Machine Training PM Synchronous Ansoft Maxwell

Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine
XY Plot 2
Ansoft Corporation
PMSM_CT
1.20
Curve Inf o
Bradial
Setup1 : Transient
Time='0ns'
1.00
0.80
Bradial
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
-0.20
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
Norm alizedDis tance
Cogging Torque
Ansoft Corporation
PMSM_CT_Verify
XY Plot 2
Ansoft Corporation
Core Loss
Ansoft Corporation
3.00
PMSM_OC_EMF
1.20
Curve Info
PMSM_OC_EMF
Optimized Design
Setup1 : Transient
150.00
2.2271
Moving1.Torque
Imported
Nominal Design
2.00
Curve Info
CoreLoss
Setup1 : Transient
1.00
Y1 [V]
50.00
0.00
Curve Info
1.00
0.5877
0.80
0.4354
CoreLoss [kW]
Y1 [NewtonMeter]
100.00
0.1402
0.00
-1.00
0.60
0.40
InducedVoltage(PhaseA)
Setup1 : Transient
InducedVoltage(PhaseB)
Setup1 : Transient
-50.00
-2.00
InducedVoltage(PhaseC)
Setup1 : Transient
0.20
-100.00
-3.00
0.00
1.00
MX1: 0.6379
-150.00
0.00
2.00
4.00
Time [ms ]
6.00
8.00
10.00
Ansoft Maxwell Field Simulator V12 Training Manual
2.00
3.00
4.00
Time [s]
5.00
6.00
MX2: 5.4031
7.00
8.00
0.00
0.00
2.00
4.00
Time [ms]
6.00
8.00
10.00
P1-1
Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine: Contents
RMxprt
Maxwell: Open Circuit Back EMF

Basic Theory
Review Example
Add Unique Winding Arrangement
Setup Parametric Problem
Export Design to Maxwell 2D
Maxwell: Cogging Torque

Review Maxwell Setup
Create Variables
Apply Mesh Operations
Solve Nominal Problem
Setup Optimization Problem
Review Pre-Solved Optimization
Results
Define Material Core Loss

Characteristics
Set Lamination and Stack Factor
Consider Power Loss in Magnets
Solve Problem and Review Results
Maxwell: Rated Condition Functional

Voltage Source
Modify Rotor Geometry using UDPs
Winding Setup Definitions and Variable
Definition
Choosing Optimal Time Step
Solve Problem and Review Results
Drive Design
Create a Machine Model
Use the Model in Circuit Simulation
Notes:
1. RMxprt/Maxwell V12 or higher is required
2. Basic knowledge of electric machine is required
3. Basic understanding of Finite Element is required
P1-2
Electric Machine Design Suite

A Complete Solution for Modern Electric Machines and Drives Design
Design
Requirements
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
Fast Analytical Solution:

Narrow the Design Space
Size/Weight
Efficiency
Torque
Speed
Cogging/Ripple
Inverter Matching
Thermal
Stress
Manufacturability
Cost
Transient Analysis
using FEA
Parametric Analysis
Simultaneous Equations:
Magnetostatic/Eddy Current
Analysis using FEA
IGBT
D2
IGBT
if C
duc
=0
dt
m + = Tem + Texternal
Motion Equation
FM_ROT
IGBT
IA
A_PHASE_N1
IB
ROT2
+
VBC V
ROT1
B_PHASE_N1
IC
A
EMF
di
dA
Circuit Equation: d f
d + R if + L f + uc = us
S f a dt
dt
D3
ECELink
175
A
V + Hc + v A
t
Nfl
Parametric Analysis
Optimization
Parametric Analysis
Optimization
EMF
Field Equation: A = J s
C_PHASE_N1
175
IGBT
IGBT
ECE
AM_IGB
ICA:
PP:=
EQU
ON:=
theta_elect := PP * ECELink
theta := MOD(theta_elect
OFF:=
THRESH:=4
HYST:=
Torqu
Phase Curre
1.00
IA
IB
IC
500.0
Phase Voltag
To
400.0
300.0
V_A
200.0
Von Mises stress
200.0
0
0
-500.0
10.00m
-200.0
-100.0
0
-1.00
17.27mt
10.00
-300.0
0
17.27 t
10.00
17.27 t
Drive System using System Level

IGBTs and Analytical Motor Model
Thermal and Stress Analysis
EMSSLink1
EMSSLink1
175
R5
MASS_ROTB1
R1
R3
E5
IA
RA
theta>90 AND theta<150
ctrl_6:=ON
C_PHASE_N2
R4
R6
ctrl_2:=ON
ctrl_1:=ON
ctrl_3:=ON
ICA:
AM_IGBT
ctrl_1:=ON
ctrl_2:=ON
ctrl_2:=ON
ctrl_3:=ON
ctrl_1:=OFF
ctrl_2:=OFF
ctrl_5:=ON
ctrl_2:=OFF
ctrl_3:=OFF
ctrl_3:=OFF
ctrl_4:=OFF
ctrl_3:=ON
ctrl_4:=ON
ctrl_5:=ON
Drive System Integration with

Manufacturers IGBTs
ctrl_3:=OFF
ctrl_4:=OFF
ctrl_4:=OFF
ctrl_5:=OFF
ctrl_5:=OFF
ctrl_6:=OFF
ctrl_4:=ON
theta>330 OR theta<30
ctrl_2:=OFF
ctrl_3:=OFF
ctrl_4:=OFF
ctrl_5:=OFF
ctrl_5:=OFF
ctrl_6:=OFF
VGE4
E4
E6
ctrl_6:=OFF
ctrl_1:=OFF
ctrl_6:=ON
C_PHASE_N1
175
R2
ctrl_1:=OFF
ctrl_2:=OFF
ctrl_5:=ON
B_PHASE_N2
RC 0.023
ICA:
AM_IGBT
ctrl_6:=ON
B_PHASE_N1
IC
A
EMF1
A_PHASE_N2
0.023
ctrl_1:=ON
ctrl_2:=ON
ctrl_6:=OFF
ctrl_1:=OFF
C_PHASE_N1
E4
E2
ctrl_1:=ON
ROTB2
RB
A
+
VBC
VGE4
ROTB1
0.023
A_PHASE_N1
IB
B_PHASE_N2
RC 0.023
C_PHASE_N2
R4
E6
RA
A
B_PHASE_N1
IC
A
R6
E2
IA
E1
E3
E5
A_PHASE_N2
0.023
175
R2
R3
R5
ROTB2
RB
A
EMF1
MASS_ROTB1
R1
175
A_PHASE_N1
IB
VBC
EMF2
ROTB1
0.023
E1
E3
EMF2
Equivalent Circuit Model : High

Fidelity Physics Based Model
ctrl_6:=ON
ctrl_4:=ON
theta>330 OR theta<30
ctrl_5:=ON
ctrl_3:=ON
ctrl_4:=ON
Complete Transient FEA -Transient

System Co-simulation
P1-3
RMxprt: Background
ASSM: Adjustable-Speed Synchronous Machine
Rotor speed is controlled by adjusting the frequency of the input voltage
Unlike brushless PMDC motors, ASSM does not utilize the position sensors.
Rotor can be either inner or outer type
Can operate as a generator or as a motor
Motor Mode:
Sinusoidal AC source
DC source via a DC to AC inverter
Generator Mode:
Supplies an AC source for electric loads
P1-4
ASSM: Background
Input voltage U is the reference
phasor, let the angle I lags U be
, the power factor angle
I = I
Let the angle I lags E0 be . The
d- and the q-axis currents can be
obtained respectively as follows:
Id
sin
I = = I
I
cos
= tan
Id
Iq
P1-5
ASSM: Background
OM can be used to determine the

direction of E0
OM = U I ( R1 + jX 1 + jX aq )
Let the angle E0 lags U be ,
which is called the torque angle
for the motor, then the angle is
=
For a given torque angle :
Xd
R
1
R1 I d U cos E0
=
X q I q U sin
Solving for Id and Iq yields:

Id
1
=
I
2
q R1 + X d X q
X q (U cos E0 ) + R1U sin

R (U cos E ) X U sin
0
d
1
P1-6
ASSM: Background
The power factor angle is
= +
The Input electric power is
P1 = 3UI cos
The Output mechanical power is
P2 = P1 ( Pfw + PCua + PFe )
Pfw : Frictional and Wind Loss

PCua: Armature Copper Loss
PFe : Iron-core Loss
Torque:
T2 =
P2
Efficiency:
=
P2
100%
P1
P1-7
RMxprt: Base Project

Open the RMxprt project located on your desktop by double clicking on
PM_SyncMotor.mxwl
Save the project under a new name:

File > Save As > c:\Training\PM_SyncMotor.mxwl
Select Setup1 under Analysis and click the Right Mouse Button (RMB)
and Choose Analyze
P1-8
RMxprt: Results
Select Setup1, click the RMB and choose Performance
Choose a
Solution Set
P1-9
RMxprt: Results
Choose a
Performance
Curve
P1-10
RMxprt: Add New Winding Arrangement

Double click on Stator > Winding
Click on Whole-Coiled
Select Editor
1
2
P1-11

In the Winding Editor Panel, click the RMB and select Edit Layout
Deselect Constant Pitch

Change the Layout as shown
P1-12

View the new winding arrangement by placing the mouse over one of
the A phase coils in the drawing window and click the RMB selecting
Connect One Phase Coils.
P1-13
RMxprt: Performance
Solve the problem by selecting Setup1 under Analysis and click the
Right Mouse Button (RMB) and Choose Analyze
P1-14
RMxprt: Add Variables

Click on Winding and in the Properties window, next to Conductors Per
Slot type in CPS
1
2
Click on Stator and in the Properties window, next to Length type in
Depth
1
2
P1-15
RMxprt: Add Variables

Click on Rotor and in the Properties window, next to Length type in
Depth
Select menu item RMxprt > Optimetrics Analysis > Add Parametrics
P1-16
RMxprt: Parametric Setup

Click on Add and setup the two variables as follows:
Click on the Calculations Tab > Setup Calculations and add the following
Current > RMSLineCurrentParameter
Power > OutputPowerParameter
Misc. > EfficiencyParameter
P1-17
RMxprt: Parametric Solution

Select ParametricSetup1 under Optimetrics, click the RMB and Analyze
Select ParametricsSetup1, click RMB and select View Analysis Results

Select Table and then click on Efficiency Parameter
Efficiency increased from 89% to over 98% while maintaining output

power
P1-18
RMxprt: Create Maxwell Design

Select Setup1, click the RMB and select Create Maxwell Design
deselect
Choose
3
P1-19
Maxwell 2D: Base Design
Motion
Boundaries
Winding
Material Assignment
Mesh
Soln. Setup
Results
P1-20
Maxwell 2D: Cogging Torque, Excitation

Select the PhaseA winding, click the RMB and select Properties
Change the Type to Current with a value of zero
Repeat this for PhaseB and PhaseC
P1-21
Maxwell 2D: Cogging Torque, Mesh Ops

Select Length_Magnet under Mesh Operations, click the RMB and
select Properties
Decrease the size of the element

by half. Just type in 3.75/2
P1-22
Maxwell 2D: Cogging Torque, Mesh Ops.

Select Length_Main under Mesh Operations, RMB and select Properties
Decrease the size of the element

by 4. Just type in 10.96/4
P1-23

Select SurfApprox_Mag under Mesh Operations, RMB and select
Properties
Decrease the length of the

Maximum Surface Deviation to
190 nm. This yields an angular
segmentation of = 0.25 deg.
D = r (1 cos( / 2))
r is the inside radius of the stator
which is 81mm
P1-24

Select SurfApprox_Main under Mesh Operations, RMB and select
Properties
Decrease the length of the

Maximum Surface Deviation to
190 nm
P1-25
Three possible operations:

D
D = Maximum Surface
Deviation
D = r (1 cos( / 2))
= Maximum Surface
Normal Deviation
ri
ro
2 * ri
2
= ShapeFactor (2 D )
ro
1
3 * ri
= SF (3D)
AR=2
ro
1
Aspect Ratio of Cells,
AspectRatio =
SF
not of triangles
P1-26

Select Band in the modeler tree, RMB and select Properties
Decrease the SegAngle value to

0.25 degrees
NOTE!: This small value for angular segmentation, 0.25deg, is needed

only for very sensitive calculations such as Cogging Torque
P1-27
Maxwell 2D: Cogging Torque, Mechanical Setup

Select Motion Setup1 under Model, RMB to select Properties
Select Mechanical Tab and change speed to 1 deg/sec
Select Setup1 under Analysis and RMB to select Properties
P1-28
Maxwell 2D: Cogging Torque, Solution Setup

Change to Save Fields tab
P1-29
Maxwell 2D: Cogging torque, Results

Solve the cogging torque problem by selecting
Setup1 under Analysis, RMB and select
Analyze:
Once the problem is solved double click on
Results > Torque

Torque
Ansoft Corporation
Maxwell2DDesign1
3.00
Click the RMB in the plot

and select Export Data.
Save the plot on the
desktop.
Curve Info
Moving1.Torque
Setup1 : Transient
2.00
Moving1.Torque [NewtonMeter]
1.00
0.00
-1.00
-2.00
-3.00
0.00
5.00
Time [s]
10.00
15.00
Since the speed is held

constant at 1.0 deg/sec,
the X-Axis represents
both time and position,
i.e. 10 sec = 10 deg
P1-30

Select menu item View > Set Solution Context, and choose zero
seconds.
In the drawing window hit

CTRL+A to select all objects,
RMB to select Fields > A >
Flux_Lines
P1-31
Double Click on
Legend to change
plot properties
P1-32

Select Flux_Lines1 under A under Field Overlays, RMB to select
Animate
P1-33
Maxwell 2D: Cogging torque, Rename Design

Rename Maxwell2DDesign1 by selecting its name in the project tree,
RMB and select Rename. Change the name to PMSM_CT for
Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Cogging Torque.
P1-34
Maxwell 2D: Cogging torque, Variables

Select CreateUserDefinedPart under Mag_0 under NdFe30_N and
choose Properties
2
In the Value field
type in the name
PoleEmbrace
P1-35
Maxwell 2D: Cogging Torque, Optimization Variables

Change the field for the ThickMag to MagnetThickness and accept the
default value of 7.5mm
P1-36

Change the field for the Offset to PoleOffset and accept the default value
of 0mm.
1
P1-37

Select CreateUserDefinedPart under InnerRegion under Vacuum and
choose Properties
2
In the Value field
type in the names:
PoleEmbrace
MagnetThickness
PoleOffset
P1-38

Select CreateUserDefinedPart under Rotor under M19_26G_SF0.950
and choose Properties
1
2
In the Value field
type in the names:
PoleEmbrace
MagnetThickness
PoleOffset
P1-39

Select menu item Maxwell 2D > Design Properties and change the value
of the variables just defined:
Select the Optimization radio button and Include each variable:
P1-40

Modify the variable to see the effect on the geometry
For this exercise, the range for each is:

6.5 mm < MagnetThickness < 9.5 mm
0.6 < PoleEmbrace < 0.9
0 < PoleOffset < 30 mm
PE
MT
Pole Offset
P1-41
Maxwell 2D: Cogging Torque Optimization, Air Gap Arc

Create an arc in the air gap to be used for post processing purposes, by
selecting menu item Draw > Arc > Center Point
Using the mouse select the origin, any point in the air gap along the X
axis and any point in the air gap at the 45 degree angle. Any value used
if valid, it will be modified in the next step.
Double 3
click to end
1
2
P1-42
Maxwell 2D: Cogging Torque Optimization, Air Gap Arc

Select CreateAngularArc under CreatePolyline under Polyline1 under
Lines, RMB and select Properties
Change the value for the starting point to 80.8, 0, 0. This will place the
arc between the band object and the stator ID
Select Polyline1. In the Properties window change its name to AG_Arc

P1-43
Maxwell 2D: Cogging Torque Optimization, Variables

Select menu item Maxwell 2D > Field > Calculator
Perform the following commands to calculate the radial component of
the flux density in the air gap
Quantity > B
Scal? > Scalar X
Function > PHI
Trig > cos
Multiply *
Quantity > B
Scal? > Scalar Y
Function > PHI
Trig > sin
Multiply *
Add +
-- this gives Bx*cos(PHI) + By*sin(PHI)
Add > Name: Bradial
-- this adds the express to the stack
P1-44

Continue to calculate the average radial component of the air gap flux
density
Select Bradial under Named Expressions
Copy to Stack
Geometry > Line > AG_Arc
Integrate
Number > Scalar > Value = 1
Geometry > Line > AG_Arc
Integrate
Divide / -- this give the average radial flux density in the air gap
Add > Name: Brad_Avg -- this adds this expression to the stack
P1-45

Continue to calculate the area of the permanent magnet
Number > Scalar > Value = 1
Geometry > Surface > Mag_0
Integrate
Number > Scalar > Value = 1e6 -- this converts from m2 to mm2
Multiply *
Add > Mag_Area -- this adds this expression to the stack
Select the Maxwell 2D Design PMSM_CT and in the Properties window

change the variables back to their default values
Even though the design variables and thus the geometry has changed,
once the design variables are set to their previous values, the solution is
automatically reloaded; there is no need to solve the problem again.
P1-46

Plot the radial flux density in the air gap by selecting Results, RMB to
select Create Field Report > Rectangular Plot
P1-47
Maxwell 2D: Cogging Torque Optimization, Brad AG

Plot B_rad on the AG_Arc
5
1
4
2
3
10
7
P1-48
Maxwell 2D: Cogging Torque Optimization, Brad AG

Plot of B radial in air gap at time zero
XY Plot 2
Ansoft Corporation
PMSM_CT
1.20
Curve Inf o
Bradial
Setup1 : Transient
Time='0ns'
1.00
Click the RMB

in the plot
window and
select Export
Data. Save the
plot on the
desktop.
0.80
Bradial
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
-0.20
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
Norm alizedDis tance
P1-49
Optimization: Solution Setup

Change the Stop Time of the Simulation from 15 seconds to 3.75 sec.
The cogging torque waveform is symmetric after 3.75 deg (equal to 3.75
sec) and to save simulation time we only need to solve up to this point.
Select Setup1 under Analysis and RMB to select Properties
P1-50

Select Optimetrics and RMB to select Add > Optimization
Next to Optimizer select Genetic Algorithm
P1-51
Maxwell 2D: Cogging Torque Optimization Setup

Click on Setup
Change the values

as shown here
P1-52

Cogging Torque Peak Nominal Value* = 2.2 N-m
Maximum Value** = 5.5 N-m
Optimal Goal = 0.2 N-m (subjectively chosen, we want to reduce CT by >10x)
Normalize Solution Range: 1 to 10
G1 = 1 + (max(abs(Torque)) 0.2) * 9 / 5.3
Objective: G1 = 1.0
*Note:
The Peak Nominal Value is when:

MagnetThickness = 7.5 mm
PoleEmbrace = 0.85
PoleOffset = 0 mm
**Note:
The Maximum Value is determined when these values are a Maximum:

MagnetThickness = 9.5 mm
PoleEmbrace = 0.90
PoleOffset = 0 mm
The maximum value of cogging torque may lay outside these parameter values, i.e
somewhere else in the solution domain. These values are used just to define a
range for the objective.
P1-53

Nominal Bavg Value = 0.76 Tesla
Range*: 0.50 < Bavg < 0.81 Tesla
Optimal Goal = 0.76 Tesla (we want to maintain the Air Gap Flux Density)
Normalize Range: 1 to 10
G2 = 1 + (Brad_Avg 0.5) * 9 / 0.31
Objective: G2 = 8.55
Magnet Area
Range*: 220 < Mag_area < 510 mm2
Normalize Range: 1 to 10
G3 = 1 + (Mag_area 220) * 9 / 290
Objective: G3 = 1.0
*Note:
The Range was calculated by simulation the minimum and maximum values:
MagnetThickness 6.5 mm and 9.5 mm
PoleEmbrace 0.6 and 0.9
PoleOffset .. 0 mm and 30 mm
P1-54

In the Calculation Expression field type in the function as shown below
5
P1-55

Include Calculation for the average radial component of the flux density
in the air gap
Type in the rest of the expression and then click on Add Calculation
5
P1-56

Include calculation for Magnet Area
Type in the rest of the expression and then click on Add Calculation
4
P1-57

For the calculation expressions for Brad_Avg and Mag_Area click on
Calc. Range and select 0ns for time zero
3
2
P1-58
Set the Goal and Weigh for each objective
Cost1 = (G1 0.2)2 * W1

Cost2 = (G2 0.75)2 * W2
Cost3 = (G3 230)2 * W3
Cost = Cost1+Cost2+Cost3
where G1 = max(abs(Torque))
where G2 = abs(AirGap_Bavg)
where G3 = Mag_area
Note: The Cogging Torque and Air Gap Flux Density have equal
weight, which is twice that of the magnet area
P1-59

Click on the Variables tab and change the values accordingly:
This problem takes too long to solve during the class. The full solution
can be downloaded from Ansofts FTP site:
ftp://ftp.ansoft.com/download/ChinaTraining/PM_SyncMotor_Opt.zip
To solve the problem, select OptimizationSetup1 under Optimetrics,

RMB and select Analyze
P1-60
Maxwell 2D: Cogging Torque Optimization Results
P1-61

Since the field solution was not saved for each variation in the
optimization solution, create a second Maxwell 2D design and solve the
problem with the optimized design variable values.
Select the Maxwell 2D design PMSM_CT, RMB and select Copy
Select the project name PM_SyncMotor, RMB and select Paste
Select the Maxwell 2D design PMSM_CT1, RMB and select Rename,

and change the design name to PMSM_CT_Verify
P1-62
Maxwell 2D: Cogging Torque Optimization Verify

Select the design PMSM_CT_Verify and in
the Properties window change the design
variables to the Optimized value
Increase the Stop Time to 7.5 sec and then solve the design:
P1-63

Plot the Cogging Torque
Cogging Torque
Ansoft Corporation
PMSM_CT_Verify
0.50
Curve Info
Optimized Design
Setup1 : Transient
0.40
Optimized Design [NewtonMeter]
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
-0.10
-0.20
-0.30
-0.40
-0.50
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
Time [s]
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
P1-64

In the plot window RMB to select Import Data and pick the cogging
torque plot that was exported earlier.
Cogging Torque
Ansoft Corporation
PMSM_CT_Verify
3.00
Curve Info
Optimized Design
Setup1 : Transient
2.2271
Moving1.Torque
Imported
Nominal Design
Y1 [NewtonMeter]
2.00
1.00
0.5877
0.4354
In plot window, RMB

and select Marker >
Add X Marker
Optimized Design
0.1402
0.00
Nominal Design
-1.00
-2.00
-3.00
0.00
1.00
2.00
MX1: 0.6379
3.00
4.00
Time [s]
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
MX2: 5.4031
P1-65

Plot the air gap flux density
Air Gap Flux Density
Ansoft Corporation
PMSM_CT_Verify
1.20
Curve Info
Bradial
Setup1 : Transient
Time='0ns'
1.00
Bradial
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
-0.20
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
NormalizedDistance
0.80
1.00
P1-66
Maxwell 2D: AG Flux Density

In the plot window RMB to select Import Data and pick the Air Gap flux
density plot that was exported earlier.
Air Gap Flux Density
Ansoft Corporation
PMSM_CT_Verify
1.20
Curve Info
Bradial
Setup1 : Transient
Time='0ns'
Bradial
Imported
Nominal Design
1.00
Bradial
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
-0.20
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
NormalizedDistance
0.80
1.00
P1-67
Maxwell 2D: AG Flux Density

Determine the average air gap flux density.
1
2
3
The target optimized
value is 0.76T
P1-68
Maxwell 2D: Magnet Area

Determine the magnet area.
The area of the magnet

for the nominal design
was 383 mm2
P1-69
Maxwell 2D: Open Circuit Back EMF

Select the design PMSM_CT_Verify, RMB and select Copy
Select the project PM_SyncMotor, RMB and select Paste
Select the new design PMSM_CT_Verify1, RMB and select Rename.

Change the name to PMSM_OC_EMF
P1-70
Maxwell 2D: Open Circuit Back EMF

Select MotionSetup1 under Model, RMB to select Properties
Select the Mechanical tab and change the speed to 3600 rpm
P1-71
Maxwell 2D: Open Circuit Back EMF, Core Loss Setup
Calculate the core loss

coefficients from multiple core
loss curves
P1-72

Select the Stator and in the Properties widow click on the material
M19_26G_SF0.950 and then select View/Edit Material
1
2
3
P1-73

Add the core loss curve for 60Hz
Choose the file

4 M470-65A-60Hz.tab
5
P1-74

Add the core loss curve for 100Hz
Choose the file

4 M470-65A-100Hz.tab
5
P1-75

Continue to add the following curves:
M470-65A-200Hz.tab
M470-65A-600Hz.tab
M470-65A-400Hz.tab
M470-65A-700Hz.tab
M470-65A-1kHz.tab
P1-76
Maxwell 2D: Open Circuit Back EMF, Magnet Loss

Select Mag_0 and in the Properties next to Materials click on NdFe30_N
and then on View/Edit Materials.
Change the conductivity to 625000 S/m
Material properties are global quantities, the affect all designs. Thus
when modifying materials that are common to various designs, the
solutions to the designs become invalid.
P1-77

Select Mag_0, RMB to select Assign Excitation > Current
By assigning zero current to the

magnet it is assured that total
current into and out of this magnet
is zero. If there were more than
one magnet, each one should have
a separate excitation of zero amps.
P1-78

Select Excitations, RMB to select Set Eddy Effect
P1-79
Maxwell 2D: Open Circuit Back EMF, Core Loss

Select Excitations, RMB to select Set Core Loss. Add Core Loss for the
Rotor and Stator
P1-80
Maxwell 2D: Open Circuit Back EMF, Solution Setup

Modify the solution setup by selecting Setup1, RMB and select
Properties
The time step is determined by:

1 deg
3600rev 360 deg 1 min 21600 deg
*
*
=
=
sec
46.3u sec
min
rev 60 sec
1
The frequency is 240 Hz, which gives a period

of 4.2 msec. Thus 10 msec is ~2.5 cycles
P1-81
Maxwell 2D: Open Circuit Back EMF, Results

Solve the transient problem by selecting Setup1 under Analysis, RMB to
select Analyze
After the problem is solved, click on Results, RMB to select Create
Transient Report > Rectangular Plot
1
3
2
P1-82

XY Plot 2
Ansoft Corporation
PMSM_OC_EMF
150.00
100.00
Y1 [V]
50.00
0.00
Curve Info
InducedVoltage(PhaseA)
Setup1 : Transient
InducedVoltage(PhaseB)
Setup1 : Transient
-50.00
InducedVoltage(PhaseC)
Setup1 : Transient
-100.00
-150.00
0.00
2.00
4.00
Time [ms]
6.00
8.00
10.00
P1-83

Click on Results, RMB to select Create Transient Report > Rectangular
Plot
1
2
3
P1-84

Core Loss
Ansoft Corporation
PMSM_OC_EMF
1.20
Curve Info
CoreLoss
Setup1 : Transient
1.00
CoreLoss [kW]
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
0.00
2.00
4.00
Time [ms]
6.00
8.00
10.00
P1-85
Maxwell 2D: Rated Condition

To solve the problem for the rated condition, select the Maxwell 2D
design PMSM_OC_EMF, RMB and select Copy
Select the project name PM_SyncMotor, RMB and select Paste
Select the Maxwell 2D design PMSM_OC_EMF1, RMB and select
Rename, and change the design name to PMSM_Rated
Delete the Mag_0, Rotor,

and InnerRegion
P1-86
Maxwell 2D: New Rotor Geometry

Select menu item Draw > User Defined Primitive > SysLib > RMxrpt >
IPMCore. Modify the Values as shown below.
P1-87

Select the object IPMCore1 and then Edit > Arrange > Rotate
Select Modeler > Boolean > Split
Select Edit > Arrange > Rotate and use -45 degrees about the Z axis
Select Modeler > Boolean > Split in the XZ Plane Keeping Fragments on
the Negative Side

Select Edit > Arrange > Rotate and use +45 degrees about the Z axis
P1-88

Select IPMCore1 and in the Properties window
Name: Rotor
Material: M19_26G_SF0.950
Select Rotor, RMB to select Edit > Copy

In the drawing window, RMB to select Edit > Paste
Select CreateUserDefinedPart under Rotor1, RMB to select Properties
Change InfoCore to 1
Select Rotor1 and then Maxwell Model >

Boolean > Separate Bodies. This will
create two magnets. Change the name
of the magnets to Mag_0 and Mag_1
and change their color.
P1-89

Select Rotor, RMB to select Edit > Copy
In the drawing window, RMB to select Edit > Paste
Select CreateUserDefinedPart under Rotor1, RMB to select Properties
Change InfoCore to 2
Select Rotor1 and in the Properties window

Name: Duct
Material: Vacuum
P1-90
Maxwell 2D: Rated Condition, PM Setup

Select Mag_0 and in the Properties window click on the material
M19_26G_SF0.950 and select NdFe30 and then Clone Material(s)
2
1
3
P1-91

Change the name to NdFe30_NV for North Pole V Core
Cartesian CS with
the pole aligned with
the X axis
Repeat the same for Mag_1
P1-92

The drawing tree should look like this
P1-93

A local coordinate system needs to be create for each magnet. Zoom
into Mag_0. Select the Create Relative CS Icon
4
A local CS is create with X and Y axis as

shown. Magnetization will be along the X axis
P1-94

Zoom into Mag_1. Select the Create Relative CS Icon
3
2
4
A local CS is create with X and Y axis as

shown. Magnetization will be along the X axis
P1-95

Select Mag_0 and in the Properties Window change Orientation to
RelateiveCS1
Select Mag_1 and in the Properties Window change Orientation to
RelateiveCS2
P1-96
Maxwell 2D: Rated Condition, PM Mesh Ops.

Select Mag_0 and Mag_1, RMB to assign mesh operations
P1-97
Maxwell 2D: Rated Condition, Excitation

Select Rotor, Mag_0, Mag_1, and Duct. Select Moving1 under Motion,
RMB to select Add Selected Object
Select PhaseA under Excitations, RMB to select Properties
163.299 * sin(2*pi*240*time+18.2635*pi/180)
P1-98

Select PhaseB and then PhaseC under Excitations, RMB to select
Properties.
VB = 163.299 * sin(2*pi*240*time+18.2635*pi/180-2*pi/3)
VC = 163.299 * sin(2*pi*240*time+18.2635*pi/180-4*pi/3)
P1-99

Select Excitation, RMB to select Setup Y Connection
1
2
3
P1-100
Maxwell 2D: Rated Condition, Solution Setup

Select MotionSetup1 under Model, RMB to select Properties and then
Data to change the Initial Position, and then Mechanical to set the speed
Select Setup1 under Analysis, RMB and select Properties
This problem takes too long to solve during the class. The full solution
can be downloaded from Ansofts FTP site:
ftp://ftp.ansoft.com/download/ChinaTraining/PM_SyncMotor_Rated.zip
P1-101
Maxwell 2D: Rated Condition, Results

Ansoft Corporation
Winding Currents
Torque Quick Report
Ansoft Corporation
PMSM_Rated
600.00
3000.00
PMSM_Rated
Curve Info
Moving1.Torque
Setup1 : Transient
500.00
2000.00
Curve Info
Current(PhaseA)
Setup1 : Transient
Current(PhaseB)
Setup1 : Transient
1000.00
400.00
Moving1.Torque [NewtonMeter]
Current(PhaseC)
Setup1 : Transient
Y1 [A]
0.00
-1000.00
300.00
200.00
-2000.00
100.00
-3000.00
0.00
-4000.00
-100.00
0.00
50.00
Time [ms]
100.00
0.00
Core Loss
Ansoft Corporation
50.00
Time [ms]
100.00
PMSM_Rated
1.90
Curve Info
CoreLoss
Setup1 : Transient
1.80
1.70
CoreLoss [kW]
1.60
1.50
1.40
1.30
1.20
85.00
87.50
90.00
92.50
Time [ms]
95.00
97.50
100.00
P1-102
Simplorer: Drive Design

1. Create Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine Model from RMxprt:
Double click on the original RMxprt design, click on menu RMxprt > Analysis Setup > Export ,
choose Simplorer Model from the list and select a path where you want the model to be saved.
2. View the text of the model: Run Simplorer V7.0.5, in

SSC 7.0 Commander window, click on Programs >
Editor, open the model file we just created from RMxprt
(*.sml).
Note: The model is not simply a linear model you can

typically find from a textbook any more. It has nonlinear
effect considered for both main and leakage flux
magnetic paths. This model can also be used as both
motor and generator.
P1-103

3. Use the RMxprt created model in Simplorer as a generator:
Open a new Simplorer Schematic, click on the Add Ons tab of the ModelAgent, click on
interfaces, drag and drop RMxprt component on the schematic.
Double click on the RMxprtLink1 and then click on Import Model (*.sml), browse to the location
where the model was saved. Select the model > Open > OK, you should have the model show up like
the following graph, with electrical nodes on the left and mechanical nodes on the right.
P1-104

4. Build the rest of the schematic like below. Details of each component are shown on the next page.
B6U1
C := 1u
D3
D5
B6U
+
V
VM1
VALUE := 1000*(1+(t>0.02))
D1
C
B
A
C1
R_Load
R := 1k
D6
D4
ROT2
RMXROT1
V_ROT1
RMxprtLink1
D2
Back EMF (A-B
DC Link Voltage
84.00
92.00
50.00
50.00
R_Load.V [V]
VM1.V [V]
-50.00
-94.00
0
0
20.00m
40.00m
Rotor Position (Deg
20.00m
40.00m
Input Speed from Shaft
-3.55f
2.00k
-100.00
RMxprtLink1.Pos
-200.00
1.00k
V_ROT1.OMEGA [rpm]
-300.00
0
-362.00
0
20.00m
40.00m
20.00m
40.00m
P1-105

5. ModelAgent > Add Ons tab > power > Line-commutated Converters > B6 Diode Bridge
P1-106

6. ModelAgent > Basics tab > Measurement > Electrical > Voltmeter
7. ModelAgent > Basics tab > Circuit > Passive Elements > Resistor and Capacitor
Note: Select the component and right mouse click

to Flip or Rotate the component. Or you can use
quick shortcut F for Flip and R for Rotate.
P1-107

8. ModelAgent > Basics tab > Physical Domains > Mechanical > Velocity-Force-Representation >
Rotational_V > Angular Velocity Source
P1-108

9. Click on Simulation > Parameters, or Alt
+ F12, or just double mouse click on any
empty space on the schematic, define
simulation parameters as seen from the
picture.
P1-109

10. ModelAgent > Displays tab > Displays > 2D View
Create plots of R_Load.V, VM1.V, RMxprtLink1.Pos, V_ROT1.OMEGA (rpm).
11. Run the simulation and view the results.

P1-110
This completes the one day training

course on permanent magnet
synchronous machines using Ansofts
RMxprt, Maxwell 2D and Simplorer
P1-111

Machine Training PM Synchronous Ansoft Maxwell

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Norm alizedDis tance

Ansoft Maxwell Field Simulator V12 Training Manual

Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine: Contents

Maxwell: Open Circuit Back EMF

Maxwell: Cogging Torque

Define Material Core Loss

Maxwell: Rated Condition Functional

Electric Machine Design Suite

Fast Analytical Solution:

Von Mises stress

Drive System using System Level

Thermal and Stress Analysis

theta>90 AND theta<150

theta>210 AND theta<270

theta>90 AND theta<150

theta>150 AND theta<210

theta>210 AND theta<270

theta>270 AND theta<330

Drive System Integration with

theta>30 AND theta<90

theta>150 AND theta<210

Equivalent Circuit Model : High

theta>30 AND theta<90

theta>270 AND theta<330

Complete Transient FEA -Transient

Ansoft Maxwell Field Simulator V12 Training Manual

Ansoft Maxwell Field Simulator V12 Training Manual

OM can be used to determine the

Solving for Id and Iq yields:

X q (U cos E0 ) + R1U sin

Ansoft Maxwell Field Simulator V12 Training Manual

The Input electric power is

The Output mechanical power is

P2 = P1 ( Pfw + PCua + PFe )

Pfw : Frictional and Wind Loss

Ansoft Maxwell Field Simulator V12 Training Manual

RMxprt: Base Project

Save the project under a new name:

Ansoft Maxwell Field Simulator V12 Training Manual

Ansoft Maxwell Field Simulator V12 Training Manual

Ansoft Maxwell Field Simulator V12 Training Manual

RMxprt: Add New Winding Arrangement

Ansoft Maxwell Field Simulator V12 Training Manual

RMxprt: Add New Winding Arrangement

Deselect Constant Pitch

Ansoft Maxwell Field Simulator V12 Training Manual

RMxprt: Add New Winding Arrangement

Connect One Phase Coils.

Ansoft Maxwell Field Simulator V12 Training Manual

Ansoft Maxwell Field Simulator V12 Training Manual

RMxprt: Add Variables

Ansoft Maxwell Field Simulator V12 Training Manual

RMxprt: Add Variables

Ansoft Maxwell Field Simulator V12 Training Manual

RMxprt: Parametric Setup

Ansoft Maxwell Field Simulator V12 Training Manual

RMxprt: Parametric Solution

Select ParametricsSetup1, click RMB and select View Analysis Results

Efficiency increased from 89% to over 98% while maintaining output

RMxprt: Create Maxwell Design

Maxwell 2D: Base Design

Ansoft Maxwell Field Simulator V12 Training Manual