10GV2 Line Board Optical Interface Application Guide

Reference No.
Product Name
Optix 10GV2
Target Readers
Optical Network Engineers
Product Version
R001/R002/R004
Prepared by
Optical Network 10GV2 Product

Maintenance
Document Version
V1.0
10GV2 Line Board Optical Interface

Application Guide
Prepared by:
Du Wei, Zhang Xuan, Ding Zhaowei
Date:
Reviewed by:
Shi Yi
Date:
Approved by:
Date:
Huawei Technologies Co, Ltd

All Rights Reserved
2004-10-26
Confidentiality evel:
nternal Use Only
10GV2 Line Board Optical Interface Application Guide
Revision Record
Date
2004-10-26
2005-03-22
Revision version
Initial
Author
Du Wei
Description
The text body is presented by Du Wei, Appendix 1 is
presented by Zhang Xuan of the R&D Dept. and Appendix 2 is
presented by Ding Zhaowei.
Huawei Confidential. No disclosure without permission.
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Contents
Chapter 1 Overview .......................................................................................................................... 5
1.1 Basics ................................................................................................................................... 5
1.2 Boards Involved in the Document......................................................................................... 5
Chapter 2 Characteristics of Optical Interfaces ............................................................................ 6
2.1 Types and Transmission Distance........................................................................................ 6
2.1.1 STM-64 Interface ....................................................................................................... 6
2.1.2 STM-16 Interface ..................................................................................................... 10
2.1.3 STM-4 Interface........................................................................................................ 11
2.1.4 STM-1....................................................................................................................... 11
2.1.5 Optical Booster Amplifier Board and Dispersion Compensation Unit ...................... 11
2.2 Application .......................................................................................................................... 12
2.2.1 STM-64..................................................................................................................... 12
2.2.2 STM-16 Interface ..................................................................................................... 15
2.2.3 Optical Booster & Amplifier Board and Dispersion Compensation Unit................... 17
Chapter 3 Typical Problems .......................................................................................................... 17
3.1 About Ultra Long-Distance Application of SF64 Board ...................................................... 17
3.2 About Interconnection Between A1SL16 and 2500+ S16 .................................................. 19
3.3 About MTRJ Interface of the A1SLO1 Board ..................................................................... 19
Chapter 4 Appendix 1 About Dispersion Compensation and PDM........................................ 20
4.1 Overview ............................................................................................................................. 20
4.2 Dispersion ........................................................................................................................... 21
4.2.1 What Is Dispersion? ................................................................................................. 21
4.2.2 Categorization of Dispersion .................................................................................... 21
4.2.3 Representation of Fiber Dispersion ......................................................................... 22
4.2.4 Dispersion Coefficient of Single-Mode Fiber............................................................ 22
4.2.5 Dispersion Influence on System Performance......................................................... 23
4.3 Dispersion Compensation................................................................................................... 24
4.3.1 DCF Compensation Principles ................................................................................. 24
4.3.2 DCG Dispersion Compensation Principles .............................................................. 26
4.3.3 Technical Comparison Between DCF and DCG...................................................... 26
4.3.4 Configuring Broadband Compensation of DCF in the DWDM System.................... 27
4.4 Polarization Mode Dispersion ............................................................................................. 28
4.4.1 Derivation of PMD .................................................................................................... 28
4.4.2 PMD Influence on the System.................................................................................. 28
4.4.3 Intrinsic Polarization Mode and Mode Coupling of Single-mode Fiber .................... 29
4.4.4 Method of Measuring Polarization Mode Dispersion ............................................... 29
4.4.5 Polarization Mode Dispersion Compensation Scheme............................................ 30
4.4.6 PMD Research Status.............................................................................................. 31
Chapter 5 Appendix 2 Operation Guide to Replacing Plastic Case of MTRJ Fiber Connector
.......................................................................................................................................................... 31
5.1 Cause of Topic:................................................................................................................... 31
5.2 MTRJ Fiber Connector and Exploded View ....................................................................... 32
5.3 Procedure of Replacing Main Body of MTRJ Fiber Connector .......................................... 33
5.4 Applying for Relevant Resources ....................................................................................... 34
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Keywords:
Line optical interface attenuation dispersion optical power
Abstract:
This document describes the standards for several types of optical interfaces:
10GV2 STM-64, STM-16, STM-4 and STM-1 as well as their applications.
Abbreviations:
N/A.
References
N/A.
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10GV2 Line Board Optical Interface Application

Guide
Chapter 1 Overview
This information contained in this document derives from several other
documents and surrounding materials, and serves as a reference for the
engineers related to the 10GV2 maintenance.
This guide sets out the precautions for the 10GV2 maintainers about applying
the optical interface boards.
1.1 Basics
In the ITU-T optical interface standards G.957 and G.691, the STM-16 interface
and the optical interfaces with lower rates are represented in the form of X-N.Y,
where:
X is a distance code, and its value may be I, S, L, V or U, which represent local,
short distance, long distance, very long distance and ultra long distance
respectively;
N is a rate code, and its value may be 1, 4, 16, 64 and 256, which represent
STM-1, STM-4, STM-16, STM-64 and STM-256 respectively;
Y is a wavelength & optical fiber code, and it can be null or 1, 2,3,5, where null
or 1 means using the 652 optical fiber to work at the 1310nm window, 2 means
using the 652 optical fiber to work at the 1550nm window, 3 means using the
653 optical fiber to work at the 1550nm window, and 5 means using the 655
optical fiber to work at the 1550nm window.
Some of the optical interfaces of STM-64 are represented in the form of X-N.Yz,
where the value of z may be a, b, c or r, whose meaning depends on each
specific situation.
The 10GV2 mainly uses the 10G optical interfaces:
Application category code
I-64.1
S-64.2b
S-64.2a
Le-64
L-64.2b
Ls-64
V-64.2b
Ue-64
Target transmission distance
km
40
40
60
80
80
120
160
Max. mean launched power

Min. mean launched power
dBm
dBm
-1
-6
+2
-1
+2
-1
+4
+1
+15
+13
+6
+3
+15
+13
+18
+16
Worst sensitivity
Min. overload point
dBm
dBm
-11
-1
-14
-1
-19
-9
-21
-9
-14
-1
-21
-9
-26
-9
-26
-9
1.2 Boards Involved in the Document

Typical 10GV2 optical boards are listed below:
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Board name (silk screen characters of front panel)
SL64
SF64
SL16/SL16A
SD16
SLQ4/ SLQ4A
SLO1
SLH1
ABPA
ABA2
ADCU
Description
STM-64 Optical Interface Card
STM-64 Optical Interface Board(out-of-band FEC)
1xSTM-16 Optical Interface Card
2xSTM-16 Optical Interface Card
Quad STM-4 Optical interface Card
Octuple STM-1 Optical Interface Card
16x STM-1 Optical Interface Card
Booster Amplifier and Pre-Amplifier Card
Double Booster Amplifier Card
Dispersion Compensating Card
Chapter 2 Characteristics of Optical Interfaces

2.1 Types and Transmission Distance
2.1.1 STM-64 Interface
STM-64
interface
standard
I-64.2r
I-64.2
S-64.2b
S-64.2a
L-64.2b
V-64.2b
Ue-64.2
LUe-64.2
Le-64.2
Ls-64.2
A1SL64
Board
name
A1SL6401
A1SL6402
A1SL6422
A1SL6403
A1SL6423
A1SL6404
A1SL6405
A1SL6425
A1SL6406
A1SL6426
A1SF6403
A1SF6402
-
Code
03033165
03033166
03033839
03033167
03033782
03033168
03032751
03033783
03033743
03033788
03034068
03034067
-
Attenuation
distance
18.2
18.2
25.4
36.4
80
127.3
149.1
>140
-
Dispersion
distance
2
18
A4SL64
Board
name
Code
A4SL6401
03037648
40
A4SL6406
03038918
80
A4SL6405
03038445
120
A4SL6404
160
>140
-
Attenuation
distance
25.4
Dispersion
distance
40
40
40
80
40
03038187
127.3
120
A4SL6403
A4SL6402
03038186
03037860
58
72
60
80
80
Note:
The calculated attenuation relay distance reserves a high margin. In the practical application, it is
necessary to use the site survey results to correct the calculation formula. If substituting
A4SL6401 for A1SL6401 or A1SL6402/A1SL6422 in the shipment, a 5dB attenuator should be
applied at the receiving side.
The Ue-64.2 and LUe-64.2 types are networked in the form of multi-level optical amplifier and
dispersion compensation, and support ultra-long distance networking. Dispersion and optical
power do not restrict the networking distance. It is recommended that the networking distance
should not be longer than 160km in the Ue-64.2 application, and the distance longer than that
should be designed according to the specific optical channel, or implemented by means of
wavelength division.
Annex: Calculation process
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For the G652 fiber, the dispersion coefficient is 20 ps/nm km; for the G655 fiber,
the dispersion coefficient is 4ps/nm km. For application to the G655 fiber, it is
basically not necessary to consider dispersion limit.
I-64.2r:
The transmitted power at the optical interface is -2dBm, and will be -3dBm at the
end of the lifespan if the deterioration is 1dBm; the receiving sensitivity is
-17dBm, and will be -14dBm at the end of the lifespan if the deterioration is
3dBm. The optical path penalty is 2dB, the connector loss is 1dB, and the cable
margin is 3dB.
1550 wavelength:
L=[-3- (-14) -2-1-3]/(0.22+0.055)=18.2km
Max. transmission distance (attenuation limit): 18.2km

Dispersion limit: The maximum dispersion is 40ps/nm, and the fiber dispersion
coefficient is 20ps/nm.km, hence
40/20=2km,
The actual relay distance is MIN(18.2, 2)=2km
I-64.2:
margin is 3dB.
1550 wavelength:
L=[-3- (-14) -2-1-3]/(0.22+0.055)=18.2km

360/20=18km,
The actual relay distance is MIN (18.2,18)=18km
S-64.2a:
end of the lifespan if the deterioration is 1dBm; the A1SL6404 receiving
sensitivity is -21dBm, and will be -18dBm at the end of the lifespan if the
deterioration is 3dBm. The optical path penalty is 2dB, the connector loss is 1dB,
and the cable margin is 3dB.
1550 wavelength:
L=[-2- (-18) -2-1-3]/(0.22+0.055)=36.4km
Max. transmission distance (attenuation limit):
36.4km
800/20=40km,
The actual relay distance is MIN (36.4,40)=36.4km
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For the A4SL6406, the receiving sensibility is -24dB, considering a margin of

3dB and an attenuation limit of more than 40km, the actual relay distance is
40km.
S-64.2b:
The transmitted power at the optical interface is 0dBm, and will be -1dBm at the
margin is 3dB.
1550 wavelength:
L=[-1- (-14) -2-1-3]/(0.22+0.055)=25.4km

800/20=40km,
The actual relay distance is MIN (25.4,40)=25.4km
L-64.2b:
After applying the Booster & Amplifier (BA) board, the transmitted power at the
optical interface is +14dBm, and will be still 14dBm at the end of the lifespan
because no margin is required; the receiving sensitivity is -17dBm, and will be
-14dBm at the end of the lifespan if the deterioration is 3dBm. The optical path
penalty is 2dB, the connector loss is 1dB, and the cable margin is 3dB.
1550 wavelength:
L=[14- (-14) -2-1-3]/(0.22+0.055)=80km
Max. transmission distance (attenuation limit): 80km

Dispersion limit: For A1SL64, the maximum dispersion is 1400ps/nm, and the
fiber dispersion coefficient is 20ps/nm.km, hence
1400/20=70km,
The actual relay distance is MIN (80,70)=70km
For A4SL64, the dispersion limit is 1600ps/nm, and the actual relay distance is
80km.
V-64.2b:
After applying the Booster & Amplifier (BA), Pre-amplifier (PA) and Dispersion
Compensation Unit (DCU), the transmitting power at the optical interface is
+14dBm, and will be still 14dBm at the end of the lifespan because no margin is
required; the receiving sensitivity is -27dBm, and will still be -27dBm at the end
of the lifespan because no margin is required for PA. The optical path penalty is
2dB, the connector loss is 1dB, and the cable margin is 3dB.
1550 wavelength:
L=[14- (-27) -2-1-3]/(0.22+0.055)=127.3km
127.3km
800/20=40km.
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The chirp grating in our system is used for dispersion compensation, and its
nominal dispersion compensation values are 60km and 80km. For reason of the
manufacture technology, the actual compensation will be deviated to some
extent, and the maximum deviation is specified to be 10%. By using a
dispersion compensation of 80km, the dispersion limit distance is extended to
120km. The dispersion compensation unit (DCU) is applied after the BA or
before the PA so that no path loss will be added.
The actual relay distance is MIN (127.3km,120)=120km.
Ue-64.2:
After applying the BA, PA and DCU, the transmitted power at the optical
interface is +14dBm, and will be still 14dBm at the end of the lifespan because
no margin is required. The receiving sensitivity is -27dBm. With the FEC error
correction function, the signal-to-noise ratio of the system may be worse by
4dBm (the optical path penalty and the receiver margin have been considered
and no deduction is required), and it is equivalent to the effect that a margin of
4dBm is reserved for the system. Therefore, the receiving sensitivity at the end
of the lifespan is still -27dBm, the connector loss is 1dB, and the cable margin is
3dB.
1550 wavelength:
L=[14- (-27) -1-3+4]/(0.22+0.055)=149.1km
149.1km
800/20=40km.
The chirp grating in our system is used for dispersion compensation, and its
nominal dispersion compensation values are 60km and 80km. For reason of the
manufacture technology, the actual compensation will be deviated to some
extent, and the maximum deviation is specified to be 10%. By applying double
60km dispersion compensation and using a +14dBm optical amplifier board, the
transmission distance is 140km; by using a +17dBm optical amplifier, the
transmission distance is extensible to 160km. The dispersion compensation
unit (DCU) is applied after the BA or before the PA so that no path loss will be
added.
Le-64.2:
In case of using the APD receiving components, the transmitted power at the
optical interface is 2dBm, and will be 1dBm at the end of the lifespan if the
deterioration is 1dBm; the receiving sensitivity is -24dBm, and will be -22dBm at
the end of the lifespan if the deterioration is 2dBm because the deterioration of
the APD tube is small in the lifespan. The optical path penalty is 2dB, the
connector loss is 1dB, and the cable margin is 3dB.
1550 wavelength:
L=[1- (-22) -2-1-3]/(0.22+0.055)=61.8km

Dispersion limit: The maximum dispersion is 1200ps/nm, and the fiber
dispersion coefficient is 20ps/nm.km, hence
800/20=60km,
The actual relay distance is MIN (61.8,60)=60km
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This type of specifications is supported only by A4SL64.

If calculated in strict accordance with the MPT, the attenuation of the receiving
sensitivity is 3dB, and the actual relay distance is 58.1km.
Ls-64.2:
In case of using the APD receiving component, the transmitted power at the
optical interface is 4dBm, and will be 3dBm at the end of the lifespan if the
deterioration is 1dBm; the receiving sensitivity is -25dBm, and will be
22~-24dBm at the end of the lifespan if the deterioration is 1~2dB because the
deterioration of the APD tube is small in the lifespan. The optical path penalty is
2dB, the connector loss is 1dB, and the cable margin is 3dB.
1550 wavelength:
L=[3- (-23|-24) -2-1-3]/(0.22+0.055)=72.7~76.4km
Max. transmission distance (attenuation limit): 72.7~76.4km

Dispersion limit: The maximum dispersion is 1600ps/nm, and the fiber
dispersion coefficient is 20ps/nm.km, hence 800/20=80km.
The actual relay distance is MIN (72.7~76.4, 80)=72.7~76.4km.
In light of the fiber quality, the reliable application distance is 72.7km.
It can be used for 80km transmission in case the fiber attenuation is less than
20dB.
If calculated in strict accordance with the MPT, a 3dB margin should be
reserved for the actual receiving sensitivity, and the actual relay distance is only
69km. The above indices are only expected values. Currently, the actual output
optical power of the purchased JUSU module is +3dBm, and the receiving
sensitivity is -24dBm. Hence the actual relay distance is 61.8km, which is only
an increase of 1dB compared with the 60km type.
For the 1550 wavelength, the optical loss coefficient is 0.22+0.055; for the 1310
wavelength, the optical loss coefficient is 0.37+0.055.
For the distance below L-16.1 of STM-1, STM-4 and STM-16, the path loss is
1dB.

Interface
standard
A1SL16
A2SL16A
Board name
Code
Attenuation
distance
Board name
Code
Attenuation
distance
23.5
A2SL16A01
03037861
23.5
96.4
70.9
A2SL16A02
03037868
70.9
140
S-16.1
A1SL1601A1SD1601
Le-16.2
V-16.2
A1SL1602
A1SL1603
A1SD1603
A1SL1604
03032760
03034098
03034437
03033115
03034099
03033567
U-16.2
A1SL1605
03033568
163.6
I-16
A1SL1606
03033904
L-16.2
Note: The specifications of the substitute A2SL16A of SL16 have not been
finished yet, and all the substitution of all specifications will be finished by the
beginning of 2005.
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A1SLQ4
Interface
standard
S-4.1
L-4.1
L-4.2
I-4
A1SLQ4A
Board name
Code
A1SLQ401
A1SLQ402
A1SLQ403
A1SLQ404
03032832
03033175
03033176
03036013
Attenuation
distance
17.6
44.7
69.1
0.5
Attenuation
distance
17.6
44.7
69.1
0.5
Board name
Code
A1SLQ4A01
A1SLQ4A02
A1SLQ4A03
A1SLQ4A04
03034293
03038608
03038523
03038525
A2SLO1/A3SLO1
Board name
Code
A2SLO101
03036204
Attenuation
distance
15
A3SLO101
03037941
15
A2SLO104
A3SLO102
A2SLO103
A3SLO103
03037672
03038269
03037715
03038485
0.5
0.5
40
40
2.1.4 STM-1
Interface
standard
A1SLO1
Board name
Code
S-1.1
A1SLO101
03032936
Attenuation
distance
25.8
I-1
A1SLO102
03036014
0.5
L-1.1
Note: The optical module used by A2SLO1 and A3SLO1 is the SFP type, and
has different interface compared with the MTRJ module of A1SLO1, and also
varies In terms of receiving sensitivity. For the same interface S-1.1, the reliable
relay distance of the SFP is only 15km, while that of the MTRJ module is up to
25km.
The specifications of SLH1 are identical with A3SLO1 in terms of optical
interface.
2.1.5 Optical Booster Amplifier Board and Dispersion Compensation Unit
03033131
03033132
03033133
03033134
03033145
03033744
03038670
03025042
03025043
03025044
DIP switch
4
3
2
X 0
1
X 0
1
X 0
0
X 0
-{}-0
X 1
0
X 1
1
X 1
1
-
03025045
03025046
Code
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
Description
OptiX 10G(V2.0),SSA1ABA201,Dual Booster Amplifier Board(14dBm,SC)
OptiX 10G(V2.0),SSA1ABA204,Dual Booster Amplifier Board(17dBm,SC)
OptiX 10G(V2.0),SSA1ABA202,Booster Amplifier Board(14dBm,SC)
OptiX 10G(V2.0),SSA1ABA203,Booster Amplifier Board(17dBm,SC)
OptiX 10G(V2.0),SSA1ABPA01,Booster Amplifier&Pre-amplifier Board(14/-27dBm,SC)
OptiX 10G(V2.0),SSA1ABPA02,Booster Amplifier&Pre-amplifier Board(17/-27dBm,SC)
OptiX 10G(V2.0),SSA1ABPA03,Pre-amplifier Board(-27dBm,SC)
OptiX 10G(V2.0),SSA1ADCU01,1-Channel Dispersion Compensation Unit (60km,SC)
OptiX 10G(V2.0),SSA1ADCU02,Single Channel Dispersion Compensation Unit (80km,SC)
OptiX 10G(V2.0),SSA1ADCU03,dual-path dispersion compensation Board60km/60km,SC)
OptiX 10G(V2.0),SSA1ADCU04,Dual Channel Dispersion Compensation Unit
(80km/80km,SC)
OptiX 10G(V2.0),SSA1ADCU05,dual-path dispersion compensation Board60km/80km,SC)
DIP switch is only applicable to ABA2 and ABPA and is used for the software to
identify the board type.
X in the above table means a random value, and indicates that this bit of
switch can be put at any position.
1 in the above table means this bit of switch must be put at the OFF position.
0 in the above table means this bit of switch must be put at the ON position.
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2.2 Application
Limitation of optical power is imposed primarily on STM-64, STM-16, ABA2,
ABPA and ADCU boards. The variance of optical interface output is primarily
embodied by the dispersion tolerance and output power, and the variance of
receiving port is primarily embodied by sensitivity and overload point.
2.2.1 STM-64
The following table sets out the specifications currently supported.
km
I-64.1
2
S-64.2b
40
S-64.2a
40
Le-64
60
L-64.2b
80
Ls-64
80
V-64.2b
120
Ue-64
160

dBm
dBm
-1
-6
+2
-1
+2
-1
+4
+1
+15
+13
+6
+3
+15
+13
+18
+16
Worst sensitivity
Min. overload point
Recommended input
dBm
dBm
dBm
-11
-1
-7~ -10
-14
-1
-7 ~ -11
-19
-21
-14
-9
-9
-1
-13 ~ -17 -13 ~ -17 -7 ~ -11
-21
-26
-26
-9
-9
-9
-13 ~ -19 -13 ~ -26 -13 ~ -26
S-64.2
S-64.2 means that the target transmission distance on the G.652 fiber is 40km,
and the working wavelength window is 1530 ~ 1565nm.
S-64.2a further indicates that the receiver of this type uses the APD tube.
Note: Overload requirement is imposed on the APD tube and the input
optical power should be less than -9dB.
S-64.2b further indicates that the receiver of this type uses the PIN tube.
L-64.2
L-64.2 means that the target transmission distance on the G.652 fiber is 80km,
and the working wavelength window is 1530 ~ 1565nm.
L-64.2a
L-64.2a further indicates that this specification uses the passive dispersion
compensator (PDC) for dispersion compensation. It corresponds to the ADCU
of the 10GV2 product.
Its optical link configuration is shown in the following diagram:
E/O
PA
DCU
O/E
After the electric-optic conversion at the transmitter side, the optical signal is
input directly to the optical cable. At the receiver side, the received signal is
pre-amplified and then undergoes dispersion compensation and photoelectric
conversion.
Passive Dispersion Compensators (PDCs) come in two types: One type is
broadband compensation, namely, insensitive to input wavelength; the other
type is narrowband compensation, namely, sensitive to input wavelength and
the dispersion compensation is specific only to a very narrow range of
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wavelengths. The former is far more costly than the latter, and the SDH system
is single-channel, so the latter is more frequently used.
In order to ensure a good signal-to-noise ratio, PA may have an additional
optical filter at the output side, so as to select the useful optical signals and filter
out the noise, namely: PA is also sensitive to input wavelength.
Usually, both the central wavelength of both the PA filter and the PDC is
1550.12nm, which requires the central wavelength of the transmitting signal to
be 1550.12nm too.
L-64.2b
L-64.2b further indicates that this specification uses Self Phase Modulation
(SPM) for dispersion compensation.
E/O
BA
O/E
After the electric-optic conversion at the transmitter side, the optical signal
undergoes power amplification before being input to the optical cable, and
undergoes photoelectric conversion directly at the receiver side.
The SPM effect is a type of non-linear effect, and will result in compression of
signal waveform (dispersion leads to spreading of the signal waveform). The
SPM effect will occur once the optical power transmitted in the G.652 fiber is
higher than a certain threshold. The higher the optical power is, more obvious
the SPM effect will be. The SPM effect only occurs in a segment of distance
immediately after the power is amplified. When the signal is transmitted for a
certain segment of distance and the optical power is attenuated to be lower than
the threshold of generating the SPM effect, the SPM effect will disappear. The
SPM effect is not only related to optical power, but also to the line width of the
CW of the transmitter. The narrower the line width is, the lower the SPM effect
threshold will be, and more obvious the SPM effect with the same power will be.
The CW optical source is usually used for the transmitter that adopts the
external modulation mode.
L-64.2c
L-64.2c further indicates that this specification uses pre-chirp for dispersion
compensation.
E/O
PA
O/E
After the electric-optic conversion at the transmitter side, the optical signal is
input directly to the optical cable. At the receiver side, the received signal is
pre-amplified and then undergoes photoelectric conversion.
Chirp is a characteristic of the single-longitudinal mode laser. When the
single-longitudinal mode laser works in the direct modulation mode, the change
of the injected current will lead to change of the current carrier density, and
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cause the refractive index of the passive zone to change. As a result, the optical
path length of the resonant cavity of the laser will change accordingly, the
oscillation wavelength will deviate with time, and frequency chirp will occur. In
case of direct modulation, the transmitter generates positive chirp. It will elevate
the rising edge frequency of the signal, and reduce the falling edge frequency of
the signal. With higher frequency, the signal will run faster in the fiber. This way,
positive chirp will make the signal waveform spread gradually in the process of
transmission.
On the contrary, negative chirp will reduce the rising edge frequency of the
signal, and elevate the falling edge frequency of the signal. Negative chirp will
cause the signal to shrink gradually in the process of transmission, and play a
role of dispersion compensation.
Pre-chirp means to produce negative chirp on the transmitter by certain means
to implement dispersion compensation. Usually, pre-chirp is generated in the
external modulation mode, e.g., using the EA laser (encapsulating the CW
optical source and the EA modulator together) or CW optical source + LiNbO3
modulator.
In order to ensure a good signal-to-noise ratio, PA may have an additional
optical filter at the output side, so as to select the useful optical signals, namely:
PA is also sensitive to input wavelength.
Usually, the central wavelength of the PA filter is 1550.12nm, which requires the
central wavelength of the transmitting signal to be 1550.12nm too.
Under the then-current technical conditions, since the sensitivity of the APD
receiver was only up to -18dBm (the value in the worst condition at the end of
the lifespan), a PA was require at the receiver side for pre-amplification. Now the
technology has developed and the APD receiver sensitivity is up to -24dBm (the
value in the worst condition at the end of the lifespan), hence many companies
have proposed that the ITU should revise the transmitting optical power to be
0~+4[+6]dBm, and revise the receiving sensitivity to be at least -24dBm, so that
the PA at the receiver can be removed, and no specified wavelength is required
at the transmitter side. It is predicted that the revision will be made in the near
future.
V-64.2
V-64.2 means that the target transmission distance on the G.652 fiber is 120km,
and the working wavelength window is 1550.12nm.
V-64.2a further indicates that this specification uses the passive dispersion
compensator (PDC) for dispersion compensation. (Note: Actually, V-64.2a
also has SPM effect, but less obviously than V-64.2b)
V-64.2a further indicates that this specification uses both PDC and SPM effect
for dispersion compensation.
The optical link configuration of both specifications is as shown below:
E/O
BA
PA
DCU
O/E
The so-called overload point of V-64.2b is specific to PA input. The receiving

overload point of the SL64 board of the V-64.2b interface is still -1dB, but varies
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from the circumstance of other types of SL64 in the fact that it uses
fixed-wavelength 1550.12nm laser.
Le-64.2/Ls-64.2
These two specifications are newly defined by Huawei, and are primarily
applicable to 60km and 80km transmission without optical amplifier.
The APD receiver is used at the receiver side and the overload is lower than
-9dB.
The output optical power of the transmitting laser is greater than that of other
types of SL64, and a sufficient attenuator should be used in the practical
application.
Ue-64.2/LUe-64.2
These two specifications are also defined by Huawei, and use SF64 (outband
FEC) board for implementing ultra long distance transmission.
The Ue-64.2 is applied more often and its typical configuration is as follows:
FEC
Code
PA
E/O
PDC
BA
PA
PDC
FEC
Decode
O/E
When the PA works at a rate of 10G, the sensitivity is only up to -26~-28dBm. If

the input power is even lower, the signal amplified by the PA will generate bit
errors due to too low signal-to-noise ratio. After the signal output by BA is
transmitted for 160km, the optical power input to the level-1 PA is close to the
sensitivity of PA and almost no power margin is left, and bit errors may occur. In
order to prevent bit errors for long-term operation, the FEC is required for
eliminating the sporadic bit errors that occur during the operation. One level of
PDC can provide a compensation of 1600ps/nm (80km) as a maximum, while
the dispersion tolerance of the transmitter is 800ps/nm (40km), so two levels of
PDC are required for compensation. Since one level of PDC compensation will
bring an attenuation of approx. 7dB, and two levels will bring an attenuation of
14dB, which is beyond the input range of the receiver, so two levels of PA are
required for amplification.
LUe-64.2 is different in that: The SF64 board uses a laser of 80km dispersion
tolerance (1600ps/nm), and can increase the Ue-64.2 transmission distance by
about 40km (optical amplifier is required for implementing this). This application
seldom occurs except on special occasions. It is recommended to implement
that through wavelength division if conditions are affordable.

Typical STM-16 interface types of 10GV2:
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S-16.1
L-16.2
Le-16.2
V-16.2
U-16.2
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km
40
40
40
60
80

dBm
dBm
0
-5
+3
-2
+7
+5
+15 or +18
+13 or +15
+15 or +18
+13 or +15
Worst sensitivity
Min. overload point
Recommended input
dBm
dBm
dBm
-18
-1
-5 ~ -15
-27
-9
-15 ~ -25
-30.5
-9
-15 ~ -25
-30.5
-9
-15 ~ -25
-37
-9
-15 ~ -35
S-16.2
The receiver has a PIN tube, and the wavelength is 1310nm. It can be
interconnected with the S-16.2 (1550nm) interface. Since the attenuation varies
with wavelength, it is necessary to measure the opposite optical power before
performing interconnection.
L-16.2
The receiver has a APD tube, and the wavelength is 1530 ~ 1565nm. It can be
interconnected with the L-16.1(1310nm) interface. Be cautious that the
attenuation varies with wavelength. Remember to measure the receiving
optical power at both ends. The opposite optical board may be overloaded
when interconnecting, which once occurred on the network.
Le-16.2
The receiver has an APD tube, and the wavelength is 1530 ~ 1565nm. It is used
for 100km transmission without optical amplifier. The transmitting optical power
of this board is +5dBm. Be sure to test the optical power to prevent
overload of the opposite receiver. In case of fiber self-loop test of this
board, the 15dB attenuator or more powerful attenuator should be used.
V-16.2
The receiver has an APD tube, and the wavelength is 1530 ~ 1565nm. It should
be used together with the optical amplifier. The optical amplifier may be 14dB or
17dB ABBA, as determined in light of the transmission distance and the budget
formula. The configuration is shown below:
E/O
BA
O/E
U-16.2
Ultra long distance application that uses BA+PA to implement the optical
power budget. The SL16 board differs from V-16.2 in that: the laser has a fixed
length 1550.12nm, and the dispersion tolerance is greater. The described
overload refers to the overload of PA. The board uses the 80km receiver, which
is also of the APD type. In terms of setting, therefore, the receiving optical
power should also be smaller than -9dBm to prevent overload. The
configuration is shown below:
E/O
BA
PA
O/E
Note: In this aspect, it is different from the specification of SL64. In the

case of SL64 long distance specification, e.g., V-64.2, Ue-64.2, the receiver
of the board uses the PIN tube, and the overload point is up to -1dBm,
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which is too high. In the case of SL16, however, the U-16.2 board with
similar configuration uses a PA though, its receiver still requires the
overload to be lower than 9, which is recommended to be lower than
-15dBm.
For the SL16 board of other specifications except S-16.1, the input optical
power is recommended to be lower than -15dBm. Another reason is that
the board has a threshold of detection optical power, which cannot be
greater than -15dBm, otherwise, the reported performance may be
inaccurate. This makes it inconvenient to perform network observation
and maintenance.
The performance parameter table differs between the SL16 long distance
and short distance boards. If the reported performance parameters are
deviated significantly, it may be caused by inconsistent parameter tables.
In this case, you can download the correct parameter tables again to
resolve the problem.
2.2.3 Optical Booster & Amplifier Board and Dispersion Compensation Unit
The input optical power of the BA should be 3 ~ -6dBm, which is not an actual
working range of the BA, but because the current software sets the alarm of too
low input optical power to -6dB. In fact, even below that range, the BA can still
work normally, but the alarm of too low optical power will occur.
Due to the non-linear effect of fiber, the input optical power is preferably not
higher than 7dBm. Otherwise, the optical path is vulnerable to bit errors.
PA also uses APD receiver. Generally, a margin of 3dBm should be reserved on
the basis of the allowed input range. In normal operation, the input optical power
should be less than -13dBm.
Note: Since PA must use the laser with a fixed wavelength of 1550.12nm
for input, the 1550.12nm fixed-length laser must be used when PA is used
for the specifications related to SL64, SF64 and SL16.
Amplifier type
Wavelength
range
Booster & amplifier (BA)
Pre-amplifier (PA)
1530 ~ 1565nm
1550.12nm 0.1nm
Input range
-6~+3dBm
Output range
Gain
Noise index
+14dBm, +17dBm
-----<6dB
Polarization
dependency
<0.5dB
-38 ~ -10dBm, applicable only to optical signals at a rate of 2.5G or lower

-27 ~ -10dBm, applicable only to optical signals at a rate of 10G or lower
-16 ~ +12dBm
>22dB
<5.5dB
<0.5dB
Remarks: Built-in narrowband optical filter of SPA; normal working optical
wavelength range: 1550.12nm 0.1nm.
Chapter 3 Typical Problems

3.1 About Ultra Long-Distance Application of SF64 Board
Due to lack of considering relevant aspects of the ultra long-distance
transmission, the subsequent maintenance work was very difficult. Since the
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DCU used by some of the multi-optical relay cascading application rings (chains)
fluctuated obviously in the compensation bandwidth. After making multi-level
cascading, this problem appeared more serious, as shown in the following
diagram: In the case of 3-level DCU cascading, the compensation bandwidth
is below 1550.12ns, but the compensation amount in the bandwidth is rippled,
so the compensation amount after multi-level cascading is more uneven. In the
deployment debugging, since the output wavelength of the SF64 board may fall
between 1550.02 and 1550.22 (bandwidth: 1550.12nm), it is necessary to
manually adjust the output optical wavelength of the SF64 board (it is
practicable to slightly adjust it within the bandwidth 1550.12) to the valid
bandwidth, so as to get the designed compensation amount.
Figure 3-1 (Given above is a schematic diagram. The actual curve is serrate.)
This way, for the substituted SF64 board in the subsequent maintenance work,
if the output wavelength is not in the valid bandwidth range, the compensation
amount will violate the design requirement, and the optical path will fail to work
normally. As a result, it is necessary to adjust the wavelength of the substituted
SF64 board to meet the bandwidth requirement so that the optical path can
work normally. This makes the maintenance work troublesome and difficult.
In the above diagram, to make it easily understandable, the fluctuation is
exaggerated. The actual fluctuation is far smaller. In practice, application
occasions where there are few levels of cascading, it is not very sensitive to
wavelength.
Meanwhile, with this critical configuration, the optical path is vulnerable to
deterioration caused by improper cleanness of optical interface or curvature of
the spooled fiber (including spool inside the ADCU). When replacing tail fiber in
the maintenance work, it is necessary to keep the optical interface clean.
Generally, the wavelength of the newly shipped and debugged module deviates
by less than 0.01nm. After a long time of service, the module may incur drift due
to aged component. In view of the characteristics of SF64, some maintenance
approaches may be taken to improve the situation:
1. The SF64 has error correction functions, and enables to query the number
of
corrected bytes in real time. It is very necessary to periodically
monitor this parameter, which helps detect the deterioration of the optical path in
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advance and get an early maintenance. The drift of the laser wavelength
parameter is an evolutional process, and can be judged by querying and
measuring the trend of the number of corrected error bytes.
2. Generally, by substituting the SF6402 board for the SF6403 board, the
optical path performance can be improved, because the SF6402 board uses the
80km fixed-wavelength laser and its optical signal is better than SF6403 (40km
laser). In case the SF6403 fails and the standby SF6403 cannot change over
quickly, the SF6402 can be substituted to resolve the problem.
3. It is the last choice to adjust the wavelength of the SF64 board laser online.
In addition, no screw holes are available from the radiators of some modules,
and you cannot use a screwdriver to adjust it. When adjusting the wavelength,
note that: Record the adjustment direction at the beginning, and adjust for less
than 1/2 circle each time. After each adjustment, power on to test it and observe
the number of Forward Error Correction (FEC) bytes. If the number of FEC
bytes is not lessened, adjust in the inverse direction. If no improvement is seen
after you adjust in both directions, recover the initial position.
3.2 About Interconnection Between A1SL16 and 2500+ S16

In case of long-distance board interconnection, since 10GV2 has no
specification of L-16.1 but the 2500+ has it, the SL1602 (L-16.2) of 10GV2 is
typically interconnected with the S1602 (L-16.1) of the 2500+ on the network.
This kind of interconnection is allowed in principle, but the following aspects
should be considered: S1602 adopts the laser of the 1310nm wavelength,
while SL1602 adopts the 1550nm wavelength. These two lasers incur different
attenuation in the G652. The attenuation coefficient of 1310nm is generally 0.37,
while that of 1550 is 0.22. This way, for the same transmission distance, if the
configurations are different and the optical power at the SL1602 side is normal,
the opposite-end S1602 may be overloaded. As a result, the OOF and bit error
are reported transiently at 2500+ side but no alarm is raised at the 10GV2 side,
which leads to a mistaken judgment that the 10GV2 SL1602 board is faulty.
3.3 About MTRJ Interface of the A1SLO1 Board

Since the MTRJ interface incurs problems in respect of quality and supplier risk,
the development and shipment of the board with the MTRJ interface for 10GV2
have stopped now. However, many such boards on the network need
maintenance, so we give the recommended solutions about board maintenance
and other relevant problems on the network as follows:
About the problem that the MTRJ interface fiber of SLO1 cannot be unplugged
when replacing the board MTRJ.
Cause: The female/male MTRJ interfaces do not match between different
manufacturers, or some plugs are substandard and the clips are not flexible
enough.
For solutions, see also the reference: Appendix 2 Operation Guide to
Replacing Plastic Case of MTRJ Fiber Connector
Note:
After finishing the replacement, measure the transmitting and receiving optical powers and
ensure the replacement quality.
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The circumstance of using A2SLO1 or A3SLO1 as standby A1SLO1

Cause of problem: The A3SLO1 and A2SLO1 use the LC interface fiber, while
A1SLO1 uses the MTRJ interface. Generally, the customer fiber has been laid,
and the MTRJ interface interconnection may be faulty.
Solution: When substituting the LC interface board for the MTRJ interface board
in emergent situations, it is recommended to use a new LC interface board
+LC-MTRJ to connect the +MTRJ adapter to resolve the problem.
Figure 3-2 LC-MTRJ jumper fiber (99052919)
Figure 3-3 Adapter (99052918)
Chapter 4 Appendix 1 About Dispersion

Compensation and PDM
4.1 Overview
In the optic communication system, high-rate long-distance transmission is
limited by the following two factors: One is fiber attenuation, and the other is
fiber dispersion. For the 1550nm window, the Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier
(EDFA) can be used to overcome the fiber attenuation that limits the
transmission distance. Fiber dispersion comes in two circumstances: One is
chromatic dispersion, and the other is Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD) of
fiber. Generally, the term dispersion refers to chromatic dispersion.
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In order to mitigate the chromatic dispersion of fiber, the following three

measures can be taken: (1) Use the DFB laser that has narrow spectrum, and
make it produce negative pre-chirp; (2) Make the system work near the
wavelength with zero optical chromatic dispersion; and (3) Use the dispersion
compensation method (dispersion compensation fiber or components) to
compensate for the chromatic dispersion of the fiber.
Due to the random dual refraction, the fiber may generate polarization mode
dispersion (PMD). In a system at a rate below 10Gb/s, the PMD imposes less
influence than chromatic dispersion. When the rate of the optical
communication system reaches 10Gb/s, 40Gb/s or higher, the PMD of the fiber
will be worse and become an important constraint condition of high-rate
long-distance transmission of signals.
Now we deal with dispersion, dispersion compensation and PMD in detail.
4.2 Dispersion
4.2.1 What Is Dispersion?
Different frequencies or modes in the optical pulse have different propagation
speeds in the fiber, and arrive at the fiber terminal at different times, so that
spreading of optical pulse occurs, which is called dispersion. Generally,
dispersion is expressed by delay difference. Delay difference refers to the
difference of times required for transmitting the signals of different frequencies
along the same distance. Fiber dispersion is measured by dispersion coefficient.
Dispersion coefficient is the delay difference of two optical signals with a
wavelength distance of 1nm (frequency interval of 124.3GHz) being transmitted
along a distance of 1km. The unit of dispersion coefficient is ps/nm.km.
Figure 4-1 Pulse spread caused by dispersion
4.2.2 Categorization of Dispersion

From perspective of fiber dispersion mechanism, dispersion is categorized to
material dispersion, waveguide dispersion and mode dispersion. Material
dispersion and wavelength are collectively called chromatic dispersion.
Material dispersion is caused by the fact that the refractive index changes with
the source frequency. Different optical source frequencies correspond to
different group speeds, which result in pulse spreading. Material dispersion is
caused by the fact that the refractive index changes with the source frequency.
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Different optical source frequencies correspond to different group speeds, which

result in pulse spreading. Material dispersion and waveguide dispersion exist in
both single-mode fiber and multi-mode fiber. Mode dispersion is caused by the
fact that different conductive modes have different group speeds at a certain
identical optical source frequency, and thus result in pulse spreading. Mode
dispersion exists in the multi-mode fiber.
In short, material dispersion and waveguide dispersion are caused by the fact
that the signals are transmitted over the fiber at different frequencies, and mode
dispersion is caused by the fact that signals are transmitted over the fiber in
different modes. Single-mode fiber only incurs chromatic dispersion, while
multi-mode fiber incurs both chromatic dispersion and mode dispersion.
4.2.3 Representation of Fiber Dispersion

In the fiber, the signals transmitted along the same distance at different rates will
incur different delays, and have a delay difference. Higher delay difference
means more serious dispersion. Therefore, delay difference is typically used for
representing the dispersion extent.
Suppose that an optical carrier at the frequency F carries a modulation signal
transmitted over the fiber. Since the modulation bandwidth is very narrow and is
less than F. The speed of the optical energy being transmitted over the fiber is
represented by the group speed Vg:
V g = d /d
where
is the phase constant of the signal, and
is the angular frequency. If
to represent the delay of the signal being transmitted along a unit of

using
distance, hence:
= 1/V g = d /d
does not represent the dispersion value, but represent the pulse delay
Delay
difference caused by dispersion. If the signal components have the same delay,
no dispersion exists. Delay difference is caused by the fact that the signal
components have different transmission speeds, or the fact that the signals in
different modes have different transmission speeds.
4.2.4 Dispersion Coefficient of Single-Mode Fiber

Only basic-mode transmission exists in single-mode fiber. Total dispersion is
composed of material dispersion and wavelength dispersion. Such dispersions
are related to wavelength, so the total dispersion of single-mode fiber is also
called wavelength dispersion.
The wavelength dispersion coefficient is generated by different frequency
components in a unit of wavelength interval that pass through a unit of fiber
length. It is represented by D, and its unit is ps/nm.km.
D( ) = d /d
Alternatively, the group speed dispersion parameter 2 can be used for
representing the size of group speed dispersion. Its unit is ps2/km. The
relationship between them is:
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2
2 = D
2 c
In light of the D symbol, dispersions of different group speeds are divided into
two zones: Normal dispersion zone ( 2 >0, D<0 ) and abnormal dispersion
zone ( 2 <0, D>0).
Figure 4-2 Dispersion coefficient curve of different fibers

Dispersion in the fiber is related to wavelength. The dispersion coefficient of the
typical G.652 fiber at 1550nm is 17ps/nm.km; the dispersion coefficient of the
G.653 fiber at 1550nm is 0, hence also this fiber is also called zero-dispersion
shifted fiber. The dispersion co-efficient of the G.655 fiber at 1550nm is either
positive or either. For example, the dispersion coefficient of the Leaf fiber is
positive, typically 4.2ps/nm.km, hence the G.655 fiber is also called non
zero-dispersion shifted fiber.
Positive dispersion slope exists in ordinary fibers, so that the optical channels
for transmission of different wavelengths have different dispersion amounts.
However, the DWDM system covers a wide range of wavelengths, and the
transmission of the DWDM system must resolve the problem of different
dispersion amounts for different channels.
4.2.5 Dispersion Influence on System Performance

The dispersion influence on the system performance is first embodied by the
pulse spread, which leads to crosstalk between two adjacent pulses, and further
results in decision error. The influence on pulse imposed by dispersion can be
seen from the eye pattern: The initial pulse from the transmitter side is relatively
regular, and the eye spread is wide. After transmission along a certain length of
fiber with dispersion, the eye pattern will present the dispersion, the eye spread
will be smaller, the pulse shape is deteriorated, and the bit error rate (BER) will
increase as seen on the BER tester.
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Figure 4-3 Eye pattern of initial pulse (left) vs. eye pattern of pulse with dispersion (right)
The dispersion influence on the system performance is also embodied by the
interaction with the non-linear effect in the fiber. On the one hand, the dispersion
increases the distortion of the pulse shape caused by non-linear effects such as
Self Phase Modulation (SPM), and widens the spread; on the other hand, the
dispersion in the wavelength division multiplexing system can suppress the
non-linear effects such as the Cross Phase Modulation (XPM) and Four-Wave
Mixing (FWM). In respect of interaction between the dispersion and the
non-linear effect, it is necessary to take the whole into consideration in the
system design to present better transmission performance.
4.3 Dispersion Compensation

Currently, a typical method of mitigating chromatic dispersion of fiber is to use
the Dispersion Compensation Module (DCM) to compensate for the
accumulated dispersion in the fiber. Dispersion compensation is performed in
two methods: Dispersion Compensation Fiber (DCF) method and Chirped Fiber
Grating (CFG) method. Currently, DCF is the mainstream method and
technology for effecting dispersion compensation in the high-rate DWDM
system. Another method is pre-chirp compensation method, which works in this
way: by adding a sine pre-modulator for the optical source at the transmitter
side to improve the pulse characteristics, the optical pulse can mitigate the
spreading in the transmission process. <Now we introduce the dispersion
compensation principles and technical characteristics of DCF and DCG.
4.3.1 DCF Compensation Principles

Dispersion Compensation Fiber (DCF) differs from ordinary fibers in that it has
negative dispersion coefficient at 1550nm. In the DCF compensation method,
the fiber with negative dispersion is connected into the G652 fiber system to
offset the positive dispersion of the G652 fiber. Another type of DCF has positive
dispersion, and is used for compensating for the G.655 fiber with negative
dispersion coefficient. From perspective of dispersion slope, DCF is categorized
into positive dispersion slope DCF and negative dispersion slope DCF. The
negative dispersion slope DCF is developed in the recent years. It is used for
offsetting the positive dispersion slope in the ordinary transmission fibers, so as
to implement broadband dispersion compensation.
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Figure 4-4 Dispersion coefficient curves of ordinary single-mode fiber and DCF
Now we introduce the principles of DCF compensation:
The total dispersion amount in the optical link is expressed in the following
formula:
D total = D SMF L SMF + D DCF L SMF

D SMF D DCF are dispersion coefficients of the G.652 fiber and the
DCF respectively, and L SMF L DCF are lengths of the two types of fibers
where,
respectively. To perform full dispersion compensation for the optical link, the
value of D total must be zero. Therefore, the length of the DCF to be added for
dispersion compensation is:
L DCF = D SMF L SMF /D DCF (Here the absolute value of D DCF applies)
In addition, since the G.652 fiber has positive dispersion slope D SMF , the DCF
should be able to offset the dispersion slope of the G.652 fiber near the 1.55
wavelength window, namely, the DCF dispersion slope D DCF (absolute value)
multiplied by its length is equal to the G.652 fiber dispersion slope multiplied by
its length, so as to be applicable to the DWDM system and implement the
broadband transmission. This requires the ratio of the dispersion slopes of the
two fibers near the wavelength 1.55um to meet the following equation:
L DCF
L SMF
D SMF
D DCF
D SMF
D DCF
(Here the absolute values of
DDCF and D DCF apply)
For the ordinary G.652 single-mode fiber, a certain dispersion slope exists, so
that the dispersion amount varies between different wavelengths. Therefore, it
is necessary to compensate for the dispersion slope of the fiber for the
broadband transmission system.
For the DCF with a negative dispersion slope, its dispersion slope can offset the
dispersion slope of the ordinary single-mode fiber to some extent, it is suitable
for broadband dispersion compensation of the DWDM system.
For the DCF with a great negative dispersion slope, its dispersion slope cannot
offset the dispersion slope of the ordinary fiber, so it is applicable to the
single-mode high-rate transmission systems but unsuitable for the DWDM
system.
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4.3.2 DCG Dispersion Compensation Principles

Dispersion Compensation Grating (DCG) is a kind of (Chirped Fiber Grating).
By radiating and etching the ultraviolet light onto the fiber, the refractive index of
fiber changes periodically to form DCG. The structure of DCG is shown in Figure
3. The light of different frequencies in the incidence pulse is reflected at different
positions in the gating. Its coupling occurs between two inverse propagation
modes. Suppose an incidence light pulse whose dispersion is widened after
transmission over a long distance of ordinary fiber. The spectrum component of
a small frequency (long wavelength) has smaller group speed, and the
component of a greater frequency (short wavelength) has a greater group
speed. With the increase of the propagation distance, the components with
small frequencies are separated from the faster propagated large-frequency
components, which leads to widening and chirPINg of pulse.
Figure 4-5 CFG spectrum refraction

Dispersion compensation can work basically in this way: For an optical pulse,
the component of a short wavelength is located in the front of the pulse, and the
component of a long wavelength is located at the end of the pulse. For the Chirp
Bragg grating, the component with a long wavelength at the front end of the
fiber grating is coupled to the inverse transmission mode, and the component
with a short wavelength at the back end of the fiber grating is coupled to the
inverse transmission mode. At the input end of the grating, the relative delay of
the two components is:
= 2L g /V g
This delay can be adjusted to be equal to the delay generated by the fiber
transmission, but to be in inverse direction, so as to fulfill dispersion
compensation.
4.3.3 Technical Comparison Between DCF and DCG

Compared with the CFG and other dispersion compensation solutions, the DCF
has the following strengths:
1) DCF is a passive component, and can be put at any place on the fiber path
conveniently. When it comes to system upgrade or expansion, only a DCF and
an EDFA need to be added.
2) DCF can implement compensation in the bandwidth range. In addition, both
positive dispersion coefficient DCF and negative dispersion coefficient DCF are
currently available, and can be used for compensating for either positive or
negative dispersion of the fiber. Moreover, the DCF specific to G.652/G.655
fiber is available for compensating for the dispersion slope, which is suitable for
DWDM.
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3) The dispersion compensation amount is controllable, technically mature,

thermally stable, and highly environment-adaptable, without the need of
precisely aligning with the optical source wavelength (which is needed in the
case of CFG dispersion compensator). It resolves the problem of temperature
control effectively.
The weaknesses of DCF are high cost, and relatively great non-linear coefficient
and Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD). Such weaknesses can be avoided
only if considered in the system design.
CFG has the following strengths:
1) Small insertion loss, great compensation amount, large size, and easy to
be made
into a board.
2) Free
of
non-linear
effect,
not
polarization-sensitive,
and
dispersion-adjustable.
3) Cost-effective, easy to be popularized in China
CFG has the following weaknesses:
1) Narrow bandwidth, generally only suitable for compensating for single
channel. The broadband DCG that can compensate for more than 10nm has
now been developed but not productized yet.
2) Sensitive to temperature and stress, only practicable in the form of a
temperature compensation board.
3) Group delay fluctuates in the bandwidth.
Characterized by cost-effectiveness, CFG can be used for further compensation
for individual channels in the broadband dispersion compensation to get a
balance of dispersion compensation amount between the channels.
CFG
DCF
Insertion
loss
Width
Small (<1dB)
Large (5 ~
10dB)
Small (<1nm)
Large (10 ~
10nm)
High
Polarization
mode
dispersion
Very small
Low
Small
Compensation
capability
Cost
Non-linear
effect
Low
Relatively
high
Very weak
Relatively
strong
Wavelength
alignment
requirement
Stringent
No requirement
Table 4-1 Table 1 Comparison of performance between DCF and DCG dispersion compensation modes
4.3.4 Configuring Broadband Compensation of DCF in the DWDM System

From perspective of compensation position, the broadband dispersion
compensation of the DWDM system can be categorized into: forward
compensation, backward compensation and online compensation. Forward
compensation means applying a DCM at the transmitter side for compensation;
backward compensation means applying a DCM at the receiver side for
compensation; online compensation means applying a DCM on the line for
compensation. The DCM in the online compensation is usually put together with
the amplifier module. In the C + L band broadband dispersion compensation,
since the dispersion coefficient and dispersion slope of the fiber are different
between two wave bands, each wave band needs a separate DCF module for
compensation.
DCF has a larger non-linear coefficient. In order to prevent the non-linear effect
in the fiber, the incoming power cannot be oversized. The typical structure of
forward compensation is a DCM plus a power amplifier configured behind the
DCM; the structure back compensation module is a DCM plus a pre-amplifier
configured behind the DCM; and the structure of online compensator is a DCM
configured between the pre-amplifier and the power amplifier. The broadband
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dispersion compensation of the DWDM system should resolve the problem of

dispersion slope in the broadband range, and the DCF just serves that purpose.
4.4 Polarization Mode Dispersion

4.4.1 Derivation of PMD
In the ideal single-mode fiber with circular symmetrical fiber cores, the two
y
quadrature polarization modes HE 11 and HE 11 are completely combined.

The propagation constants of them are equal, hence no polarization mode
dispersion exists. In the actual fiber, however, the manufacturing process of the
fiber makes the fiber section oval to some extent, or, the refractive index of the
fiber is anisotropic due to the anisotropic stress on the fiber section caused
uneven thermal expansion coefficient of the material. This leads to different
group delays and further results in polarization mode dispersion.
The difference between the propagation constants of the two quadrature
y
= x y , is called dual
polarization modes of HE 11 and HE 11 , namely,
refraction. The dual refraction of the above fiber structure itself is called intrinsic
dual refraction. In addition, the fiber also generates additional double refraction
under the external mechanic force such as bend, twist and lateral pressure.
When the circular symmetry of the fiber section is damaged, mutual coupling
will occur between the quadrature polarization modes of the two different
propagation constants. The difference between the propagation constants of the
two polarization modes is very small, so the mode coupling is very strong. The
intrinsic double refraction of the fiber and the external force on it are random on
the actual optical line, hence the coupling between the polarization modes is
also random. As a result, the polarization mode dispersion generated is a
random quantity, and is not so easy to be offset as chromatic dispersion.
x
4.4.2 PMD Influence on the System

Although the pulse spread is caused in different ways, the PMD and the
chromatic dispersion imposes the same influence on the system performance.
Too high dispersion will lead to increase of the BER of the digital system, or
signal distortion and signal-to-noise ratio decrease of the analog system. The
PMD performance in the fiber and the system can be best evaluated with
statistic indices. Unlike the traditional single-fiber PMD indices, the statistic
method is recommendable because the dispersion limitation is caused many
connected fibers rather than a single fiber. Mean quadrature value (i.e., PMD
link value) is a result of applying the statistic method to the PMD distribution,
thus reflecting the performance of the system. In case of many connected fiber
segments, the PMD of the whole fiber path is the mean square root (quadrature
mean) of the PMD coefficients of all the individual connected fibers. It is the
PMD quadrature mean value of the all the fiber segments in the system. In a
mathematic formula, the total PMD link value is expressed as:
X M = [(X 21 + X 22 + X 2M )/M] 1/2 , (M: number of equal-length connection fibers;

Xi : PMD of a single fiber; XM: PMD of the connection fiber}.The PMD link value
reflects the PMD value of the system more accurately and effectively and helps
make full use of the fiber potentials.
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When delay difference of two mutually vertical polarization modes

is 1/3 of a
bit period of the system bit rate, 1dB of signal power will be lost. Due to the
random statistic feature of the polarization mode dispersion of single-mode
fibers, the transient value of the polarization mode dispersion of single-mode
fibers is up to 3 times of the mean value. Therefore, to ensure that the power
loss is less than 1dB, the mean value of the polarization mode dispersion must
be less than 1/10 of the bit period of the system bit rate. In light of the
manufacturing technology of the single-mode fibers, the ITU-T specifies the
mean value of polarization mode dispersion co-efficient of single-mode fibers
PMD 0.5ps/ km .
Table 2 sets out the application examples of the longest calculated distance of
the digital system according to the above data.
PMD(ps/
3
1
0.5
0.1
km )
2.5Gbit/s
10Gbit/s
40Gbit/s
180km
1600km
6400km
160000km
11km
100km
400km
10000km
<1km
6km
25km
625km
Table 4-2 Transmission distance, PMD and data rate
4.4.3 Intrinsic Polarization Mode and Mode Coupling of Single-mode Fiber

When the circular symmetry of the single-mode fiber is damaged, double
refraction will occur. In a section of the single-mode fiber with even double
refraction, there are two quadrature intrinsic double refraction axes. When the
electric field components of the two quadrature modes of HE 11 in the fiber are
polarized respectively along the two specified axes, the maximum and minimum
propagation constants will be obtained. The two axes are generally called
intrinsic double refraction axes (related to characteristics of fiber). The
y
HE 11
HE x11
modes that the quadrature polarization runs along the intrinsic

and
double refraction axes are intrinsic polarization modes.
When the intrinsic polarization modes run along the fiber in the transmission,
the modes will be coupled mutually. The signal energy is shifted from one
polarization mode to the other polarization mode in quadrature with it, and verse
versa. In even fibers, this kind of coupling is periodical. Theoretic research
shows that the lengthwise periodic change of the polarization state in the oval
fiber is a result of power conversion caused by coupling between the two
polarization modes.
4.4.4 Method of Measuring Polarization Mode Dispersion

The PMD test of fiber is categorized into frequency domain test method and
time domain test method. The two kinds of PMDs are respectively defined as
the mean differential delay exported under the frequency domain principles and
the mean square deviation of the transmission time exported under the time
domain principles. Accordingly, the frequency domain test method is based on
the evolution of the polarization state of the frequency (wavelength) function,
and its PMD corresponds to the differential group delay ( ) between the
principal polarization state. Time domain test method is based on the
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interferometer. The interferometer can be used for measuring the mean

polarization mode dispersion directly.
In the frequency domain test method, by adjusting the wavelength, the
polarization state on the Poincare sphere changes and the PMD can be
measured by calculating such change. In the frequency domain test method,
through numerous distributed PMD measurements, the probability distribution
of the result satisfies a Maxwellian function. The frequency domain test method
requires the optical source to be harmonized, and the step length is very small.
The spectrum width of the optical source decides the resolution of measuring.
The spectrum width must be small enough to ensure that the coherence time of
the optical source is long enough and greater than the PMD delay under the test,
so as to avoid cancellation of polarization.
Time domain test method (e.g., interferometer) is based on statistic treatment of
the polarization mode coupling process of the fiber. It uses the Michelson}
interferometer or the Mach-Zehnder interferometer for measuring the
interference peak. Contrary to the frequency domain test method, the time
domain interferometer requires the coherence time to be very short ( 0.1ps),
and the line width of the optical source must be large enough. Broader line width
makes better resolution. Therefore, the cost-effective LED source can be used.
Frequency domain test methods include Jones matrix analysis, wavelength
scan extremum calculation method and principal polarization state method.
Time domain test methods include interferometer, wavelength scan Fourier
change method, and polarization light time domain reflection method.
4.4.5 Polarization Mode Dispersion Compensation Scheme

The first-order PMD effect is a main factor that leads to transmission damage of
the system, and the higher-order PMD effect further deteriorates the
transmission quality. Currently, the research of most compensation solutions is
primarily specific to the first-order PMD effect. The waveform distortion caused
by the first-order PMD can be quantized by the two parameters: group delay
difference (
), and power factor between the two principal polarization modes
( ).
Two types methods can mitigate the negative effect of the first-order PMD: one
is adaptive electric equalizer, and optical PMD compensator. The essence of
both methods is to use the optical/electric delay line to compensate for the delay
difference between the two polarization modes caused by the PMD. The basic
procedure is: Separate the two polarization mode signals electrically or optically,
compensate for the delay respectively via the delay line, and make the delay
difference between the two polarization modes be zero under the control of the
feedback loop. Finally, the two polarization mode signals after being
compensated are output together. The electric equalizer can mitigate other
distortions in the receiving signals, but cannot eliminate the first-order PMD
effect. The PMD compensator can completely eliminate the first order
PMD-caused distortion in the optical signal in a narrow/broadband. In addition,
the optical PMD compensator works independent of the optical receiver, and
can be applied to different signal rates and different signal formats.
Since the PMD on the line is a randomly changing quantity, when implementing
the automatic PMD compensation, the PMD should be able to: Monitor the
change of the polarization state of receiving optical signal in case of no
presence of large PMD testers; and implement automatic control of the PMD
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compensator. The solution is practicable only when the foregoing two

requirements are met. At present, the PMD compensation is pending research
internationally, and no effective PMD compensation solutions have been put
into commercial application.
4.4.6 PMD Research Status

Currently, the PMD research covers: Influence on the analog/digital
transmission performance (including BER, power cost, pulse spread) imposed
by the first-order PMD and second-order PMD; research on the PMD
compensation technology; and research on the super high-speed optical
transmission technology of 20 Gb/s and 40 Gb/s in case of PMD.
In China, the wavelength division multiplexing system based on the
transmission rate of 10 Gb/s has been developed successfully, and relevant
SDH equipment has been put into commercial operation. With the rapid
development of economy, the telecom technologies and markets of China are
rocketing. In order to meet the needs of Chinese telecom industry, it is very
pragmatic and significant to research the optical communication technologies
based on the 40 Gb/s or higher transmission rates. However, as a main
limitation of high-speed optical transmission, the PMD must be researched and
overcome. Now more than 800,000km of optical communication lines are in
service in China, and most of fibers are G.652-based single-mode fibers.
Especially, the G.652 single-mode fibers laid at the early stage have no PMD
indices. Test shows that some manufacturers fibers present a large PMD and
are not suitable for transmitting signals of 10 Gb/s or higher rates, which will
baffle the system expansion in the future. Even for the newly built backbones
and systems, they mostly adopt the G.655 non-zero dispersion shifted
single-mode fiber, and their PMD coefficient is typically 0.1 ~ 0.3 ps/km1/2
approximately. In the long run, the PMD limitation still persists for the
long-distance transmission of 40 Gb/s signals. Therefore, research on the PMD
is essential in China and relevant authorities must take action now.
Chapter 5 Appendix 2 Operation Guide to

Replacing Plastic Case of MTRJ Fiber Connector
5.1 Cause of Topic:
1. The fiber connector of the MTRJ fiber is hard to plug and unplug compared
with other types. Especially, the flexible structure range of the clasp position of
this fiber connector is small, and the actual operation conditions of the
equipment may cause the fiber locked in the optical module and make it
impossible to plug or unplug the fibers. When such problems occur, the current
practice is that the user cuts the fiber and sends it to the headquarters of
Huawei for repair, which affects the customer satisfaction and wastes resources
seriously.
2. Through discussion with the manufacturer, a better practice is to remove
the damaged fiber connector case (main body) and replace the MTRJ fiber on
the site, which improves the on-site maintenance efficiency, cuts back cost, and
2005-03-22
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improves the customer satisfaction. Now we provide the guide to such

operations.
Note:
This operation is performed only in case the on-site plug/unplug maintenance operation on the
MTRJ fiber under the instruction of User Guide to New Fiber Extractor 63120166 does not
work.
5.2 MTRJ Fiber Connector and Exploded View
2005-03-22
1.
The MTRJ fiber connector structure is shown below:
2.
The plastic main structure of the MTRJ fiber connector is shown below:
3.
The exploded view of the MTRJ fiber connector is as follows:
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5.3 Procedure of Replacing Main Body of MTRJ Fiber

Connector
1. As shown in the following diagram, use a pair of diagonal pliers to cut off
the clasp
bulge (or use a knife to cut away of the clasp alongside the root
of the clasp bulge). A small pair of pliers is generally more convenient than a
knife for cutting the clasp bulge.
2.
Use a fiber extractor to extract the fiber whose clasp is cut off
Due to the special structure, the process of extracting is difficult. Be patient.

First engage the pliers with the fiber, then clamp the fiber together with the clasp,
move toward the non-clasp side in the optical module, and pull the fiber
outward.
3. Use a special tool to engage the clasp of the connector with the clasp of the
fiber, and clamp the fiber out.
Before the fiber comes out, check whether the dent on the fiber faces toward
the connector clasp side or toward the opposite trough of the clasp against the
foregoing MTRJ fiber connector and the exploded view.
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3. Put a new main body of connector into the fiber connector and the
replacement process is finished.
Be sure to clamp the clasp of the fiber connector tightly with the main
body of the connector, and check that the dent on the fiber connector is in the
same direction on the main body compared with the non-removed fiber.
5.4 Applying for Relevant Resources

1.
Special tool for extracting fiber
In the near term, the special tools for extract fiber are distributed to the
storehouse keeper of each regional office, and delivered to the maintenance
leaders. 2 pieces are distributed to each regional office at present, and should
be kept properly.
2.
Main body of MTRJ plastic case
BOM information: 99053131 R&D disposable material R&D disposable

material Plastic part MTRJ case
The regional offices can apply for the material from the planner of the spare
parts center. In principle, each regional office can apply for a maximum of 30
pieces at a time.
2005-03-22
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10GV2 Line Board Optical Interface Application Guide

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