INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW

Harijono Kariosentono
Dermato-Venerologist

Topics:
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Introduction and overview of Immunology

The Element of Immune System
Antibody and Lymphocyte structure
Immunity in Defence and Disease:
-Immunity to Fungi and Parasites
-Immunity to bacteria and Viruses
Complement System
The Controle Mechanism of Immune
Response

9. Diseases cause by Immune Responses:

- Hypersensitivity
- Autoimmunity
- Immunodeficiencies
10. Immunity to Tumors
11. Immuno-prophylaxis and immuno therapy
12. Laboratory Techniques in Immunology &
Immunohematology

IMMUNOLOGY
Understanding how the body distinguish
between what is self and what is nonself
Immunology is the study of immunity
and of the cellular and molecular event
that occur after an organism
encounters microbes and other foreign
macromolecules

DEFINITION

IMMUNITY
Historically, immunity meant protection from
disease and more spcifically infectious
disease

All mechanisms used by the body as protection against

enviromental agent that are foreign to the body :
microorganisms or their product, macromolecules such
as protein & polysaccharides from foods, chemicals,
drugs, pollen or animal hair and dander

 Immunity :
- Innate immunity
- Acquired/adaptive immunity

IMMUNITY

IMMUNE SYSTEM
Cells & molecules responsible for immunity

IMMUNE RESPONS
Collective and coordinated response to the introduction of
foreign substances

IV

ANTIGEN

Protective
(Immune physiology)

III
IMMUNE
RESPONSE
V
II
IMMUNE
SYSTEM

Tissue injury

Disease

(Immunopathology)
1. Hypersensitivity
2. Autoimmune
3. Immunodeficiency

HISTORY
The ancient Chinese : custom of making
children resistant to smallpox by inhale
powders made from skin lesions patient
recovering of the disease
1798 : Edward Jenner : IMMUNITY could be
induced against microorg or their product
vaccination against smallpox
Vaccination :- process of inducing acquired
immunity
-the most effective method for preventing
infections.

1960 transformation in our

understanding of the immune

system and its functions. ----
Advances In :
Cell culture technique ( incl. monoclonal
antibody production )
Immunochemistry
Recombinant DNA methodology
Genetics altered animal ( transgenic and
knockout mice )

 Immunology is an experimental
science, explanations of immune
phenomena based on experimental
observations and the conclutions drawn
from them.
The evolution of immunology has
depend on our ability to manipulate the
function of immune system under controle
condition

INNATE AND ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

Defence against microbes mediated by early reaction
( < 12 hours) of innate immunity later responses of
adaptive immunity
INNATE ( = natural, native ) IMMUNITY :
Used by the host to immediately defend itself ,

Consist of mechanisme that exist before infection,

since an indiv is born
Rapid responses to microbes, short lived & have no
memory
React in essentially the same way to repeated infection
Early / first line of defence mechanism against
microbes,

The components of Innate Immunity

1. Physical and chemical barriers : skin & mucosal
epithel, antimicrobial substance produced at
epithelial surface
2. Phagocytes cells : monocytes/macrophages (M),
PMN leucocytes ; Dendritric cell(DCs); NK cells; KC;
Eosinophil.

PMN : the earliest phagocytes cells to be recruited

3. Blood proteins : members of complement system,
mediator of inflamation, antimicrobial peptides

4. Cytokines regulate an coordinate many of activities

of the cells of Innate Immunity

The pathogenicity of microbes

related to their ability to resist the
mechanism of Innate Immunity

Antigen : foreign substances induce

specific immune responses or targets of
the such responses

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
( Spesific, Acquired Immunity)
A response to infection and adapts to antigen

ability to remember and respond more vigorously

to repeated exposures to the same antigen/ eg.
microbe have memory
Spesifics to microbes or macromol (non microbial
antigen), even closely related have specificity
Acquired : it by experience, are long lasting

Component:- T lymphocytes and Antibodies

produced by B cells
- APC (in epidermis =LC, and dermal:
DC)

The Link between Innate and Adaptive respons :

1. IIR to microbes stimulates AIR and influences the nature
of adaptive response
2. AIR use many of the effector mech of innate immunity to
eliminate microbes

Types of Adaptive Immune Responses

Humoral Immunity

Cell-mediated Immunity

1. HUMORAL IMMUNITY
Mediated by molecules in the blood, called ANTIBODY (Ab)
produced by B lymphocytes

recognize specifically microbial/ ANTIGEN (Ag)

neutralize the infectivity elimination (by effectors mech)

Defence mech against extracellular microbes
Could be transferred to naive indiv as adoptive transfer

-Substance bound Ab

Ab

-Induce production of Ab

Ag

Protective immunity against microbes:

Hosts response to the microbe =

active immunity
Transfer of antibodies specific for the microbe
from a immunized individual (adoptive transfer)
= passive immunity

-1890 : Von Behring & Kitasato :

serum from animal recovered from diphteri
transferred to naive animal
recipient animal specifically resistant to diphteri infection
Active component of serum (as anti toxin ) can neutralized the
pathogen of diphteri toxin
-Early 1900 : Lansteiner

et al

not only toxin, nonmicrobial substance could induced humoral

immune response Ab : serum proteins that mediate Humoral
Immunity
-1900 : Paul Ehrlich
The specificity of Ag Ab reaction : physicochemical
complementarity of antigens and antibodies

2. CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY

Mediated by T cells
Defence mech to intracell microbial ( virus & some bact )

Promotes destruction of microbial residen in cell

phagocytes or lysis of infective cells
Can be transferred to naive individu with T cells from
immunizes indiv
Active acquired by
Respond to Ag

Cellular immunity
Passive
Transfer of cells

CELLULAR THEORY OF IMMUNITY:

1893 : Eli Metchnikoff cell respond to foreign invanders

1900 : Sir Almroth Wrights observation opsonization :

Factors in immune serum

Coating of bacteri
Phagocytosis by phagocytes increase.

Antibodies prepared microbes for ingestion

by phagocytes

1950 : Mackaness :
resistance to an intra cellular bacterium,
Leisteria monocytogenes, could be
adoptively transferred with cells but not
with serum
Now : the specificity of CMI is due to
LYMPHOCYTES, often function in concert
with other cells, eg phagocytes, to eliminate
microbes.

Cardinal Features of Adaptive Immun

Response
1. Specificity: Immune Response are specific for distict
Ag, elicit spec response
2. Diversity: capable recognizing a wide variety of Ag.
-Mammalian immun system can discrminate 109 1011 Ag (lymphocyte repertoire)
3. Memory: enhanced responses to re-exposures to
same microbes.
4. Specialized response : special ways to different types
of microbes
-Response optimal for defence against different
type of microbes.

Cardinal Features
5. Self-limitation : Ab levels decline with time/
after each immunization homeostasis
(returning to its resting basal state)
6. Non reaction to self : ability to discriminate
between self and non-self = foreign Ag.
Eliminate nonself Ag while not reacting
harmfully to self substance.
immunologic unresponsive = tolerance

Cellular component of Adaptive Immun System

1. Lymphocytes :
- B lymphocytes
- T lymphocytes : - helper T cells (Th)
- cytolytic T cells (CTLs)
- NK cells (Natural Killer) against virus and
intracellular micr (in IIR)
2. Accessory cells : - MNC (phagocytes), dendritic
cells, and several other cells function as accessory
cells
3.Effector cells : activated lymph, phagocytes, & other
leucocytes

.>

Adaptive Immune Response Process :

Ag recocnation
Lymphocytes active proliferating &
differentiating

Memory cells

Effector cells

Re-exposure response
increase

Eliminate Ag

Immune Phases of Adaptive Response

Recocnation phase

Activation phase
Effector phase
Decline (homeostasis)

Memory

Summary
Humoral Imm is mediated by B cells and their
secreted products: Ab extracellular microbes
CMI is mediated by T cells and their products,
eg cytokines intracellular microbes
Immunity: may be acq by a response to Ag
(active imm.) or by transfer of Ab or cell from
immunized indiv (passive imm.)

 The Immune system posseses several

properties: specificity, diverse repertoire of wide
var of Ag, memory, specialized responses, selflimitation and ability to discriminate between Ag
and and self Ag

Adaptive Immune Response is initiated by

recognition by spec lymph respond:
proliferating and defferentiating into effector cells
eliminate Ag and memory cells enhanced
responses on subsequent expos.

 The activation of lymph requires Ag and

additional signals by microbes or by innate
immune responses to microbes
The Effector phase of Adaptive Immune
Response requires participation of variant
defence mech , incl complement sytem and
phagocytes, that also operate in Innate Immunity
* The Adaptive Imm. Response enhances the
defence mechanisms of innate immunity.