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At low frequencies
power is considered to be delivered to the load through the wire.
circuit elements are discrete Lumped elements - voltage and current
waves affect the entire circuit at the same time.
Physical dimension of electric networks <<< operating
Both Electric and Magnetic fields are present in the transmission line -These
fields are perpendicular to each other and to the direction of wave propagation
for TEM mode waves
Electric field is established by a potential difference between two conductors Implies equivalent circuit model must contain capacitor.
Magnetic field induced by current flowing on the line - Implies equivalent
circuit model must contain inductor.
5
Ri z , t L
z
t
If z 0,
vz, t
iz, t
Ri z, t L
1
z
t
Gv z z , t C
z
t
If z 0,
iz, t
vz, t
Gv z, t C
2
z
t
i z , t ReI z e
vz , t Re V z e jt
jt
vz, t
iz, t
Ri z, t L
z
t
vz, t
jt dV z
e
RI z e jt jLI z e jt
z
dz
dV z
R jLI z Similarly,
dz
dI z
G jC V z
dz
R jLI z
dz
d dV z
dI z
R jL
dz dz
dz
d V z
R jL G jC V z
2
dz
2
d 2V z
2
V z 1
2
dz
dI z
G jC V z
dz
d dI z
dV z
G jC
dz dz
dz
d 2 I z
R jLG jC I z
2
dz
d 2 I z
2
I z 2
2
dz
Propagatio n Constant
R jLG jC
R jLG jC
Phase Constant(r ad/m)
V ( z ) V ( z ) V ( z ) V0 e V0 e z
I ( z) I ( z) I ( z) I0 e I0 e
V ( z ) V ( z ) V0 e z
I ( z ) I ( z ) I 0 e z
V ( z ) V0
V0
Z0
I ( z) I0
I0
R jL
Z0
G jC
R jL
G jC
j R jL G jC j j
Z0
R jL
G jC
j
13