The Controlled Economy

How do we reduce the problems of

the economy?
External: War outside the PH
Internal: The Japanese are still here
Laurel had limited supply and food.
Shortage of fuel and transportation
also.
Everyone was fighting over the
resistance of the Filipinos
Economy was bad no support
from the US and Japan was using
much of our money
Laurel had to show the PH people
thats hes credible
- hes telling the people the
need to cooperate
- he tried to make the
independence as real as
possible
Controlled economy to make sure
that prices are not that high.
Surviving in Wartime
- people in the city were safe
because Japanese were
there, but there was a
shortage of food in the cities
There were fake licenses, permits,
and even fake money. Laurel has
limited economic powers. Thus
making the value of money
worthless. People resorted to
barter.
People used camote as rice subs,
and buses were run on charcoal.
The Education War
Japan was already trying to pin us
against the Americans.
They tried to position themselves
as the good guys, and educate us.
They took social sciences and
English, and added manual labor,
math and discipline.
Reworking of Curricula and
textbooks.
Dont believe the Americans.
Japan already launched a cultural
campaign here. Culture was target:
because were already part
American before them. Native
traditions going back to Asian
ways.

Censorship of all types of media to

ensure japans position and not US.
Failure of the Cultural
Campaign
Once you step out of the streets,
Japanese are still there. The
question of the legitimacy of the
campaign is there. Actions of
Japanese not equal to what they
campaign. Superiority was evident.
I.E seizure of private property.
Filipinos didnt believe the
propaganda because the guerillas
were still fighting for them.
Free Areas and Resistance
Fighters
Three guerilla groups:
1.) Fil-American groups (USAFFE)
led by professional military
officers, and follow
conventional military
structure
2.) Young professionals who
dont know how to handle
guns but did anyway
3.) Huk peasants.
They were fighting each other
because they thought they were
rivals.
HUks were the better ones because
they know what theyre doing and
are disciplined enough.
Huks and Americans: tactical
alliance
Huk wanted land reforms because
they were peasants and justice
pala.
Free Area controlled by guerillas
Christians + muslims = tactical
alliance also
Japan took the offensive and killed
everyone because they didnt know
who was who.
McArthur ordered the stop of
resistance but asked for
information.
The Filipinos Volunteer Armies
The Makapili were told that they
should attack the guerillas
Filipinos vs Filipinos
Waiting for Victory Joe

Number of Japanese is increasing

from different places
Many Japanese wounded came into
the Philippines
What was limited became more
limited
Filipino morale rose because they
know Americans are back
Laurel was a nationalist, but he was
in the middle.
Americans started bombing
different Japanese bases
Life got worse before it became
better
The Americans came back to Leyte
Japanese didnt go down without a
fight- Kamikaze fighters
Japanese started going on the
defensive climbed up the
mountains
Japanese shot all civilians in the
battle of Manila
City War Americans werent
trained for this
We started looking forward to
independence and thanking the US
From Colonizer to Liberator
We remember America as the
Liberator
Americans cant be wrong
Independence and the Huks
The 3rd Philippine Republic
Were we really independent?
We gained independence at the
worst possible time.
Special but Unequal
Independence must mean not
having ties
But America wanted parity
wanted that ties shall remain
Problem: claims were given to the
Americans: anything except that
was lost during America attacking
Japan can be recovered
America will give us 620M if we
give them something, Americans
can still own PH property
Parity if were independent?
American bases were still allowed,
goods without quota (free trade)
No bell trade act = no TRA (tidings
rehabilitation act)

Bell Trade act help guarantee

Americans a market
Americans didnt give too much
but wanted too much in return
NOT REALLY QUITE INDEPENDENT
- sense of debt gratitude
- MACARthur wanted ROxas
young pro-American
- Osmena was pro peasant
- Mcarthur supplied roxas
campaign materials and
endorsed him
- Americans we have a
special relations
- Roxas we owe them, limit
on what Americans can buy
but PH consti didnt allow
parity
The Bases
we only wanted 18 bases
Americans= if we need more, well
demand nalnag
Bases as mockery of our
independence
PH strategically important country
Americans needed our location
- in case they needed to
invade others
- protecting their interests
A Mockery of our Independence
American bases = American soil
They tested their artillery and killed
some Filipinos
They killed aetas because they
didnt like them
Duration and Jurisdiction
- what if an American shoots a
Filipino
- if done in American soil, its
governed my American law
If done in military duty, even if
outside American soil, still
governed by American laws
PH cant ask anything military from
others without US approval
Sleeping with the Enemy
We need US bases to protect us
justification
Cold War problem of ideologies
US didnt use rent but aid, because
we are your friends.

Collaboration issue traitors were

shot
Roosevelt: no forgiveness to
traitors, who sided with Jap
McArthurs ultimate endorsement:
when roxas went to jail, MacArthur
released him and gave him a hug
saying hes innocent
Roxas blanket amnesty to other
collaborators
We lost our sovereignty because
americans were treated better
Logistics, Politics and Justice
Macarthur pressed yamashita til he
was convicted not guilty
Homma he beat mcarthur but his
issue was the death march killed
ALL VICTORS JUSTICE
Postwar and the Peasantry
ROxas: how do I prioritize
CIC- counter intelligence core
Identify all communists and
potential danger
Tried to disarm huks
Not disarming those who sided with
them
Working with collaborators (elites)
KMP: kilusang magbubukid to PKM
Pambansang Kilusan ng
Magsasaka
- noisy and active so peasants
loved them
- provided schools, lawyers
and voice
Military cant tell difference
Peasants: wheres the justice here
Communism and the 1946
Elections
- democratic Alliance Huks +
PKM
- sided with Osmena
perceived as communists
Roxas: share must be 60 peasants
40 LL
There are small landlords who
would have died with this
ASAN ANG LAND REFORM
violence took place
The Armed Struggle
Roxas underestimated the Huks
Had a hard time with the fight

When the struggle got worse,

americans had to be involved
Huk not necessarily communist,
even if some leaders are
Peasantry
Roxas peasant problem is hard to
solve
Ordinary Filipinos were scared
Huks were able to scare the
government but no intentions of
bringing it down
Quirino gave them amnesty
The problem: Government cant
understand how they think
Magsaysay middle class
Lead guerillas understood them
Quashing the Rebellion
Magsaysay was good with the masa
common touch, became DND
Media propaganda + Magsaysay +
US endorsement
People went to ramon because he
personally went to the peasants
Not quite the End
Huks didnt want their lands but a
return of a personal relationship
with the landlord
BAKIT KAYO LUMABAN to show
that we can, it is to show that if
abused, we can do something
The Magsaysay Phenomenon
War gave rise to new set of elites
those who wanted to clim b the
ladder (middle class)
1949: massive cheating, even the
dead voted
1953: Magsaysay went NP
M vs quirino: M won
In every town, theres access
for people to talk to his office
He endorsed NGOs
Professional military officers help
run the government
Openly pro-american
SEATO- they wanted to be anticommunist
- attack by one is an attack to
all
- replaced by Asean after Mags
He allowed the Americans to use
us even were not part of the War

Sent some as spies

Magsaysay supported in Vietnam
war: operation brotherhood,
humanitarian assistance
Mags was favored by Americans
had appeal
Filipino First
Not sustainable (Mags), elite
wanted to regain power too
Mags died so Garcia took over
CPG vice of Mags
- nacionalista and pushed for
Filipino first
- we lack our own industry
- prioritized release of
american dollars first
- pushed for a real electronic
company (meralco)
- pushed for Filipino owned
businesses
Anti-American thus perceived as
communist
Many fil businesses became
complacent thus beating
themselves up
Importers and foreigners hated
him.
He hated Macapagal but lost in
1961 because he was not backed
by importers
The Man from Lubao
Macapagal had campaigned on an
anti-corruption, anti-communist
campaign, and also supported the
development of free and private
enterprise, minimal government
interference in the private sector,
or the adoption of essentially neoliberal laissez-faire economic
policies. The issue of strict controls
over foreign exchange allowed
Macapagal to accuse his opponent
of patronage
LISTEN TO RECORDING
Enter Marcos
Because of Fernando Lopez, and
because of SOLID NORTH
He showed enthusiasm and
logistics people had never seen
before.

Lopez wealthy (owned ABS)

Marcos won because people got
tired of Macapagal
Macapagal proud of restoring free
trade lost to marcos
The Myth of Camelot
Marcos knew how to speak, image:
calmness and authority
When to change variations of town
WE ARE LIKE CAMELOT
SECOND COMING OF
KENNEDY
we are the ideals, the
glamorous
Marcos: Asians for Asians
He didnt back down from military
service even if he was exempted
Used nationalism card re:
negotiaton with americans
- protected image of
glamorous
- wrote literature (tadhana)
The First Term
Many believed he was famous but
no necessarily true
Technocrats middle class
professionals
Not old elites
Didnt assign congressmen as
cabinet members
Technically competent believed in
Marcos vision
Thus functioned properly
Radicalized Youth
People tried to protest especially
UP people
Joma Sison leader
Keeping the People Happy
- more roads in his first term
than Ph in 400 years
- not sustainable because
expensive
- built more schools
- didnt order tax increase but
borrowed a lot
- didnt want to depend on
elites eh because they hated
him
Reelction and the ConCon

Marcos used money to fund his

campaign
Government workers were to vote
for him
Military was also forced too
Inflations after elections
People realized Marcos cheated
badly Credibility was lost
To avoid a 3rd term- Constitutional
Change

He was asked if he had plans to run

in 73, he said no but he was
already planning martial law
1971: poured money in the concon
so that hell ensure his win
MARCOS FOREVER