Ship Theory

(Teori Bangunan Kapal 606209A)

5th meeting: Numerical Integration
Even Semester 2015/2016
Adi Wirawan Husodo

4/4/2016

Why numerical integration?

Ship is complex and its shape
cannot usually be presented
by mathematical equation.
Numerical scheme,
therefore, should be used to
calculate the ships
geometrical properties.

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Odd Semester

Which numerical method ?

Trapezoidal rule
Simpsons 1st rule
Simpsons 2nd rule

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Trapezoidal rule
uses 2 data points;
Assume linear curve

y=ax+b
y4
y2

y1

y3

A1

A2

A3

A1=s/2 (y1+y2)
A2=s/2 (y2+y3)
A3=s/2 (y3+y4)

Total Area = A1+A2+A3

= s/2 (y1+2y2+2y3+y4)
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Odd Semester

Simpsons 1st Rule

- uses 3 data points
- assume 2nd order polynomial curve y(x)=ax+bx+c
Mathematical Integration
y

Numerical Integration
y

y(x)=ax+bx+c

dx

dA

y1

A
x1

x2

y3

A
x
x3

Area :
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y2

x1

A dA

x3

x1

Odd Semester

x2

x
x3

s
y dx ( y1 4 y2 y3 )
3
5

Simpsons 1st Rule

y

y2

y1

y3

y4

y5

y6 y7

y8

y9

s
x1

x2

x3

x
x4

s
s
A
( y1 4 y 2 y 3 )
( y3 4 y4 y5 )
3
3
s
s

( y5 4 y6 y7 )
( y7 4 y8 y9 )
3
3
s

( y1 4 y 2 2 y 3 4 y 4 2 y 5 4 y 6 2 y 7 4 y 8 y 9 )
3

x5 x6 x7 x8 x9
Odd number

s
(y1 4y2 2y3 ... 2yn 2 4yn 1 yn )
3

Gen. Eqn.
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Odd Semester

Simpsons 2nd Rule

- uses 4 data points
- assume 3rd order polynomial curve
y(x)=ax+bx+cx+d

y4

y2

y1

y3

A
s
x1
Area :
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s
x2

x
x3

x4

3s
A ( y1 3 y2 3 y3 y4 )
8
Odd Semester

Application of Numerical Integration

Water plane Area

Sectional Area
Submerged Volume
LCF
VCB
LCB

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Odd Semester

Application of Numerical Integration

1

s
0.5
A ( y1 4 y2 y3 )
(1 4 1 1) 1 ft 2
3
3
s
0.25
A ( y1 4 y2 2 y3 4 y4 y5 )
(1 4 1 2 1 4 1 1) 1 ft 2
3
3

s
0.5
A ( y1 4 y2 y3 )
(1 4 0.5 0) 0.5t 2
3
3
s
0.25
A ( y1 4 y2 2 y3 4 y4 y5 )
(1 4 0.75 2 0.5 4 0.25 0)
3
3
0.5 ft 2
s
2
( y1 4 y 2 y 3 ) 2 ( 0 4 2 0) 10 .67 ( unit 2 )
3
3
s
1
A ( y1 4 y 2 2 y 3 4 y 4 y5 ) 2 ( 0 4 3 2 2 4 3 0)
3
3
2
11 .90 ( unit )
A

4
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4/4/2016

Exact value= 4 = 12.56

Odd Semester

Numerical Calculation - Steps

1.
2.
3.
4.

Start with a picture of what you are about to integrate.

Show the differential element you are using.
Properly label your axis and drawing.
Write out the generalized calculus equation written in the same symbols you used to
label your picture .
5. Write out Simpsons equation in generalized form.
6. Substitute each number into the generalized Simpsons equation.
7. Calculate final answer.
Not optional ! Always follow the above steps!

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10

Water plane Area

y

y(x)
x
FP

AWP 2

dx

Lpp

dA 2 0

y( x ) dx

area

AWP water plane area( ft 2 )

dA differential area( ft 2 )
y( x ) y offset(half - breadth) at x( ft )
dx differential width( ft )

Factor for Symmetric W.A.

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AP

Odd Semester

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11

Water plane Area

Generalized Simpsons Equation
y
x

x
FP 0

AWP

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AP

1
2 x y 0 4 y1 2 y2 ..
x distance between stations
3

Odd Semester

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12

Water plane Area

L pp 326.4ft

Offset for 16ft waterline

Station

Half-breadth

0.39ft

12.92ft

20.97ft

21.71ft

12.58ft

- Picture & Differential element

y

- Calculus equation

y(x)

AWP 2

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dx

dA 2 0

y( x ) dx

area

x
FP

Lpp

AP

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Water plane Area

- Simpsons equation

AWP

1
2 x y 0 4 y1 2 y2 4 y3 y4
3

- Station spacing calculation

L pp 326.4 ft
x

81.6 ft
n 1
5 1

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- Substitution of numbers & Answer

2
(81.6 ft )[0.39 4(12.92) 2(20.97) 4(21.71) 12.58] ft
3
10,523 ft 2

AWP

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Sectional Area
Sectional Area : Numerical integration of half-breadth as a function of draft

Asec t 2

y( z ) dz

Asec t sectional area up to z ( ft 2 )

dA differential area( ft 2 )

dz

y( z ) y offset(half - breadth) at z( ft )

y
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dA 2 0

area

WL

y(z)

dz differential width( ft )

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Sectional Area

Generalized Simpsons equation

8
6
4
2
0

WL
z

z distance between waterlines

Asect 2

dA 2

y( z ) dz

area

1
2 z y0 4 y1 2 y2 .. 4 yn1 yn
3

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Sectional Area
Offsets for Station 5
Waterline

0 ft

4 ft

8 ft

12 ft

16 ft

Half-breadth

0.58 ft

14.48 ft

19.91 ft

21.88ft

22.59ft

z
DWL

- Picture & Differential element

y(z)
T

dz
y

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Sectional Area
Asec t 2

dA 2 0

y( z ) dz

area

- Simpsons equation

1
Asec t 2 z y 0 4 y1 2 y2 4 y3 y4
3
- Substitution of numbers & Answer
Asec t

2
4 ft 0.58 4(14.18) 2(19.91) 4( 21.88) 22.59) ft
3

556 ft 2

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Submerged Volume
Longitudinal Integration
Submerged Volume : Integration of sectional
area over the length of ship
x
Scheme:

As (x )

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Submerged Volume
Sectional Area Curve

Calculus equation

Vsubmerged s

As

Lpp

dV

volume

Asec t ( x )

Asec t ( x )dx
0

Generalized equation
20

dx
FP

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x
AP

1
x y 0 4 y1 2 y2 .. 4 yn 1 yn
3

x distance between stations

20

Submerged Volume
L pp 140 ft

Sectional area to 16ft waterline

Station

Sectional Area

12.6

242.7

332.0

280.5

92.0

Picture & Differential element

As
Asec t ( x )

dx
FP
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Odd Semester

x
AP

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Submerged Volume
- Calculus equation

Vsubmerged s

- Station spacing

dV

Asec t ( x )dx
0

1
x A 0 4 A1 2 A2 4 A3 A4
3
L pp

140 ft
35 ft
n 1 5 1

- Substitution of numbers & Answer

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volume

- Simpsons equation

Lpp

1
s (35ft) 12.6 4(242.7) 2(332.0) 4(280.5) 92
3
33,383 ft 3

Odd Semester

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Longitudinal Center of Floatation (LCF)

Centroid of water plane area

Distance from reference point to center of floatation
Referenced to amidships or FP
Sign convention of LCF

+
-

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WL

FP

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LCF

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LCF

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LCF

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Vertical center of buoyancy (VCB)

Keel to Buoyancy (KB)
Vertical distance from keel to the position of center of buoyancy (B);

Center of Buoyancy itself is the centroid of ships submerged volume;

Mathematically equal to the TOTAL MOMENT ABOUT the KEEL divided by
VOLUME OF DISPLACEMENT

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VCB

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VCB

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Thank You

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