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GUIDE FOR
Copyright 2004
American Bureau of Shipping
ABS Plaza
16855 Northchase Drive
Houston, TX 77060 USA
Updates
May 2012 consolidation includes:
June 2004 version plus Corrigenda/Editorials
Foreword
Foreword
The main purpose of this Guide is to provide vessel Owners with design criteria for inerting ballast tanks
on double hull tankers. The ballast tanks are to be inerted for the following reasons:
To minimize corrosion
ABS welcomes comments and suggestions for improvement of this Guide. Comments or suggestions can
be sent electronically to rdd@eagle.org.
ABS GUIDE FOR INERT GAS SYSTEM FOR BALLAST TANKS . 2004
iii
Table of Contents
GUIDE FOR
SECTION 2
iv
1.1
General ............................................................................................ 3
1.3
1.5
1.7
Basic Requirements......................................................................... 3
1.9
1.11
1.13
1.15
1.17
Blowers ............................................................................................ 5
1.19
1.21
1.23
1.25
1.27
1.29
1.31
Pressure/Vacuum-breaking Devices................................................ 8
1.33
1.35
1.37
1.39
1.41
1.43
3.3
Venting Capacity............................................................................ 12
3.5
3.7
3.9
3.11
3.13
3.15
5.3
5.5
5.7
SECTION 3
11
Operating Manuals............................................................................ 15
General.......................................................................................... 18
5.3
5.5
3.1
Dimensions.................................................................................... 20
3.3
3.5
Stringers ........................................................................................ 21
3.7
Girders........................................................................................... 21
3.9
3.11
Results .............................................................................................. 22
5.1
Inerting .......................................................................................... 22
5.3
Gas-freeing.................................................................................... 25
Conclusions ...................................................................................... 29
TABLE 1
FIGURE 1
APPENDIX 2 Pump Certification (4-6-1/7.3 of the ABS Rules for Building and
Classing Steel Vessels) ....................................................................... 30
vi
ABS GUIDE FOR INERT GAS SYSTEM FOR BALLAST TANKS . 2004
SECTION
General Conditions
Application
The requirements in this Guide apply to vessels equipped with inert gas systems designed to continuously
inert the ballast tanks. Application of the requirements of this Guide is optional. When a vessel is designed,
built and surveyed in accordance with this Guide, and when found satisfactory, a classification notation, as
specified in Subsection 1/9, will be granted.
Objective
The objective of this Guide is to provide requirements which will:
i)
Prevent the risk of explosion in ballast tanks caused by the ignition of hydrocarbon gas leaking in
from adjacent cargo tanks
ii)
This is achieved by means of replacing the atmospheric content of the tanks with a gas such as nitrogen, or
a mixture of gases such as flue gas, containing reduced levels of oxygen.
Definitions
The following definitions are applied to the terms used in this Guide:
Inert Gas: Inert gas is a gas such as nitrogen or a mixture of gases such as flue gas, containing a reduced level
of oxygen, which will decrease corrosion rate and is insufficient to support the combustion of hydrocarbons.
Inert Condition: An inert condition exists when the oxygen content throughout the atmosphere of a tank
has been reduced to 5% or less by volume by addition of inert gas.
Inert Gas Generating Plant: An inert gas generating plant pertains to all equipment specially fitted to
supply, cool, clean, pressurize, monitor and control delivery of inert gas to cargo and ballast tank systems.
Inert Gas Distribution System: The inert gas distribution system pertains to all piping, valves and associated
fittings to distribute inert gas from the inert gas generating plant to cargo and ballast tanks, to vent gases
to atmosphere and to protect against excessive pressure or vacuum.
Inert Gas System: The inert gas system is the inert gas generating plant and inert gas distribution system
together with means for preventing backflow of gases to the machinery spaces, fixed and portable measuring
instruments and control devices.
Inerting: Inerting refers to the process of the introduction of inert gas into a tank with the object of attaining
the inert condition.
Gas-freeing: Gas-freeing is the introduction of fresh air into a tank with the object of removing toxic,
flammable and inert gases and increasing the oxygen content to 21% by volume.
Off Specification Inert Gas: Inert gas which quality exceeds the limits specified in 2/1.9 of this Guide.
Purging: Purging is the introduction of inert gas into a tank already in the inert condition with the object of:
(1) further reducing the existing oxygen content; and/or (2) reducing the existing hydrocarbon gas content
to a level below which combustion cannot be supported if air is subsequently introduced into the tank.
Topping Up: Topping up is the introduction of inert gas into a tank which is already in the inert condition
with the object of raising the tank pressure to prevent any ingress of air.
ABS GUIDE FOR INERT GAS SYSTEM FOR BALLAST TANKS . 2004
Section
Class Notation
i)
Booklet showing standard construction details for piping systems, as applicable. See 4-6-1/9.5 of
the ABS Rules for Building and Classing Steel Vessels (Steel Vessel Rules).
ii)
iii)
Ballast tank venting and gas freeing systems, including details of the pressure/vacuum valves.
iv)
Calculations showing that the ballast tanks will not be subjected to a pressure or vacuum in excess
of the P/V valve setting.
v)
Inert gas system servicing the ballast tanks, including inert gas generating plant, all control and
monitoring devices and inert gas distribution piping.
vi)
vii)
Results of analysis for Inerting, Purging and Gas-Freeing effectiveness. See 2/1.29.
Class Notation
Where requested by the Owner, an inert gas installation, supplying inert gas to ballast tanks, which is found
to comply with the requirements specified in this Guide and which has been constructed and installed under
survey by the Surveyor, will be assigned and distinguished in the Record with the class notation IGS Ballast.
ABS GUIDE FOR INERT GAS SYSTEM FOR BALLAST TANKS . 2004
SECTION
System Design
1.1
General
The inert gas system is to be so designed and operated as to render and maintain the atmosphere of the ballast
tanks as specified in 2/1.9 at all times, except when such tanks are required to be gas free.
1.3
1.5
Common Inert Gas Systems for Ballast Tanks and Cargo Tanks
For vessels equipped with an inert gas system that services both ballast tanks and cargo tanks, the following
are also required, as applicable, in addition to the requirements of 2/1.7 through 2/1.43:
1.5.1
1.5.2
ii)
1.5.3
1.7
The inert gas system is to be capable of delivering inert gas at a rate of at least 125% of
the maximum rate of discharge of the cargo tanks or the ballast tanks, whichever is greater.
The gas regulating valves are to be interlocked so that cargo tanks and ballast tanks cannot
be supplied with inert gas simultaneously.
Basic Requirements
The system is to be capable of:
i)
Inerting ballast tanks by reducing the oxygen content in any part of any ballast tank to 5% by
volume of the atmosphere in each tank
ii)
Maintaining the atmosphere in any part of any ballast tank at the 5% by volume oxygen content
level and at a positive pressure at all times in port and at sea, except when it is necessary for such
a tank to be gas free
ABS GUIDE FOR INERT GAS SYSTEM FOR BALLAST TANKS . 2004
Section
1.9
1.11
System Design
iii)
Eliminating the need for air to enter a tank during normal operations, except when it is necessary
for such a tank to be gas free
iv)
Purging empty ballast tanks of hydrocarbon gas, should a cargo leak occur, so that subsequent gas
freeing operations will at no time create a flammable atmosphere within the ballast tanks
Oxygen Content
The system is to be capable of delivering inert gas with an oxygen content of not more than 5% by
volume in the inert gas supply main to the ballast tanks at any required rate of flow.
1.9.2
Sulfur Content
The system is to be capable of delivering inert gas with an SO2 content of not more than 2 ppm in
the inert gas supply main to the ballast tanks at any required rate of flow. This may require the
installation of two or more scrubbers in series or a multistage scrubber.
1.13
1.15
Scrubbers, blowers, non-return devices, scrubber effluent and other drain piping which may be
subjected to corrosive action of the gas and liquid are to be either constructed of corrosion-resistant
material or lined with rubber, glass epoxy resin or equivalent coating. See the ABS Guidance
Manual for Material Selection and Inspection of Inert Gas Systems 1980.
ABS GUIDE FOR INERT GAS SYSTEM FOR BALLAST TANKS . 2004
Section
System Design
1.15.2 Filters
Filters or equivalent devices are to be fitted to minimize the amount of water carried over to the
inert gas blowers.
1.15.3 Scrubber Location
The scrubber is to be located aft of all cargo tanks, cargo pump rooms and cofferdams separating
these spaces from machinery spaces of category A.
1.15.4 Pump Certification
The cooling water pumps serving the flue gas scrubber are to be certified in accordance with the
requirements of Appendix 2.
1.17
Blowers
1.17.1 Number of Blowers
At least two blowers are to be fitted which together are to be capable of delivering to the ballast
tanks at least the volume of gas required by 2/1.5. Where two blowers are fitted, the total required
gas capacity is preferably to be divided equally between the two blowers. In no case is one blower
to be less than 1/3 of the total required gas capacity.
In the system with a gas generator only, one blower may be permitted if that system is capable of
delivering the total volume of gas required by 2/1.5 to the protected ballast tanks, provided that
sufficient spares for the blower and its prime mover are carried onboard to enable any failure of
the blower and its prime mover to be rectified by the vessels crew.
1.17.2 Blower Piping
The inert gas system is to be so designed that the maximum pressure which it can exert on any
ballast tank will not exceed the test pressure of any ballast tank. Suitable shut-off arrangements are
to be provided on the suction and discharge connections of each blower. Arrangements are to be
provided to enable the functioning of the inert gas plant to be stabilized before commencing ballast
discharge. Oil-fired inert gas generators are to be provided with arrangements to vent off-specification
inert gas to the atmosphere (e.g., during startup or in the event of equipment failure). If the blowers
are to be used for gas freeing, their air inlets are to be provided with blanking arrangements.
1.17.3 Blower Location
The blowers are to be located aft of all cargo tanks, cargo pump rooms and cofferdams separating
these spaces from machinery spaces of category A.
1.19
1.21
ABS GUIDE FOR INERT GAS SYSTEM FOR BALLAST TANKS . 2004
Section
System Design
1.23
Non-return Devices
1.23.1 General
At least two non-return devices, one of which is to be a water seal, are to be fitted in the inert gas
supply main in order to prevent the return of hydrocarbon vapor to the machinery space uptakes or
to any gas safe space under all normal conditions of trim, list and motion of the vessel. They are to
be located between the gas regulating valve required by 2/1.21 and the aftermost connection to
any ballast tank.
1.23.2 Location of Non-return Devices
The non-return devices referred to in 2/1.23.1 are to be located in the cargo area on deck.
1.23.3 Water Supply to Water Seal
The water seal is to be capable of being supplied by two separate pumps, each of which is to be
capable of maintaining an adequate supply at all times.
1.23.4 Function of Water Seal
The arrangement of the seal and its associated fittings is to be such that it will prevent backflow of
inert gas or hydrocarbon vapors and will ensure the proper functioning of the seal under operating
conditions.
1.23.5 Anti-freeze Arrangement for Water Seal
Provisions are to be made to ensure that the water seal is protected against freezing in such a way
that the integrity of the seal is not impaired by overheating.
1.23.6 Water Loop Protection for Gas Safe Spaces
A water loop or other approved arrangement is also to be fitted to each associated water supply and
drain pipe and each venting or pressure-sensing pipe leading to gas safe spaces. Means are to be
provided to prevent such loops from being emptied by vacuum.
1.23.7 Hydrostatic Head of Water Seal and Water Loop
The deck water seal and all loop arrangements are to be capable of preventing return of inert gas
or hydrocarbon vapors at a pressure equal to the test pressure of the ballast tanks.
1.23.8 Non-return Valve
The second device is to be a non-return valve or equivalent capable of preventing the return of
vapors or liquids and fitted forward of the deck water seal. It is to be provided with a positive
means of closure. As an alternative to a positive means of closure, an additional valve having such
means of closure may be provided forward of the non-return valve to isolate the deck water seal
from the inert gas main to the ballast tanks.
1.23.9 Venting Arrangement
As an additional safeguard against the possible leakage of water or gas back from the deck main,
means are to be provided to permit the section of the line between the valve having positive means
of closure referred to 2/1.23.8 and the gas regulating valve referred to in 2/1.21 to be vented in a
safe manner when the first of these valves is closed.
ABS GUIDE FOR INERT GAS SYSTEM FOR BALLAST TANKS . 2004
Section
1.25
System Design
1.25.2(b) Spectacle Flanges. Branch piping to ballast tanks is to be arranged with spectacle flanges
installed at each ballast tank. The operating manual, see Subsection 2/11, is to contain instructions
that the branch lines are to be blanked off when the corresponding ballast tanks are in a gas free
condition.
1.25.3 Overpressure and Vacuum Protection of Isolated Tanks
Means are to be provided to protect ballast tanks against the effect of overpressure or vacuum caused
by thermal variations when the ballast tanks are isolated from the inert gas mains. See also 2/3.5.
1.25.4 Self-draining of Piping
Piping systems are to be so designed as to prevent the accumulation of water in the pipelines under
all normal conditions. See also 2/3.7.
1.25.5 External Supply Connection
Suitable arrangements are to be provided (International Inert Gas Connection) to enable the inert
gas main to be connected to an external supply of inert gas. The arrangements are to consist of a
250 mm (10 in.) nominal pipe size bolted flange, isolated from the inert gas main by a valve and
located forward of the non-return valve referred to in 2/1.23.8.
1.27
1.29
ABS GUIDE FOR INERT GAS SYSTEM FOR BALLAST TANKS . 2004
Section
1.31
System Design
Pressure/Vacuum-breaking Devices
1.31.1 General
One or more pressure/vacuum-breaking devices are to be provided on the inert gas supply main to
prevent the ballast tanks from being subject to:
i)
A positive pressure in excess of the test pressure of the ballast tank if the ballast were to
be loaded at the maximum specified rate and all other outlets were left shut; or
ii)
A negative pressure in excess of 700 mm (27.5 in.) water gauge if ballast was to be discharged
at the maximum rated capacity of the ballast pumps and the inert gas blowers were to fail.
Such devices are to be installed on the inert gas main unless they are installed in the venting system
required by 2/3.1 or on individual ballast tanks.
1.31.2 Location and Design
The location and design of the devices are to be in accordance with Subsection 2/3.
1.33
1.35
i)
The pressure of the inert gas supply mains forward of the non-return devices required by
2/1.23.1
ii)
The oxygen content of the inert gas in the inert gas supply mains on the discharge side of
the gas blowers.
iii)
The SO2 content of the inert gas in the inert gas supply mains on the discharge side of the
gas blowers.
i)
In the navigation bridge to indicate at all times the pressure referred to in 2/1.35.1i)
ii)
In the machinery control room or in the machinery space to indicate the oxygen content
referred to in 2/1.35.1ii)
iii)
In the machinery control room or in the machinery space to indicate the sulfur content
referred to in 2/1.35.1iii)
1.37
Portable Detectors
Suitable arrangements are to be made on each ballast tank such that the condition of the tank atmosphere
can be determined using portable detectors required in 5-1-7/25.33 of the Rules for Building and Classing
Steel Vessels.
1.39
Calibration of Instruments
Suitable means are to be provided for the zero and span calibration of fixed gas concentration measurement
instruments, referred to in 2/1.35.
ABS GUIDE FOR INERT GAS SYSTEM FOR BALLAST TANKS . 2004
Section
1.41
System Design
i)
Low water pressure or low water flow rate to the flue gas scrubber, as referred to in 2/1.15.1
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
vi)
Failure of the power supply to the automatic control system for the gas regulating valve
and to the indicating devices, as referred to in 2/1.21 and 2/1.35.1
vii)
viii)
ix)
x)
i)
ii)
Failure of the power supply to the generator (This condition is to also automatically shut
down the gas-regulating valve.)
iii)
Failure of the power supply to the automatic control system for the generator
In addition, fuel oil supply to the gas generator is to be automatically shut down in the event of a)
low water pressure (or flow) to scrubber and b) high gas temperature.
1.41.3 Automatic Shut-down of the Inert Gas Blowers and Gas Regulating Valve
Automatic shut-down of the inert gas blowers and gas regulating valve is to be arranged on
predetermined limits being reached in accordance with 2/1.41.1i), 2/1.41.1ii) and 2/1.41.1iii).
1.41.4 Automatic Shut-down of the Gas Regulating Valve
Automatic shut-down of the gas regulating valve is to be arranged in accordance with 2/1.41.1iv).
1.41.5 Suspension of Ballast Tank Operations
In accordance with 2/1.41.1v), when the oxygen content of the inert gas exceeds 8% by volume,
immediate action is to be taken to improve the gas quality. If the quality of the gas does not improve
and a flammable vapor is detected within a ballast tank, the ballast tank operation is to be suspended
so as to avoid air being drawn into the tank and the isolation valve referred to in 2/1.23.8 is to be
closed.
1.41.6 Alarms in Cargo Control Room and Machinery Space
The alarms required in 2/1.41.1v), 2/1.41.1vi) and 2/1.41.1viii) are to be fitted in the machinery
space and cargo control room, where provided, but in each case, in such a position that they are
immediately received by responsible members of the crew.
ABS GUIDE FOR INERT GAS SYSTEM FOR BALLAST TANKS . 2004
Section
System Design
1.43
2/1.21.2
2/1.25
2/1.27
2/1.29
2/1.31
2/1.35.1i)
2/1.35.2
2/1.35.3
2/1.37
2/1.39
2/1.41.1vi)
2/1.41.1viii)
2/1.41.1ix)
2/1.41.3
2/1.41.4
2/1.41.6
2/1.41.8
2/1.43
1.43.2(b) Gas Specification. The nitrogen generator is to be capable of delivering high purity
nitrogen with oxygen content not exceeding 5% by volume. The system is to be fitted with automatic
means to discharge off-specification gas to the atmosphere during start-up and abnormal operation.
The block and bleed arrangement indicated in 2/1.43.4 is not to be used for this purpose.
1.43.2(c) Air Compressors. The system is to be provided with two air compressors. The total
required capacity of the system is preferably to be divided equally between the two compressors,
and in no case is one compressor to have a capacity less than 1/3 of the total capacity required.
Only one air compressor may be accepted, provided that sufficient spares for the air compressor
and its prime mover are carried onboard to enable their failure to be rectified by the vessels crew.
1.43.2(d) Feed Air Treatment. A feed air treatment system is to be fitted to remove free water,
particles and traces of oil from the compressed air, and to preserve the specification temperature.
1.43.2(e) Nitrogen Receiver. Where fitted, a nitrogen receiver/buffer tank may be installed in a
dedicated compartment or in the separate compartment containing the air compressor and the generator
or may be located in the cargo area. Where the nitrogen receiver/buffer tank is installed in an
enclosed space, the access is to be arranged only from the open deck and the access door is to open
outwards. Permanent ventilation and alarm are to be fitted as in 2/1.43.3.
In order to permit maintenance, means of isolation are to be fitted between the generator and the
receiver.
1.43.2(f) Enriched Gases. The oxygen-enriched air from the nitrogen generator and the nitrogenproduct enriched gas from the protective devices of the nitrogen receiver are to be discharged to a
safe location on the open deck.
10
ABS GUIDE FOR INERT GAS SYSTEM FOR BALLAST TANKS . 2004
Section
System Design
i)
ii)
iii)
Fitted with an independent mechanical extraction ventilation system providing at least six
(6) air changes per hour
iv)
v)
Arranged with no direct access to accommodation spaces, service spaces and control stations
i)
ii)
Alarm for faulty operation of the valves is to be provided (e.g., the operation of blower
stop and supply valve(s) open is an alarm condition).
iii)
Upon loss of power, the block valves are to automatically close and the bleed valve is to
automatically open.
i)
ii)
1.43.5(b) Inert Gas. Instrumentation is to be fitted for continuously indicating and permanently
recording the oxygen content of the inert gas downstream from the nitrogen generator when inert
gas is being supplied. This instrumentation is to be placed in the cargo control room and in the
machinery control room (or in the machinery space).
1.43.5(c) Alarms. Audible and visual alarms are to be provided to indicate:
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
vi)
These alarms are to be fitted in the machinery space and cargo control room, where provided, but in
each case, in such a position that they are immediately received by responsible members of the crew.
1.43.6 Automatic Shutdown
Automatic shutdown of the system is to be arranged for alarm conditions in 2/1.43.5(c)i) through
2/1.43.5(c)v).
ABS GUIDE FOR INERT GAS SYSTEM FOR BALLAST TANKS . 2004
11
Section
System Design
3.1
General Principles
The venting systems are to be designed so as to maintain the inert condition in the ballast tanks, except
when the tanks are required to be gas free. The venting systems of inerted ballast tanks are to be entirely distinct
from the vent pipes of the other compartments of the vessel. The arrangements and position of openings in
the ballast tank deck from which emission of inert gas can occur are to be such as to minimize the possibility
of gases being admitted to enclosed spaces, or collecting in the vicinity of deck machinery and equipment,
which may constitute a hazard during operation. In accordance with this general principle, the criteria in
2/3.3 to 2/3.15 will apply.
3.3
Venting Capacity
The venting arrangements are to be so designed and operated as to ensure that neither pressure nor vacuum
in ballast tanks is to exceed design parameters and be such as to provide for:
3.5
i)
The flow of the small volumes of air or inert gas mixtures caused by thermal variations in a ballast
tank in all cases through pressure/vacuum valves.
ii)
The passage of large volumes of air or inert gas mixtures during ballasting or during deballasting.
iii)
A secondary means of allowing full flow relief of air or inert gas mixtures to prevent overpressure
or underpressure in the event of the failure of the arrangements in ii). Alternatively, pressure
sensors may be fitted in each tank protected by the arrangements required in ii), with a monitoring
system in the vessels cargo control room or the position from which ballast operations are normally
carried out. Such monitoring system is also to provide an alarm facility which is activated by
detection of overpressure or underpressure conditions within a tank.
Vent Piping
3.5.1
Venting Arrangement
The venting arrangements in each ballast tank may be independent or combined with other ballast
tanks and may be incorporated into the inert gas piping.
3.5.2
Additionally, combined vent pipes from ballast tanks are to be arranged with spectacle flanges installed
at each ballast tank. The operating manual (see Subsection 2/11) is to contain instructions that the
vent lines are to be blanked off when the corresponding ballast tanks are in a gas free condition.
3.5.3
3.7
12
ABS GUIDE FOR INERT GAS SYSTEM FOR BALLAST TANKS . 2004
Section
3.9
System Design
i)
ii)
Gauging devices
iii)
In the event that protection is by means of an overflow control system, an analysis is to be submitted
to indicate that, in the worst overflowing condition, the tanks will not be overpressurized.
3.9.2
a)
Vessel size
Pressure/Vacuum setting
b)
c)
3.11
Have as great a height as is practicable, but in no case less than 2 m (6.6 ft), above the cargo tank
deck to obtain maximum dispersal of gases
ii)
Be arranged at the furthest distance practicable, but not less than 5 m (16.5 ft), from the nearest air
intakes and openings to enclosed spaces containing a source of ignition and from deck machinery
and equipment which may constitute an ignition hazard
3.13
3.15
Permit the free flow of gas or permit the throttling of the discharge of the gases to achieve a
velocity of not less than 30 m/s (100 ft/s).
ii)
iii)
Where the method is by free flow of gas, be such that the outlet is to be not less than 6 m (19.7 ft)
above the cargo tank deck or fore and aft gangway, if situated within 4 m (13.2 ft) of the gangway
and located not less than 10 m (33 ft) measured horizontally from the nearest air intakes and
openings to enclosed spaces containing a source of ignition and from deck machinery and
equipment which may constitute an ignition hazard.
ABS GUIDE FOR INERT GAS SYSTEM FOR BALLAST TANKS . 2004
13
Section
System Design
iv)
Where the method is by high velocity discharge, be located at a height not less than 2 m (6.6 ft)
above the cargo tank deck and not less than 10 m (33 ft) measured horizontally from the nearest air
intakes and openings to enclosed spaces containing a source of ignition and from deck machinery
and equipment which may constitute an ignition hazard. These outlets are to be provided with high
velocity devices of an approved type.
v)
Be designed on the basis of the maximum designed ballasting rate multiplied by a factor of at least
1.25 in order to prevent the pressure in any ballast tank from exceeding the design pressure. The
master is to be provided with information regarding the maximum permissible ballasting rate for
each ballast tank and, in the case of combined venting systems, for each group of ballast tanks.
5.1
5.3
5.5
5.7
14
i)
The gas-analyzing unit is to be mounted on the forward bulkhead of the safe space, except as
specially permitted in vi).
ii)
The sampling lines are not to run through safe spaces, except where specially permitted in vi).
iii)
Bulkhead penetrations of sampling pipes between safe and hazardous areas are to be of approved
types and have the same fire integrity as the division penetrated. An isolation valve is to be fitted
in each of the sampling lines at the bulkhead on the safe side.
iv)
The gas sampling pipes are to be equipped with flame arresters. Sample gas is to be exhausted to
the atmosphere with outlets away from sources of ignition.
v)
The gas detection equipment, including sampling piping, sampling pumps, solenoids, analyzing
units, etc., are to be located in a reasonably gas-tight steel cabinet (e.g., fully enclosed steel cabinet
with gasketed door) which is to be monitored by its own sampling point. At a gas concentration
above 30% of the lower flammable limit inside of the steel cabinet, the entire analyzing unit is to
be automatically shut down. Shutdown of the unit is to be alarmed at both the cargo control room
and the navigation bridge.
vi)
Where the cabinet cannot be mounted directly on the forward bulkhead, sampling pipes are to be
of steel or other equivalent material and without detachable connections, except for the connection
points for isolating valves at the bulkhead and for the analyzing units. Runs of the sampling pipes
within the safe space are to be as short as possible.
ABS GUIDE FOR INERT GAS SYSTEM FOR BALLAST TANKS . 2004
Section
System Design
7.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
Operational Checks
Each alarm system is to have a means of checking locally at the tank to assure proper operation
prior to the cargo transfer operation. This is not required if the system has a self-monitoring feature.
11
Operating Manuals
Detailed operating manuals are to be provided onboard, covering the operations, safety and maintenance
requirements and occupational health hazards relevant to the inert gas system and its application to the
ballast tank system. The manuals are to include guidance on procedures to be followed in the event of a
fault or failure of the inert gas system. Also, the manuals are to include detailed requirements for gas freeing
operation. Reference is to be made to the IMO document MSC/Circ.353 and 387 Guidelines for Inert Gas
Systems.
ABS GUIDE FOR INERT GAS SYSTEM FOR BALLAST TANKS . 2004
15
SECTION
Survey Requirements
New Construction
The inert gas generating plant, inert gas distribution system, alarms, shutdowns and control equipment are
to be installed and tested under working conditions to the satisfaction of the Surveyor. The fuel oil pumps
and cooling water pumps are to be provided with certificates (see 2/1.11.3 and 2/1.15.4).
Annual Survey
3.1
General
3.1.1(a) External Examination. External examination of all components and piping, including
scrubber, fans, valves, stand pipe and screens.
3.1.1(b) Inert Gas Blower. Confirmation of proper operation of inert gas blowers. In the gas
generator type system with one inert gas blower and/or one fuel oil pump, sufficient spares for the
blower and/or fuel oil pump and its prime mover are to be verified onboard.
3.1.1(c) Air Compressor. Confirmation of proper operation of air compressors and feed air
treatment system for nitrogen generator system. In the system with one air compressor, sufficient
spares for the air compressor and its prime mover are to be verified onboard.
3.1.1(d) Scrubber Room Ventilation System. Observation of the operation of the scrubber room
ventilation system.
3.1.1(e) Air Compressor, Nitrogen Generator and Nitrogen Receiver/Buffer Tank Room. Observation
of the operation of the ventilation system and low oxygen alarm system for the compartment
3.1.1(f) Non-return Device. Deck seals or double block and bleed assemblies, and non-return
valves are to be examined externally and proven to be in operation. Automatic filling and draining
of the deck seal, operation of non-return valves and double block and bleed assemblies, and the
water carryover are to be checked.
3.1.1(g) Control Valves. Verify the operation of all remotely operated or automatically controlled
valves and, in particular, the flue gas isolating valves.
3.1.1(h) Interlocking Feature. Verify the operation of the interlocking feature of soot blowers.
3.1.1(i) Gas Pressure Regulating Valve. Verify the automatic operation of the gas pressureregulating valve.
3.1.1(j) Operation and Maintenance Records. The Surveyor is to examine the permanent records
to verify the operation and maintenance of the system. Consideration may be given by the Surveyor
for the crediting of certain items that have been properly documented and recorded.
16
ABS GUIDE FOR INERT GAS SYSTEM FOR BALLAST TANKS . 2004
Section
3.1.2
Survey Requirements
Low water pressure or low water flow rate to the flue gas scrubber, including automatic
shutdown of the inert gas blowers and gas regulating valve.
ii)
High water level in the flue gas scrubber, including automatic shutdown of the inert gas
blowers and gas regulating valve.
iii)
High gas temperature at IGS blower discharge, including automatic shutdown of the inert
gas blowers and gas regulating valve.
iv)
Failure of the inert gas blowers, including automatic shutdown of the gas regulating valve.
v)
vi)
vii)
Failure of the power supply to the automatic control system for the gas regulating valve
and to the oxygen content and gas pressure indicating devices.
viii)
ix)
x)
Additional low gas pressure audible alarm system independent of alarm system for gas
pressure less than 100 mm water gauge, if fitted.
xi)
Manual emergency shutdowns of ballast pump prime movers located where the ballast
system is normally controlled.
xii)
xiii)
Accuracy of fixed and portable oxygen measuring equipment by means of a calibration gas.
xiv)
Accuracy of fixed and portable SO2 measuring equipment by means of a calibration gas.
Low water pressure or low water flow rate to the flue gas scrubber, including automatic
shutdown of the inert gas blowers, gas regulating valve and fuel oil supply to the gas
generator.
ii)
High water level in the flue gas scrubber, including automatic shutdown of the inert gas
blowers and gas regulating valve.
iii)
High gas temperature at IGS blower discharge, including automatic shutdown of the inert
gas blowers, gas regulating valve and fuel oil supply to the gas generator.
iv)
Failure of the inert gas blowers, including automatic shutdown of the gas regulating valve.
v)
vi)
vii)
Failure of the power supply to the automatic control system for the gas regulating valve
and to the oxygen content and gas pressure indicating devices.
viii)
ix)
x)
Additional low gas pressure audible alarm system, independent of alarm system for gas
pressure less than 100 mm water gauge, if fitted.
xi)
Manual emergency shutdowns of ballast pump prime movers located where the ballast system
is normally controlled.
ABS GUIDE FOR INERT GAS SYSTEM FOR BALLAST TANKS . 2004
17
Section
Survey Requirements
xii)
xiii)
xiv)
Failure of the power supply to the generator, including automatic shutdown of the gas
regulating valve.
xv)
Failure of the power supply to automatic control system for the generator.
xvi)
Accuracy of fixed and portable oxygen measuring equipment by means of a calibration gas.
xvii)
Accuracy of fixed and portable SO2 measuring equipment by means of a calibration gas.
i)
ii)
iii)
High condensate level at automatic drain of water separator, including automatic shutdown
of the system.
iv)
High gas temperature, including automatic shutdown of the gas regulating valve.
v)
vi)
Failure of inert gas pressure, including automatic shutdown of the gas regulating valve.
vii)
viii)
Failure of the power supply to the automatic control system for the gas regulating valve
and to the oxygen content and gas pressure indicating devices.
ix)
x)
Additional low gas pressure audible alarm system independent of alarm system for gas
pressure less than 100 mm water gauge, if fitted.
xi)
Manual emergency shutdowns of ballast pump prime movers located where the ballast
system is normally controlled.
xii)
xiii)
Accuracy of fixed and portable oxygen measuring equipment by means of a calibration gas.
5.1
18
General
All valves, including valves at boiler uptakes, air seal valves at uptakes, scrubber isolating valve, fans inlet
and outlet isolating valves, main isolating valve, re-circulating valve (if fitted), pressure/vacuum breaker
and cargo tank isolating valves, are to be examined.
i)
Scrubber(s) is to be examined.
ii)
iii)
Fan (blower) drives, either electric motor or steam turbine, are to be examined.
iv)
v)
Sea water pumps, valves and strainers for scrubbers and water seals together with piping connections
at the scrubber, water seals, shell plating and the remainder of the sea water piping are to be examined.
vi)
Stand pipe, where fitted, for purging in each cargo tank is to be examined.
vii)
Deck seals or double block and bleed assemblies, and non-return valves are to be examined externally
and internally.
ABS GUIDE FOR INERT GAS SYSTEM FOR BALLAST TANKS . 2004
Section
5.3
5.5
Survey Requirements
ii)
iii)
iv)
Bottles are to be examined internally and externally. If they cannot be examined internally, they are
to be thickness measured. When considered necessary by the Surveyor, they are to be hydrostatically
tested. Relief valves are to be proven operable.
ii)
Where an alkali (or other) scrubber is fitted in the system, the scrubber, circulating pump, valves
and piping are to be examined internally and externally.
ABS GUIDE FOR INERT GAS SYSTEM FOR BALLAST TANKS . 2004
19
APPENDIX
Introduction
There are two reasons for replacing the atmosphere in a ballast tank:
To inert the atmosphere, which prevents explosion of any hydrocarbon gas leaking in from adjacent
cargo tanks and reduces tank corrosion.
The IMO Guidelines for Inert Gas Systems (1990 Edition) proposes two theories regarding the replacement
of the atmosphere in a cargo tank: dilution theory and replacement theory. The dilution theory assumes
that the incoming gas mixes with the original gas to form a homogeneous mixture throughout the tank, resulting
in the concentration of the original gas decreasing exponentially. The replacement theory requires a stable
horizontal interface between lighter gas entering at the top of the tank and heavier gas at the bottom, and
results in the heavier gas being displaced from the bottom of the tank through some suitable piping arrangement.
However, a ballast tank structure is unlike a cargo tank in that it is subdivided into smaller interconnected
compartments by the transverse webs and longitudinal girders in the double bottom, and stringer platforms
in the sides. This complex arrangement makes the theories proposed by IMO inappropriate.
The purpose of the analysis required by 2/1.29 of this Guide is to establish the time required to effectively
inert or gas-free the ballast tanks. Gas-freeing, for example, should be carried out when it is necessary for
personnel entry into a ballast tank, and it should be certain that 21% oxygen by volume is achieved throughout
the tank. Any pockets of gaseous mixtures with an oxygen level below 21% by volume should be removed.
One method that may be used to confirm the effectiveness of inerting or gas freeing as required by 2/1.29
is to apply numerical simulation using the principles of fluid dynamics, heat and mass transfer with proper
approximations. The example analysis in this Appendix investigates gas replacement inside a typical ballast
tank, and estimates the required number of atmosphere changes for satisfactory inerting and gas-freeing,
including the removal of any air or inert gas pockets.
There are a number of commercially available computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software packages that
may be used to predict the distribution of multiple gas species (i.e. oxygen, carbon dioxide and nitrogen)
inside of a ballast tank. Such programs should be carefully evaluated before being used.
In this analysis, a suitable CFD software package was chosen to simulate the flow patterns inside of a ballast
tank. By solving the complex governing equations of the flows with multiple species, the software provides
steady and transient analysis of turbulent flows with complex boundary conditions in the tank.
3.1
Dimensions
The geometry of the ballast tank in the computer model was taken from a typical ULCC with the following
principal dimensions:
20
Length:
58.70 m
Depth:
34.00 m
Breadth:
34.00 m
ABS GUIDE FOR INERT GAS SYSTEM FOR BALLAST TANKS . 2004
Appendix 1
The analyzed ballast tank has a volume of 14,267 m3. All of the surfaces of the ballast tank in the model
were assumed to be adiabatic, i.e., no heat transfer between the gases and the surfaces is considered. Also,
no structural deformation was assumed in the model. Appendix 1, Figure 1 shows the schematic diagram
of the ballast tank with discharge pipe in this analysis.
FIGURE 1
Ballast Tank with Discharge Pipe
Discharge
pipe inlet
Gas
outlet
Discharge
pipe outlet
y
x
z
3.3
3.5
Stringers
Three stringers are located at 9.6 m, 16.6 m and 24.6 m above the base line (A/B), respectively. There are
two access holes of 750 mm by 1800 mm on every stringer, one located at the aft end and the other at the
forward end. Between transverse frames on each stringer, at the sides of the longitudinal inner skin bulkhead
and side shell plating, there are four drain holes of 120 mm by 240 mm with 1.468 m of spacing.
3.7
Girders
One side girder is located 13.00 m off the centerline, and another side girder under the longitudinal bulkhead is
located 25.35 m off the center line. On each side girder, there is one access manhole of 1200 mm by 800 mm
at the aft end and two of 1000 mm by 800 mm at the forward end.
Between transverse frames on each girder, there are four drain holes of 150 mm by 300 mm at the side of
the bottom shell plating and two of 100 mm by 200 mm at the side of the inner bottom plating.
ABS GUIDE FOR INERT GAS SYSTEM FOR BALLAST TANKS . 2004
21
Appendix 1
3.9
3.11
Simulation Model
Numerous openings on girders and stringers provided a unique challenge to numerical simulations in this
analysis. Since a non-structure meshing scheme was used, the cell size ranged from 0.01 m to 0.70 m,
depending on sizes of the openings. The basic philosophy of meshing was that for each opening at least
three cells should be assigned in each direction. As a result, up to 1.97 million nodes and 1.88 million
hexagonal cells were generated in the numerical models. The numerical calculations were carried out on a
UNIX server with two CPUs and up to 4 GB memory. Due to the large sizes of the models, it took about
30 CPU hours to complete the calculation of a three-hour real time simulation.
A complete set of continuity and momentum equations were solved for every species of oxygen, carbon
dioxide and nitrogen. Among various turbulent models (i.e., indoor zero equation, zero equation, two equation,
RNG, etc.) featured in the software package, the two-equation k- turbulent model was applied to capture
the turbulent dissipation and kinetic energy, especially in the areas with intensified turbulent mixing and large
velocity gradients.
Results
Full-scale, 3D simulations were carried out for inerting and gas-freeing, respectively. Each numerical
simulation resulted in determining if and when the applicable threshold value was reached. For inerting
operation, the threshold value of oxygen was 3% by volume (3.2% by mass), whereas for gas-freeing the
threshold value of oxygen was 21% by volume (23.3% by mass).
The compositions of inert gas and fresh air used throughout this analysis are listed in Appendix 1, Table 1:
TABLE 1
Composition of Gases
Inert gas
By volume
%
Fresh air
By mass
%
By volume
%
By mass
%
Oxygen
3.2
21
23.3
Carbon dioxide
14
20.3
Nitrogen
87
76.5
79
76.7
During the full-scale 3D simulations, the flow velocity and the concentrations of oxygen, carbon dioxide
and nitrogen inside of the ballast tanks were recorded. The recorded data were written out to graphic and
text files.
5.1
Inerting
The inert gas was discharged into the ballast tank with a flow rate of 9500 m3/hr. At the initial stage, the
ballast tank was filled with air. To illustrate the timeline distribution of gases during the inerting operation,
two plane cuts were made in the ballast tank model: one horizontally through the middle of the tank bottom,
and the other vertically through the middle of the tank side. Appendix 1, Figures 2(a) to 2(e) show the
oxygen concentration by mass on both planes at intervals 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.25 and 3.0 hours, respectively.
After three hours (two atmosphere changes) of inerting, the results of the model calculations show that the
air inside the ballast tank was completely replaced by the inert gas [see Appendix 1, Figure 2(e)].
22
ABS GUIDE FOR INERT GAS SYSTEM FOR BALLAST TANKS . 2004
Appendix 1
FIGURE 2(a)
Inerting at 0.5 hr (1800 seconds), 0.33 Atmosphere Changes
FIGURE 2(b)
Inerting at 1.0 hr (3600 seconds), 0.67 Atmosphere Changes
ABS GUIDE FOR INERT GAS SYSTEM FOR BALLAST TANKS . 2004
23
Appendix 1
FIGURE 2(c)
Inerting at 1.5 hr (5400 seconds), 1.0 Atmosphere Change
FIGURE 2(d)
Inerting at 2.25 hr (8100 seconds), 1.5 Atmosphere Changes
24
ABS GUIDE FOR INERT GAS SYSTEM FOR BALLAST TANKS . 2004
Appendix 1
FIGURE 2(e)
Inerting at 3.0 hr (10800 seconds), 2.0 Atmosphere Changes
5.3
Gas-freeing
In the gas-freeing operation, a flow rate of 9500 m3/hr of fresh air was discharged into the ballast tank initially
filled with inert gas.
As per the inerting simulation, two plane cuts were made in the ballast tank model: one horizontally through
the middle of the tank bottom, and the other vertically through the middle of the tank side. Appendix 1,
Figures 3(a) to 3(e) show the oxygen concentration by mass on both planes at intervals 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.25
and 3.0 hours, respectively.
After three hours of simulation, the results show that the inert gas inside of the ballast tank was completely
replaced by fresh air [see Appendix 1, Figure 3(e)].
ABS GUIDE FOR INERT GAS SYSTEM FOR BALLAST TANKS . 2004
25
Appendix 1
FIGURE 3(a)
Gas-freeing at 0.5 hr (1800 seconds), 0.33 Atmosphere Changes
FIGURE 3(b)
Gas-freeing at 1.0 hr (3600 seconds), 0.67 Atmosphere Changes
26
ABS GUIDE FOR INERT GAS SYSTEM FOR BALLAST TANKS . 2004
Appendix 1
FIGURE 3(c)
Gas-freeing at 1.5 hr (5400 seconds), 1.0 Atmosphere Change
FIGURE 3(d)
Gas-freeing at 2.25 hr (8100 seconds), 1.5 Atmosphere Changes
ABS GUIDE FOR INERT GAS SYSTEM FOR BALLAST TANKS . 2004
27
Appendix 1
FIGURE 3(e)
Gas-freeing at 3.0 hr (10800 seconds), 2.0 Atmosphere Changes
Appendix 1, Figure 4 shows the averaged oxygen concentrations by mass during the inerting and gas-freeing
operations in the ballast tank. The values in Appendix 1, Figure 4 were obtained by averaging the oxygen
concentration at every discrete cell over the entire ballast tank at each time step.
FIGURE 4
Averaged Oxygen Concentrations
0.25
0.233
0.20
0.15
Gas-freeing
Inerting
0.10
0.05
0.032
0.00
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
28
ABS GUIDE FOR INERT GAS SYSTEM FOR BALLAST TANKS . 2004
Appendix 1
Conclusions
Using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software package, two sets of simulations were performed:
one for the inerting and one for gas-freeing in a ballast tank. Despite the complex structures and boundary
conditions of the tank, the full-scale 3D simulations provided the timeline concentrations of gaseous
compositions for any location in the ballast tank. For gas-freeing, the simulation results showed that three
hours of operation were sufficient to replace the atmosphere inside of the ballast tank with fresh air.
Similar results were also found for the inerting operation, in which the air was completely replaced by the
inert gas after three hours of operation.
The simulation results can be used to confirm whether or not the arrangement of the discharge pipe and the
system capacity are effective for gas replacement. In this analysis, the arrangement of the discharge pipe
prevented the creation of pockets of gases which may be difficult to replace during the inerting or gasfreeing operation. In any case, the operating manual should indicate that portable oxygen detectors are to
be used to verify the condition of the tank atmosphere prior to personnel entry.
ABS GUIDE FOR INERT GAS SYSTEM FOR BALLAST TANKS . 2004
29
Appendix 2: Pump Certification (4-6-1/7.3 of the ABS Rules for Building and Classing Steel Vessels)
APPENDIX
Pump Certification
(4-6-1/7.3 of the ABS Rules for Building and
Classing Steel Vessels)
The requirements in this Appendix are reprinted verbatim from 4-6-1/7.3 of the Steel Vessel Rules for the
convenience of users of this Guide.
The latest requirements in 4-6-1/7.3 of the Steel Vessel Rules will take precedence over requirements in
this Appendix.
7.3
Pumps
7.3.1
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
30
Hydraulic pumps for steering gears (see also 4-3-4/19.5), anchor windlasses, controllable
pitch propellers
Bilge pumps
Ballast pumps
Pumps associated with propulsion diesel engine and reduction gears (for engines with
bores > 300 mm only):
ABS GUIDE FOR INERT GAS SYSTEM FOR BALLAST TANKS . 2004
Appendix 2
7.3.2
Pump Certification (4-6-1/7.3 of the ABS Rules for Building and Classing Steel Vessels)
v)
Cargo pumps associated with oil carriers, liquefied gas carriers and chemical carriers.
vi)
Required Tests
The following tests are to be carried out at the manufacturers plant in the presence of the Surveyor.
7.3.2(a) Hydrostatic Tests. The pumps are to be hydrostatically tested to a pressure of at least
1.5P, where P is the maximum working pressure of the pump. If it is desired to conduct the
hydrostatic test on the suction side of the pump independently from the test on the discharge side,
the test pressure on the suction side is to be at least 1.5Ps, where Ps is the maximum pressure
available from the system at the suction inlet. In all cases, the test pressure for both the suction and
the discharge side is not to be less than 4 bar.
7.3.2(b) Capacity Tests. Pump capacities are to be checked with the pump operating at design
conditions (rated speed and pressure head). For centrifugal pumps, the pump characteristic (headcapacity) design curve is to be verified to the satisfaction of the Surveyor. Capacity tests may be
waived if previous satisfactory tests have been carried out on similar pumps.
ABS GUIDE FOR INERT GAS SYSTEM FOR BALLAST TANKS . 2004
31