Electricity PDF

PHYSICS FORM 5 [ CHAPTER 2: ELECTRICITY]
Physics Department SSI
2.1
ELECTRIC FIELDS AND CHARGE FLOW
1.
A Van de Graaff generator is a machine that can be used to produced and store charges.
2.
When the motor of the Van de Graaff

generator is switched on, it drives the
rubber belt. This causes the rubber belt to
rub against the roller and hence becomes
charged. The charge is then carried by the
moving belt up to the metal dome where it
is collected. A large amount of charge is
built on the dome.
3.
If the charged dome of the Van de Graaff

generator is connected to the earth via a
galvanometer, the pointer of the meter
deflects, indicating that there is a flow of
charges.
4.
The above activity shows that a flow of electric charge (electrons) through a conductor produces an
_________________________
5.
Electric current is defined as ________________________________________________________________
6.
In symbols, it is given as;
7.
The SI unit of electric current is ampere (A). 1 A = 1 C s-1.
8.
Electric current consists of a flow of electrons. Each electron carries a negative charge _______________
9.
1 C of charge is _________________
10.
The direction of current is from the ______________________ of an electric cell or battery

__________________________. But electron (negative charge) is flow from the
______________________________________________ due to the electromagnetic force of the cell.
11.
It is also given that Q = ne, where n is the number of electrons and e is the charge of 1 electron.
ELECTRIC FIELD
1.
An electric field is ____________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________
2.
A positive or negative charge produces an electric field in the space surrounding the charge. Any other
charges in the electric field _______________________ acting on it.
3.
The electric field can be represented by _________________ as shown. The lines are called
________________________ or electric lines of force.
4.
An electric field line is a __________________ quantity as it has both magnitude and direction.
5.
The principles involved in drawing electric field lines are :

(i)
electric field lines always extend from a positively-charged object to a negatively-charged object to
infinity, or from infinity to a negatively-charged object.
(ii) electric field lines never cross each other.

(iii) electric field lines are closer in a stronger electric field.
INVESTIGATE THE PATTERN OF ELECTRIC FIELDS LINES
Apparatus & Materials

Extra high tension (E.H.T) power supply (0 5 kV), Petri dish, electrodes with different shapes (pointed
electrode and plane electrode), two metal plates, talcum powder, cooking oil.
-
Set up the apparatus as shown in the above figure

Switch on the E.H.T. power supply and adjust the voltage to 4 kV
Observed the pattern formed by the talcum powder for different types of electrodes.
Draw the pattern of the electric field lines.
PATTERN OF ELECTRIC FIELDS LINES

ELECTRIC FIELD AROUND A POSITIVE CHARGE
ELECTRIC FIELD AROUND A NEGATIVE CHARGE
ELECTRIC FIELD AROUND A POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE CHARGE
ELECTRIC FIELD AROUND TWO NEGATIVE CHARGES
ELECTRIC FIELD AROUND TWO POSITIVE CHARGES
ELECTRIC FIELD AROUND A NEGATIVE CHARGE AND A POSITIVELY CHARGED PLATE
ELECTRIC FIELD AROUND A POSITIVE CHARGE AND A NEGATIVELY CHARGED PLATE
ELECTRIC FIELD BETWEEN TWO CHARGED PARALLEL PLATES
ELECTRICI
2.2
ANALYSING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ELECTRIC CURRENT AND POTENTIAL

DIFFERENCE
POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE
1.
Point P is connected to positive terminal

terminal.
2.
Point Q is connected to negative terminal

terminal.
3.
Electric potential at P is greater than the electric potential at

Q.
4.
Electric current flows from P to Q, passing the bulb in the

circuit and lights up the bulb.
5.
This is due to the electric

ectric potential difference between the
two terminals.
6.
The potential difference between two points in an electric

field is defined as
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
________________________
7.
In symbols,
V=
W
Q
V = potential difference in volt (V)

W = work done in joule (J)
Q = amount of positive charge in coulomb (C)
8.
The SI unit for p.d is volt (V).
Example 1
A lamp P is lighted up for a duration of 5 minutes

using a dry cell as shown in Figure 7.4. Assume that
the dry cell provides a steady current during that
duration.
(a) How much charge flows through the lamp if the
ammeter shows a reading of 0.3 A?
(b) Determine the number of electrons that flows
through the lamp if the charge on one electron is 1.6
x 10-19 C?
ELECTRICITY]
PHYSICS FORM 5 [ CHAPTER 2: ELECTRICI
Example 2
Example 3
The potential difference across the lamp in Figure

7.13 is 1.3 V. How many joules of energy are
transformed into light and heat
eat when a charge of 20
C passes through the lamp?
If 72 1 of work has to be done to carry 6 C of charge

across two parallel metal plates, what is the potential
difference across the metal plates?
OHMS LAW
1.
The relationship between the potential

ential difference between the ends of an ideal conductor and the current
passing through it is known as Ohms law.
2.
Ohms Law states that _____________________________________

___________________________________________________________
_______________________________
__________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________
That is, V I or
3.
V
= constant
I
The relationship can also be represented by a graph in figure 1
Figure 1
4.
Conductor with V-II graphs which are linear and pass through the origin obey Ohms
Ohms law and are said to be
___________ conductors. Other materials which do not obe
obey Ohms law are called __________
________________
conductors.
5.
Figure below shows the graphs of V against I for some non

non-ohmic conductors.
ELECTRICITY]
Experiment: Ohms Law

Aim:
To investigate the relationship

ationship between current and potential difference for a metal wire
Hypothesis:
When the current that passes through a metal wire increases, the potential difference
across the metal wire increases
increases.
Variables:
(a) Manipulated variable: Current, I

(b) Responding variable: Potential difference, V
(c) Fixed variables: Length and type of the metal wire
Materials:
50 cm constantan wire (s.w.g. 24), connecting wires
Apparatus:
Ammeter (0 1 A), voltmeter (0 5 V), battery holder, three 1.5 V cells, rheostat,
switch
Method:
1. The switch is closed and the rheostat is adjusted until the ammeter gives a reading, I=
0.2 A.
2. The reading of the voltmeter which is the potential difference, V across XY is recorded
in a table.
reading of the current, I = 0.3 A, 0.4 A,
3. The experiments is repeated for the ammeter rea
0.5 A, 0.6 A and 0.7 A. The corresponding values for potential difference, V across
XY are recorded.
4. A graph of V against I is plotted.
Results:
Current, I/A
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
Graphs:
Volt, V/V
RESISTANCE
1.
Resistance is the opposition of the flow of electric current.
2.
The resistance, R of a conductor is defined as _________________________________________________

______________________________________________, I following through it. That is
3.
The unit of resistance is _______________________________________.
4.
A resistor is represented by the symbol
5.
There are several factors that affect the resistance of a conductor.

a.
b.
c.
d.
Table 1 summaries the factors affecting resistance and their relationship.
The cross-sectional
area of the conductor,
A
Length of the
conductor, l
Factors
The type of the

material of the
conductor
6.
the length of the conductor

the cross-sectional area of the conductor
type of material of the conductor
the temperature of the conductor
Diagram
Hypothesis
The longer the conductor, the higher its
resistance
Graph
Resistance is ___________________ to
the length of a conductor
The bigger the cross-sectional area, the

lower the its resistance
Resistance is ___________________ to
the cross-sectional area of a conductor
Different conductors with the same

physical conditions have different
resistance
The temperature
of the conductor
The higher temperature of conductor, the

higher the resistance
SUPERCONDUCTORS
1.
For certain materials like Aluminum, Mercury,

Zink, the resistance decreases with temperature
but the resistance suddenly becomes zero when it is
cooled below a certain temperature called the
critical temperature, Tc 10 K (-2600 C). Materials
showing this characteristic are known as
superconductor.
2.
These materials offer no resistance to flow of

current and act as perfect conductors with zero
resistivity (without loss of energy).
APPLICATIONS OF SUPERCONDUCTOR
1.
Magnetic-levitation is an application where superconductors perform extremely well. Transport vehicle such as
trains can be made to float on strong superconducting magnets, virtually eliminating friction between the train
and its track.
2.
Superconductor is used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to determine what is going on inside the human
body.
MRI machine
3.
MRI image of the skull
Superconductors are used to produce computer chips which are faster and of smaller size.
10
2.3
SERIES AND PARALLEL CIRCUITS
1.
Current Flow and Potential Difference in Series and Parallel Circuit.

Series Circuits
Parallel Circuit
The three resistors R1, R2, and R3 in figure 1 are

said to be connected in series.
The three resistors R1, R2 and R3 in figure 2 are

said to be connected in parallel.
The current I is the same at all points throughout

the circuit.
The current I in the main circuit is equal to the

sum of the currents through the separate branches.
I = I1 = I2 = I3
The total potential difference V across the

resistors is equal to the sum of the potential
difference across each resistor.
I = I1 + I2 + I3
V = V1 + V2 + V3
From Ohms Law, V1 = I1R1, V2 = I2R2 and V3 =

I3R3. The effective resistance R,
R = R1 + R2 + R3
Hence, the effective resistance of two or more
resistors connected in series is the sum of the
individual resistance.
The potential difference across each of the

resistors is the same.
V = V1 = V2 = V3
From Ohms Law, I1 =
V3
V1
V2
, I2 =
, I3 =
.
R1
R2
R3
The effective resistance R,
1
1
1
1
=
+
+
R R1
R2
R3
The effective resistance R of resistors in parallel
is always less than the resistance of any one of
the resistors by itself.
11
ELECTRICITY]
Example 1
Calculate the effective resistance for each of the
following circuits.
Example 3
Calculate the effective resistance in each of the
following circuits.
Example 2
ELECTRICITY]
Example 4
Example 5
Calculate the current flowing in the circuit shown in

Figure.
An 8 Q resistor and a 12 Q resistor are connected in series

with a 12 V battery as shown in Figure. What is the
potential difference across the
(a) 8 Q resistor
(b) 12 Q resistor
ELECTRICITY]
Example 6
Example 7
Three resistors R 1, R 2 and R 3 are connected in

series to a 6 V b atter
atteryy as sh own in Figure 2.35.
Calculate
(a) the effective resistance, R of the circuit,
(b) the current, I in the circuit,
(c) the potential differences across each resistor,
V1, V2 and V3.
Three resistors with resistances of 2, 3 and 4

respectively are connected to a 6 V battery as shown
above. The resistance of the ammeter A can be neglected.
(a) What is the effective resistance in the circuit?
(b) What is the reading of the ammeter A?
(c) Find the values of I1, and I2.
Example 8
Example 9
A potential difference of 3 V is applied to a

network of resistors as shown in Figure.
(a) What is the reading of the ammeter A?
(b) What is the potential difference across the parallel
network?
(c) What is the current flowing through the 6
resistor?
A 12 V battery is connected in series with a lamp M and a

4 resistor as shown in Figure.
Figure If the ammeter A
shows a reading of 0.5 A, fired the
(a) resistance of the lamp W,
(b) p.d. across the lamp.
Example 5
The three resistors R1 , R2 , and R3 are connected in parallel to the battery as shown in Figure below.
Calculate
(a) the potential difference across each resistor,
(b) the effective resistance, R of the circuit
(c) the current, I in the circuit,
(d) the current II, I2 and I3 passing through each resistor.
15
2.4
ANALYSING ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE AND INTERNAL RESISTANCE
1.
Electromotive Force (e.m.f), E is defined as __________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________
2.
A cell consists of electrodes in a chemical electrolyte. When the cell is connected in a circuit, electric charge
flowing in the electrolyte through electrodes experience a resistance which is known as the
___________________ of the cell.
Figure 1
Figure 2
When a voltmeter is connected across the terminals of

the cell as shown in figure 1, the reading of the
voltmeter gives the ____________________________
of the cell.
If the voltmeter is connected across the terminals of the

cell as shown in figure 2, the voltmeter reading is the
_________________________ across the resistor, R
and the cell.
3.
The value of potential difference, V is less than the e.m.f., E of the cell. The difference between E and V is
due to the potential difference needed to drive the current, I through the internal resistor, r of the cell.
Hence,
Where,
V = _____________________________________
Ir = _____________________________________
The internal resistance, r is given by;
Figure 3
4.
If the rheostat in figure 3 is varied for a set of values for current, I and p.d, V, a graph of V against I can be
plotted to get the values of e.m.f., E and internal resistance, r.
Figure 4
5.
The graph of V against I in figure 4 is a straight line graph. The straight line can be represented by the
equation:
6.
If the straight line is extrapolated until it cuts the vertical axis V, the values of I = 0 and V = E are obtained.
This shows that when no charges flow, the potential difference across the cell is the
______________________
7.
The gradient of the graph is negative showing that V always less than E by some quantity Ir. The value of Ir is
sometimes called ____________________________________________________
17
ELECTRICITY]
Example 1
Figure 1 show a 10 resistor connected in series to a
cell. The voltmeter gives a reading of 2.5 V across the
10 resistors.
Figure 1
Find the e.m.f., E of the cell if thee internal resistance, r is
2 .
Example 3
Figure 3
A cell with e.m.f. 2 V and internal resistance 1 is
connected to a resistor of 4 . What is the reading on
the voltmeter when it is connected across the 4
resistors?
Example 2
The graph shows the result of an experiment to
determine the e.m.f. and internal resistance of a cell
Figure 2
From the graph, determine the e.m.f. of the cell and
its internal resistance.
Example 4
Figure 4
A bulb M is connected to a battery by means
me
of
a switch. A voltmeter is also connected across the
battery as shown in Figure 4. When the switch is
open, the voltmeter reads 6 V. When the switch is
closed, the voltmeter reads 4.8 V.
(a) What is the e.m.f. of the battery?
(b) If the resistance of the bulb
bul M is 8 , what
is the curre nt passing though M when the
(c)
switch is closed?
Find the value of the resistance r, of the
battery.
ELECTRICITY]
Example 5
Example 6
Figure 2.46 shows a simple circuit consisting of a 2 V
dry cell with an internal resistance of 0.5 0. When the
switch is closed, the ammeter
er reading is 0.4 A.
Figure 5
The voltmeter reading in Figure 5 is 1.5 V when the
switch S is left open. When the switch S is closed, tthe
voltmeter reading drops to 1.35 V. Find
(a) the e.m.f. of the cell,
(b) the current through the 4.5 12 resistor,
2.4
Figure 6
ANALYSING ELECTRICAL ENERGY AND POWER
Relationship between Energy, Voltage, Current dan time.

1. The energy carried by electrical charges can be transformed to other form of energy by the operation the
different electrical appliance.
2.
The potential difference or voltage, V across two points is defined as the energy, E dissipated or
transferred by a coulomb of charge, Q that moves through the two points. Therefore:
Potential difference =
V =

3.
C urrent is the rate of charge flow. Therefore the total charge flows through the two points given as:
Q = It
4.
Since the energy dissipated or transferred is given by:
E = VQ
5.
Therefore the relationship between E, V, I d t can be written as:
E = VIt
6.
From Ohms law, V = IR, therefore, E = IR x It

2
E = I Rt
E=

ELECTRICITY]
Relationship between
ween Power, Voltage and Current
1.
Power is defined as the rate of electrical energy dissipated or transferred.
P=

P = VI
2.
From Ohm's law, V = IR, therefore, P = IR x I.

2
P=I R
P=
3.

Power is measured in joule per second (J s-1) and the unit for power is watt.
SUMMARY
Example 1
Example 2
A current of 5 A flows through an electric heater

when it is connected to the 240 V mains supply. How
much heat is released after 2 minutes?
An electric kettle is rated 240 V 1500 W. Calculate

the resistance of its heating element and the current at
normal usage.
Example 3
Example 4
Two resistors, 5 Q and 10 Q are connected in parallel to

a 9 V supply.
Calculate
(a) the ratio of the power dissipated in the 5 Q
resistor to the 10 Q resistor,
(b) the output power of the supply.
An electric kettle is connected across a 240 V power

supply. If the resistance of the heating element is 40 Q,
calculate
(a) the current flowing through the element,
(b) the quantity of heat produced in 10 minutes.
Example 5
An immer sion h eater h as a p o wer ratin g o f 240
V, 750 W.
(a) What is the meaning of its power rating?
(b) What is the resistance of the immersion heater?
(c) What is the electrical energy consumed in 15
minutes?
POWER RATING AND ENERGY CONSUMPTION

1.
From the definition of electric power, the electrical energy that an appliance uses can be expressed as
Energy = power x time
E = Pt
2.
The electrical energy supplied by Electricity Boards is measured in kilowatt our (kWh) rather than in joules.
3.
1 kWh = 1 unit of electricity.
4.
To calculate the amount of electrical energy used in kWh or units, the power of the appliance must be stated
in kilowatt (kW) and the time in hours (h), that is
Energy (kWh) = power (kW) x time (h)

5.
The cost of electrical energy can then be calculated using the formula
Cost = number of units x cost per unit

6.
The cost for one unit of electricity is known as the tariff rate.
21
ELECTRICI
Example 1
If one unit of electricityy costs 21.8 cents, calculate
the cost of using five 36 W fluorescent lamps and a
120 W television if they are switched on five hours
a day for the month of January.
Example 2
A room air conditioner rated at 1 500 W is turned
on eight hours a day. How much would you have to
pay at the end of 31 days if the tariff rates are as
shown in Table 7.11?
Example 3
Example 4
If one unit of electricity cost 21.8 cents, calculate the

cost of using five 36 W fluorescent lamps and a 120 W
television if they are switched on five hours a day for the
month of January.
A room air conditioner rated at 1500 W is turned on

eight hours a day. How
w much would you have to ppay at
the end 31 days if the tariff rates are as shown in table 1.
Tariff (permonth)
Rates in cents per unit
First 200 units
21.8
Next 800 units
28.9
Over 1000 units
31.2
ELECTRICI
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
1.
The efficiency of an electrical appliance can be defi

defined
ned as a percentage of the output power to the input
power.
Efficiency =
2.
Output power
x 100%
Input power
The efficiency of an electrical appliance is always less than 100% some energy is lost in the form of heat and
sound. The more heat the appliance produce
produces, the less is its efficiency.
Example 1
A lamp is marked 240 V, 100 W. What is the efficiency of the lamp if it produces a light output of 12 W?
Example 2
Figure 2
A filament bulb which is labeled 60 W input powers produces light energy of 8 J per second.
s
(a)
What is the efficiency of the bulb?
(b)
How much heat energy is produced by the bulb in 1 hour?
(c)
A fluorescent lamp of input power 18 W is found to produce the same brightness as the 60 W filament
bulb. Determine the efficiency of the fluorescent lamp.
Figure 3: Fluorescent Lamp

Electricity PDF

Transféré par

Informations du document

Titre original

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Electricity PDF

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

PHYSICS FORM 5 [ CHAPTER 2: ELECTRICITY]

Physics Department SSI

PHYSICS FORM 5 [ CHAPTER 2: ELECTRICITY]

Physics Department SSI

ELECTRIC FIELDS AND CHARGE FLOW

When the motor of the Van de Graaff

If the charged dome of the Van de Graaff

Electric current is defined as ________________________________________________________________

In symbols, it is given as;

The SI unit of electric current is ampere (A). 1 A = 1 C s-1.

The direction of current is from the ______________________ of an electric cell or battery

PHYSICS FORM 5 [ CHAPTER 2: ELECTRICITY]

Physics Department SSI

An electric field is ____________________________________________________________________

The principles involved in drawing electric field lines are :

(ii) electric field lines never cross each other.

Apparatus & Materials

Set up the apparatus as shown in the above figure

PHYSICS FORM 5 [ CHAPTER 2: ELECTRICITY]

Physics Department SSI

PATTERN OF ELECTRIC FIELDS LINES

ELECTRIC FIELD AROUND A NEGATIVE CHARGE

ELECTRIC FIELD AROUND A POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE CHARGE

ELECTRIC FIELD AROUND TWO NEGATIVE CHARGES

ELECTRIC FIELD AROUND TWO POSITIVE CHARGES

PHYSICS FORM 5 [ CHAPTER 2: ELECTRICITY]

Physics Department SSI

ELECTRIC FIELD AROUND A NEGATIVE CHARGE AND A POSITIVELY CHARGED PLATE

ELECTRIC FIELD AROUND A POSITIVE CHARGE AND A NEGATIVELY CHARGED PLATE

ELECTRIC FIELD BETWEEN TWO CHARGED PARALLEL PLATES

Physics Department SSI

ANALYSING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ELECTRIC CURRENT AND POTENTIAL

Point P is connected to positive terminal

Point Q is connected to negative terminal

Electric potential at P is greater than the electric potential at

Electric current flows from P to Q, passing the bulb in the

This is due to the electric

The potential difference between two points in an electric

V = potential difference in volt (V)

The SI unit for p.d is volt (V).

A lamp P is lighted up for a duration of 5 minutes

Physics Department SSI

The potential difference across the lamp in Figure

If 72 1 of work has to be done to carry 6 C of charge

The relationship between the potential

Ohms Law states that _____________________________________

The relationship can also be represented by a graph in figure 1

Figure below shows the graphs of V against I for some non

Physics Department SSI

Experiment: Ohms Law

To investigate the relationship

(a) Manipulated variable: Current, I

50 cm constantan wire (s.w.g. 24), connecting wires

PHYSICS FORM 5 [ CHAPTER 2: ELECTRICITY]

Physics Department SSI

Resistance is the opposition of the flow of electric current.

The resistance, R of a conductor is defined as _________________________________________________

The unit of resistance is _______________________________________.

A resistor is represented by the symbol

There are several factors that affect the resistance of a conductor.

Table 1 summaries the factors affecting resistance and their relationship.

The type of the

the length of the conductor