for example striking primary or secondary
bearers, consideration should be given to a working
platform about two metres below the underside of
the permanent works.
Where the formwork and falsework is handled in
large areas, provision for access to make-up areas
should be considered.

( Use Service Class 1 load - 0.75 kN/m2 )

1 of 2

BS 5975 Clause 19.1.1

Consider access underneath for striking

Tall frame structure

2 of 2

BS 5975:2008

The
The Four
Four Design
Design
Checks
Checks for
for Falsework
Falsework

Falsework Analysis
It is recommended that for each falsework
structure FOUR design checks be carried out:

Check ONE - on the STRUCTURAL STRENGTH

of the individual members and their
connections to transmit the applied
loads / forces;

Check TWO - on the LATERAL STABILITY

of both individual members and the

structure as a whole;

Check THREE - on the OVERALL STABILITY

of the falsework structure;

Check FOUR - on POSITIONAL STABILITY to

ensure the falsework does not slide.

Source:

BS 5975 Clause 19.4.1.1

THINK VERTICAL
THINK HORIZONTAL
and then,

THINK HORIZONTAL
AGAIN
and again,
and again,
and again.

BS
BS 5975:2008
5975:2008
Check
Check One
One

Structural Strength

BS EN 1065
Adjustable telescopic
steel props

Published November 1999

Committee: CEN

150.00

1 of 6

Class

Max. Extension

Characteristic strength

A 25
A 30
A 35
A 40
B 25
B 30
B 35
B 40
B 45
B 50
B 55

2.50 m
3.00 m
3.50 m
4.00 m
2.50 m
3.00 m
3.50 m
4.00 m
4.50 m
5.00 m
5.50 m

20.40 kN
17.00 kN
14.60 kN
12.80 kN
27.20 kN
22.70 kN
19.40 kN
17.00 kN
15.10 kN
13.60 kN
12.40 kN

C 25
C 30
C 35
C 40
C 45
C 50
C 55
D 25 to D55
E 25 to E55

2.50 m
3.00 m
3.50 m
4.00 m
4.50 m
5.00 m
5.50 m
2.50m to 5.50m
2.50m to 5.50m

40.80 kN
34.00 kN
29.10 kN
25.50 kN
22.70 kN
20.40 kN
18.60 kN
34.00 kN
51.00 kN

BS EN 1065

Props to have
minimum of
1.0m adjustment,
and not to be
intentionally
dis-engaged
2 of 6

Characteristic strength
is the value at which
95% of those tested
will fail above value

(ie
ie

5%
5% will
will fail
fail below
below value
value)

3 of 6

Stellenbosch

- South Africa - 2009

Removed TWO internal walls

200mm thick x 14m slab

4 of 6

Supplier claim 29.80kN characteristic load

5 of 6

Thin walled props

3.2m (too short)

BS5975:2008 Safe Working Load - BS EN 1065 props

erected 1o out-of-plumb with 10mm eccentricity of load

6 of 6

BS
BS 5975:2008
5975:2008
Check
Check Two
Two

Lateral Stability

BS 5975 : Horizontal Disturbing Force Clause 19.2.9.1

At each phase of construction falsework should resist the applied

vertical loads PLUS a horizontal disturbing force the greater of
EITHER

2%

OR the summation of
wind force, erection tolerance ( 1% W) , concrete pressure force,
water and wave forces, dynamic and impact forces, forces from
the permanent works (e.g. stressing etc.) etc..
1 Of 2

Falseworks horizontal disturbing force F H

Load W

Design for
minimum lateral
stability load of
2% W
or
known lateral
loads
PLUS 1%W

2 of 2

(BS 5975 : Clause 19.2.9.1 )

Load Case 1 - Erected but not concreted

Lateral Forces :Maximum wind load
plus
1% known vertical loads
(BS 5975 and Class B1)
Increases to at least
2% of known vertical
loads if Class B2

Load Case 2 - While placing the permanent

work / concrete
Lateral Forces :Working wind load
plus
1% known vertical loads
including full concrete load
(BS 5975 and Class B1)
Increases to 2% known
vertical loads if Class B2
NOTE: If the structure is not connected to a permanent structure
then the full wind load might need to be considered
- consult with the Temporary Works Designer (TWD )

UK BS 5975 load Case - Minimum stability

Horizontal disturbing
force FH will be
a minimum of
2 % total vertical load
including
self weight, concrete, and
full construction
operations load

Top Restrained Load Case - connected to

Permanent Works
Restraining force RH
will be a minimum of:-

2 %

(vertical loads)
(BS 5975 and Class A)
or
2 % (self weight)
plus maximum wind
(Class B2)
or
NOTE: Although bracing is not shown, the
2 % (vertical loads)
structural strength still needs checking
plus working wind
(Cat. 2) and bracing may be required
(Class B1 and B2)
to create effective nodes.

Conditions of
use stated by
supplier require
top restraint

1 of 3

2 of 3

North Staffs PFI SGB GASS braced for 2 % W

3 of 3

Top restrained falsework

Or is it ?

Lateral Stability of steel beams - Web stiffeners

For structural steelwork at points of reaction or

concentrated load, web stiffeners should be
provided at ALL loading transfer points including
supports, UNLESS calculations are provided to
show that such stiffeners are not required.

Web stiffeners
No Calculations
(BS 5975 : Annex J Clause J.1)

BS
BS 5975:2008
5975:2008

Back propping
flat slabs

Formwork

Falsework

Backpropping

European Concrete Building Project (ECBP) - 4th floor

1 of 1

Method One -

One level of backpropping

Distribution
This
isLoads
70% of
Distribution of
of Applied
Applied
Load
using
Props
using Elastic
Rigid
the Props
applied load

NEW Slab to be cast

Falsework load (wp )

and
is in addition
PROP
PROP
to
the existing
100% load on the slab
100%
100%
100%

Supporting slab (1)

70%
50% - Pp

SLAB
SLAB

50%
30% + Pp

Backprops (wb1 )
Lower slab (2)

50%
30% + Pp

With preloaded props

to value Pp

BS 5975 Cl 19.3.4 Table 20

Method One -

Two levels of backpropping

Distribution of
of
Applied
Loads
Distribution
Applied
Loads
This
is 65%
of
Props load
using Elastic
Rigid
Props
the applied
and PROP
is in addition
SLAB
to the existing
100%load on the slab
NEW Slab to be cast
100%
100%
Falsework load (wp )
Supporting slab (1)

33% - Pp
65%

Upper Backprops (wb1 )

Lower slab (2)

67% + Pp
35%
33%
23%
12%
33% + Pp

Lower Backprops (wb2 )

Lower slab (3)

33%
12%
+ Pp

With preloaded props to value

Pp

BS 5975 Cl 19.3.4
Table 20

Part
Part Two
Two -- Changes
Changes since
since 2009
2009

(c)
(c)

Scaffolding

Temporary construction, which is

required to provide a safe place of work
for the erection, maintenance, repair or
demolition of buildings and other
structures and for the necessary access

Harsco Infrastructure

BS EN 12811-1 : 2003
Part 1: Scaffolds Performance
requirements and
general design

Published June 2004

182.00
Chairman: CEN TC 53
States BS 5973 withdrawn

BS EN 12811-1
Introduces:TWO Load Combinations :
In Service Condition
One platform with full
imposed service load
and
the next above or below
with 50% of service load
Plus in absence of wind a lateral
force of 0.3 kN / bay / working area
Out of Service Condition
Full wind load (BS EN 1991-1-4)
and imposed Service Load
limited to only 25% or 50%

TG20:08 Volume 1

NASC Guide for

Scaffolding with
tubes and fittings
November 2008
120 pages
Authors: Dr M.H.R. Godley
Eur Ing P.F. Pallett
Based on BS 5973 and updated
to BS EN 12811-1 with simplified
BS 6399 wind information
Information for erection and use
of standard scaffolds and
includes FOUR summary tables
of safe heights for scaffolds

1 of 4

Source : NASC

135 + p&p

Vol 1 & 2

TG20:08 Volume 2

November 2008
128 pages
TECHNICAL DATA
Information on weights and
properties, additional wind info.,
worked examples, and method
for height of unclad scaffolds.
Safe Height tables for :3 tables fully loaded inside boards
3 tables part ledger braced scaffolds
Fuller calculation method heights:
24 tables fully ledger braced
12 tables part ledger braced (alt. ties)

2 of 4

135 + p&p

Vol 1 & 2

TG20:08 Supplement 1
February 2011
16 pages
Takes account of the Wind Code
BS EN 1991-1- 4:2005 + A1:2010
using a simplified method to
update the SAFE HEIGHT tables
for Basic Scaffolds
Incorporates Apprendix H for
use of ties on UNCLAD scaffolds
erected to open structures.

3 of 4

Source : NASC

TG20:08 Overview
TOOLBOX TALK

Published by National Access

and Scaffolding Confederation
in July 2009

Plus a FREE Powerpoint

toolbox presentation from
www.nasc.org.uk
2.50
Handy Pocket Sized booklet
4 of 4

Available from NASC

SG4 : 10
Preventing Falls in
Scaffolding

Published by National Access

and Scaffolding Confederation
with Foreword by HSE
in December 2010

25
60 pages
Available from NASC
1 of 5

No longer permitted to traverse along a

platform (known as tunnelling method)

SG4 : 10

Create scaffolders safe zones

For scaffolds with 2m lifts use of Step-ups

Figure 39

2 of 5

Erection hop-up
for next guardrail

Quick release
connection

3 of 5

SG4 : 10

Introduces use of
Scaffolders Safe Zone

Reaching below
guardrail clip-on
Figure 9
Figure 12
4 of 5

SG4:You

User Guide

Preventing Falls in Scaffolding

Published by National Access

and Scaffolding Confederation
with Foreword by HSE

( 84pp January 2011)

Handy Pocket Sized booklet

5 of 5

5
Available from NASC

Designation of Scaffolds
to TG20:08

EXAMPLE

F
35-1 S
Load Class 3
(General Purpose)

Number of boards
between standards

TG20 Cl 4.2 page 19

Number of inside
boards ( 0, 1 or 2)

Inside boards
Specialboards
case
Inside
assumed lightly
with loaded
1.8m
fully
loaded
bay
length
I.e. Load
Class

BASIC Scaffolds to TG20 Guide to T&F Scaffolds

Part Boarded

Fully Boarded
2 m lifts with possible
2.7m pavement lifts

Tied to the building faade:

either at alternate lifts 4m
or at every lift
Ledger bracing at alternate bays
Faade bracing fitted every
SIX bays but note:
Plan bracing needed every FOUR
lifts, and every twelve bays
if faade braced across single bay

The controlling Table 1

Load Desigtion
Class

Activity

Load
kN/m

M ax
Bay

Max
Boards

0.75

2.7m

1-3-0

2-4-0

Light duty

1.50

2.4m

3-5-0
3-4-1
3-4-2
3-5-1
3-5-2

General purpose

2.00

2.1m

4-5-0
4-4-1
4-4-2
4-5-1
4-5-2

Heavy Duty

Inspection, v. light duty

( inside boards are

0.75 )
3.00

( inside boards are

4+1
4+2
5+1
5+2

0.75 )

1.8m

5
4+1
4+2
5+1
5+2

Source TG20:08 Vol. 1 Table 1 page 21

Typical independent

tied scaffold

TG20 Figure 1 page 18

Ledger
bracing
alternate
bracing
every
Ties Faade
shown
at
alternate
lifts bays
SIX bays - to top platform

Plan bracing
NOT required
1 of 2

Tie assembly

Plan Faade
bracingbracing
REQUIRED
every between
SIXas
bays
- to top
platform
ties
faade
brace
is NOT
between ledger braced frames

H > 8m every FOUR lifts

and every twelve bays
2 of 2

Tie assembly

ALL sheeted & debris netted - unclad over 15m

One transom at every lift within
300mm of ledger braced standards
fitted with right angle or
swivel fittings

Ledger
bracing

Tie assembly
1 of 1

TG20 Cl. 10.2 (page 51)

Part
Part Three
Three :: Changes
Changes in
in 2011
2011

(a)
(a)
(b)
(b)

Wind
Wind
Formwork
Formwork

Part
Part Three
Three :: Changes
Changes in
in 2011
2011

(a)
(a) Temporary
Temporary Works
Works Wind
Wind

Status of Wind Codes in the UK

BS 6399-2: 1997 Loading for buildings, Part 2: Code of
practice for wind loads, was published in July 1997
TG20 (scaffolding) first published in 2005 a
simplified method based on BS 6399-2
Supplement No. 1 uses BS EN 1991-1-4+A1
The European Code BS EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1:2010
was amended in March 2011 (246)
The UK National Application Document (170)
was also amended in March 2011
The Background Information PD 6688 (182)
to the Annex was published in December 2009

ALL British Standards superseded by European

Standards were withdrawn on 31st March 2010

Wind in Temporary Works

Aim:

same procedure in all temporary works

Falsework - BS 5975:2008 +A1:2011 to introduce

revised simplified method based on
the UK NA to BS EN 1991-1-4 +A1
Scaffolding - TG20 Supplement No. 1 now issued
Formwork - Revision will include the same method
extended to suit climbing formwork.
Duration of work

(assume less than two years)

Simplified method will use similar factors

and town descriptions as existing for
structures less than 50m with orography
and less than 100m without orography.

Information needed by designer

Location of the site
How far from the nearest sea?
less than 0.1km, 2 km, 10 km or 100 km
Is it in a town that extends more than 2 km from
the site in all directions?
Is the topography fairly flat around the site, or is it
near the top of the hill, or part-way up ?
What is the altitude of site? (in metres
Duration of work

above sea level)

(normally less than two years)

Is the falsework or the scaffold to be unclad,

debris netted or sheeted?

Maximum wind pressure on falsework and formwork

qp =

2
0.7 0.613 ce(z)ce, T S wind

Where

qp

is the peak wind pressure

N/m

Ce(z)ce,T is combined exposure correction factor

Swind is the wind factor for the site
Formula is for falsework erected less than TWO years
Source BS 5975:2008 +A1:2011 (Cl 17.5.1.3) and BS EN 12812 (Cl 8.2.4.1)

The wind factor Swind

Swind = v b,map Twind 1 +

1000
Where
vb,map is the fundamental wind velocity (in m/s)
Twind is the topography factor allowing for
whether site is on a hill, cliff or on the flat.
A

1 of 8

is the altitude of the site in metres

above sea level.

Mean hourly wind speeds

2 of 8

BS 5975:2008 Figure 4

10 minute mean wind speeds

vb,map

NA to BS EN 1991-1-4

Twind = Topographical factor depends

on whether the terrain around
the site is flat, moderately
steep (1 : 5 ) or very steep (1 : 3 )
Structures without orography

3 of 8

Twind = 1.00

(z < 100m)

BS 5975 Figure 5 (a)

Topography Factor Twind

Skip wind

SEA

Definition of sea from BS 6399

4 of 8

BS 5975:2008 Figure 7

TOWN

Built up areas
5 of 8

BS 5975:2008 Figure 6 (a)

TOWN

6 of 8

Woodland areas

BS 5975:2008 Figure 6 (c)

COUNTRY
Youll like
this one !

Country is all terrain which is not sea or town !

Less than 2km of built-up area around the site.

7 of 8

COUNTRY

Built up areas
8 of 8

BS 5975:2008 Figure 6 (b)

Part
Part Three
Three :: Changes
Changes in
in 2011
2011

(b)
(b) Formwork
Formwork
A structure, usually temporary, but in
some cases wholly or partly permanent
used to contain poured concrete to mould
it to the required dimensions and support
it until it is able to support itself.
It consists primarily of the face contact
material and the bearers that directly
support the face contact material.

Published by
The Concrete Society

Second Edition:

June 1995

d
e
s
i
v
Re 2011
e
u
d
Chairman: Peter Pallett

Skip to TWf

More emphasis on proprietary panel formwork

More guidance on Soffit Formwork systems

New Sections on Climbing Formwork

Peri

Update on Permanent Formwork - e.g. Twin wall

1 of 2

2 of 2

Significant updates
to sections on:Surface finishes
and tolerances
to

BS EN 13670
Execution of
concrete structures

Striking and
Curing

BS EN 1992-1-1:2004: Eurocode 2: Design of concrete

structures. General rules and rules for buildings
does not cover surface finishes (replaces BS 8110)
BS EN 13670: 2010 Execution of concrete structures.
Includes informative guidance (186 Feb 2010)
Annex F Table F.4 Types of surface finish
Basic Finish
Ordinary Finish

Plain Finish
Special Finish

Where no particular requirement needed

Where not of visual importance.
e.g. unseen areas such as lift shafts
Visual effect of some importance
e.g. Seen occasionally, direct painted etc.
Where special requirements needed.
e.g. Where surface irregularity and colour are
important.

Concrete Pressure envelope when placed from top

Pmax

Concrete
stiffening
0

Pmax

Max Dh

Design formwork pressures for a range of new

cements and self-compacting concretes
DTI Contract
Ref: 39/3/739 CCC2399
September 2004

133 pages

Quote:
The findings indicate that the
use of CIRIA R108 was
conservative for the range of
new concrete types for walls
and columns.
There appears to be no case
for change from the existing UK
approach to concrete pressure
determination.
NOTE: The report is confidential and NOT available to the public.
See article in CONCRETE March 2009

Concrete Groups and the values of C2

Group

A
basic

Concrete

C2

1. Without admixture -

0.3

2. With any admixture except with retarding property

0.3

CEM I (OPC) , SRPC,

CEM II A with metakaolin or with silica fume

CEM I , SRPC, CEM II A with metakaolin / silica fume

3.

B
retarded

With admixtures that retard - CEM I (OPC), SRPC,

CEM I I A with metakaolin or with silica fume

0.45

4. Without admixture - CEM II A, CEM II B, CEM III A

0.45

5. With any admixture except with retarding property

0.45

CEM II A, CEM II B, CEM III A

1 of 2

Self-compacting - With any admixture except with

retarding properties.
ALL cements except CEM III B & CEM IVB

0.45

Concrete Groups and the values of C2

Group

Concrete

6. With admixtures that retard

C2
0.6

CEM II A, CEM II B and CEM III A

7. With or without admixtures

C
heavily
retarded

2 of 2

0.6

CEM III B and CEM IVB

Self-compacting - With retarding properties
ALL cements

0.6

Self-compacting - With any admixture except with

retarding properties.
CEM III B & CEM IVB

0.6

Source: CIRIA R108 and March 2009 CONCRETE

Table AA
WALLS
& BASES
Pmax (kN/m)

5 C

2m
3m
4m
5m
6m

40
50
55
65
70

45
55
60
65
75

50
60
65
70
80

50
65
70
75
80

50 50
70 75
75 85
80 95
90 100

50
75
100
110
115

10C

2m
3m
4m
5m
6m

35
40
45
45
50

40
45
50
55
55

45
50
55
60
60

45
55
60
60
65

50
60
65
70
75

50
70
75
80
85

50
75
90
100
105

15C

2m
3m
4m
5m
6m

30
30
35
40
40

35
40
45
45
45

40
45
50
50
50

45
50
50
55
55

50
55
60
60
65

50
65
70
70
75

50
75
90
90
95

20C

4m
5m
6m

30
35
35

35
40
40

45
45
45

45
50
50

50
60
60

65
70
70

85
90
90

Basic Concrete
Group A
(1) CEM I
(OPC)
or
(2) CEM I with
admixture

PFP/002E page 8

Rate of Rise R in metres per hour

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 3.0 5.0 10.0

80 55
= 45% increase
55

Table BB
WALLS
& BASES
Pmax (kN/m)

5C

Retarded Concrete
Group B
(3) CEM I with
retarder
(4) Blend with
10C
<35% pfa
or <65%ggbs
(5) Blend <35% pfa
<65% ggbs with
admixture
15C

20C
PFP/002E page 9

Rate of Rise R in metres per hour

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 3.0 5.0 10.0

2m
3m
4m
5m
6m

50
65
75
85
95

50
70
80
90
100

50
75
85
95
100

50
75
90
95
105

50
75
95
105
110

50
75
100
110
120

50
75
100
125
135

2m
3m
4m
5m
6m

40
50
55
60
65

45
55
60
70
75

50
60
65
70
75

50
65
70
75
80

50
65
75
80
85

50
75
85
90
95

50
75
100
100
115

2m
3m
4m
5m
6m

35
40
45
50
50

40
45
50
55
60

45
50
55
60
65

45
55
60
65
65

50
60
65
70
75

50
70
75
80
85

50
75
90
100
105

4m
5m
6m

40
40
45

45
45
50

50
50
55

55
55
60

60
65
70

70
75
80

90
95
100

Sustainable Forests
Where timber is used in formwork, it is recommended
that only material which is certified under the Forest
Stewardship Council scheme should be used.
This ensures that timber is sourced from FSC
certified forests which are managed sustainably.
There is a Chain of
Custody which tracks
the timber from
forest to consumer.
Source www.fsc.org

Safe Working Properties - Timber in Wall formwork

Source: Third Edition Formwork Guide ( PFP/009A page 4 of 18 )

Formwork to precast edge forms

Safe Working Properties - WALL Formwork

Source: New Table 10 Formwork Guide (Third Edition)

and
and finally
finally

TWf

Temporary Works forum

Promoting Temporary Works in the Construction Industry
by : Institution of Civil Engineers
Institution of Structural Engineers
Health and Safety Executive
Standing Committee on Structural Safety
Chartered Institute of Building
TW Equipment Suppliers
Consulting Engineers
Contractors
Remit: Authoritative guidance, profesional leadership,
interfaces PW & TW, current trends, warnings
on unacceptable risks, recommend research
areas, watching brief on overseas issues
www.twforum.org.uk

Thank You

The End