From the Desk of Sanjeev Shukla

BSc(H)math ,MSc(Math) University of Delhi

Definition

( X , d ) be a metric space and

Let

diameter of

be any subset of

. we define the

to be

{d ( x , y ) : for x , y A }

and we denote it by diam( A ) .

Note-1 by the definition it is clear that

d ( x , y ) diam ( A ) x , y A

Note-2- diam ( )=
Note-3-

diam ( singleton set )=0

Theorem 1
Suppose that

is a Metric space

AB

are subset of

for which

A B

diam ( A ) diam ( B )

then

A B

Proof- since
Therefore
And hence

therefore

{ d ( x , y ) : for x , y A } {d ( a , b ) : for a ,b B }

d ( x , y ) :for x , y A } { d ( a ,b ) : for a , b B }
diam ( A ) diam ( B )

Theorem -2
Suppose that

is a subset of real numbers then

diam ( S ) =(S ) inf (S )

ProofCase-1 let

S=

,then

diam ( S )=

and

Also

diam ( S ) ={d ( x, y ) : for x , y S } ( )=

Now

( S )inf ( S ) ===diam ( S )

diam ( S )=+

Case-2
Let

Sub-case -1

S
Let

is bounded above but not below

( S )=u

and

inf ( S )=

then

( S )inf ( S ) =

..(1)
Well show that

diam ( S )=+

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From the Desk of Sanjeev Shukla

BSc(H)math ,MSc(Math) University of Delhi
Let

r >0

Let

aS

of

be any

, since

is not bounded below therefore

ar

cant be lower bound

bS

Therefore there exists

such that

b< ar

or

ab>r

d ( a , b ) |ab| ab> r

Therefore

{d (a , b) : for a ,b S } >r
And hence

for each positive real number

{ d ( a , b ) :for a ,b S }

{ d ( a , b ) :for a ,b S }=+

or

is not bounded and hence

diam ( S )=+

.(2)

From (1) and (2) we are done

Sub-case -2

is bounded below but not above

supS=+

Let

( S )inf ( S ) =+

Then

Well show that

Let

r >0

as

or

infS=v

and

let

-------------------------(3)

diam ( S )=+

aS

is not bounded above therefore there exist

b S such that b >a+r

d ( a ,b ) |ab| ba>r

ba>r

Therefore

{ d ( a , b ) :for a ,b S } >r

and hence

{ d ( a , b ) :for a ,b S }

{ d ( a , b ) :for a ,b S }=+

or

for each positive real number

is not bounded and hence

diam ( S )=+

(4)

(S )

diam ( S ) = inf (S )
Sub-case -3

is neither bounded above nor bounded below

Then

( S )=

and

inf ( S )=

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From the Desk of Sanjeev Shukla

BSc(H)math ,MSc(Math) University of Delhi
( S )inf ( S ) =+

Or

-----------------(5)

As in the subcase-1 or subcase-2

diam ( S )=+

-----------------------(6)

diam ( S ) =(S ) inf (S )

From (5) and (6)

Sub-case -4

is bounded above as well as bounded below

( S )=uinf ( S )=v

Let

( S )inf ( S ) =uv

then

Well show that

diam ( S )=uv

x, y S

v x , yu

Let

then

uv

Therefore

Let

r + v<u

Therefore

{ d ( x , y ) : for x , y S }

cant be upper bound of

xr

x> r +u

or

And hence

uv

v < xr

or

cant be lower bound of

yS

such that

S
y < xr

d ( x , y )=|x y| x y >r

Which is a contradiction as
Therefore

{ d ( x , y ) : for x , y S }

r <uv

Therefore there exists

x y >r

x, y S

is an upper bound of

x S such that

Or

for all

be any upper bound of

Let if possible
Then

|x y| uv

and hence

d ( x , y ) uv

Or we can say

------------------------(7)

is upper bound of

is least upper bound of

{ d ( a , b ) : for a ,b S }

{ d ( a , b ) :for a ,b S }

{ d ( a , b ) :for a ,b S }=uv ------------------------------(9)

From 7 and 9 we get

(S )

diam ( S ) = inf ( S )

Definition (Distance b/w point and set )

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From the Desk of Sanjeev Shukla

BSc(H)math ,MSc(Math) University of Delhi
( X , d ) be a metric space and

Let

point in

be any subset of

then we define the distance of

inf { d ( x , y ) : y A }

and we denote it by

from

. let

be any

to be

dist ( x , A ) .

Note- Distance of any point from a non empty set is always non negative.
Note dist ( x , )=
Example-1 distance of every point of real numbers from rational numbers is zero.

Theorem -3 suppose that

is a subset of real numbers and

be any real

number. Then

Proof
(i)

S=

Case -1

( S )=

Now

|z(S)|=+

And

dist ( z , S ) =inf { d ( z , s ) : s S }=inf ( ) =+

Therefore

dist ( z , S ) =|z( S)|

Case -2 S
Sub-case-(1)

is bounded above let

z<u then

is not an upper bound of

If

and hence there exists

xS

such that

( S )=u
S

z< x u

dist ( z , S ) =inf { d ( z , s ) : s S } d ( z , x )=xz uz=|z(S)|

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From the Desk of Sanjeev Shukla

BSc(H)math ,MSc(Math) University of Delhi
dist ( z , S ) | z(S )|

If

zu

Let

r >0

(be any)

ur< u therefore

Since

y S

ur< y u

such that

dist ( z , S ) =inf { d ( z , s ) : s S } d ( z , y )

Now

d(z , y)
|z y|

z y

( as

z y )

z(ur )
r >0

Therefore

dist ( z , S ) < zu+ r

Therefore

dist ( z , S ) z u=|z u|= z(S)

Or

zu

was arbitrary

dist ( z , S ) z( S)

Since

since

therefore

.(1)

xuz

for all

xS

zu z x

zu inf { d ( z , s ) : s S }

|zu| dist ( z , S) OR dist ( z , S ) z( S)

for all

From 1 and 2 we have

xS

(2)

dist ( z , S ) = z (S)

Sub-case-2
And

is not bounded above then

( S )=

|z( S)|=

Clearly

dist ( z , S)z( S)

(2)

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From the Desk of Sanjeev Shukla

BSc(H)math ,MSc(Math) University of Delhi
S=

Case-1

infS=

then

and

|zinfS|=+

( )=+=|z infS|
(
dist z , S ) =inf { d ( z , s ) : s S }=inf

Also

Case-2

Sub-case (1)

inf ( S )=
Clearly

is not bounded below

therefore

|zinfS|=+

dist ( z , S ) | zinfS|

...
Sub-case (2)

S
If

inf ( S )=v

is bounded below ,let

z> v

Now

xS

then there exist

such that

z> x v

dist ( z , S ) =inf { d ( z , s ) : s S }

d(z ,x)
zx

z v
|zv|

|zinf ( S)|
Therefore

dist ( z , S ) | zinf ( S )|

If

zv

,let

r >0

be any then

And hence there exists

Now

yS

v +r > v=inf ( S)

such that

v +r > y v

dist ( z , S ) =inf {d ( z , s ) : s S
d(z , y)

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From the Desk of Sanjeev Shukla

BSc(H)math ,MSc(Math) University of Delhi
yz
v +rz

( vz)+ r
Since

r >0

Therefore
Now let

is arbitrary therefore

dist ( z , S ) ( vz )=| zv|=|zinf ( S)|

dist ( z , S ) | zinf ( S )| (1)

zv

then

Or

xz vz

Or

d ( z , x ) v z

for all

zv x

for all

xS

xS

for all

xS

and hence

inf { d ( z , x ) : x S } vz

Therefore

dist ( z , S ) | zv|=|zinf ( S)|

Therefore

dist ( z , S ) | zinf ( S )| .(2)

From 1 and 2
(3) take
(4) take

dist ( z , S ) =|zinf ( S)|

z=supS
z=infS

in 1st part
in 2nd part

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