Chemistry

of…..

Carbohydra
tes
What are carbohydrates?
Classification
Functions
Monosaccharides
Reactions with reference to
glucose
Biologically important
disaccharides
Prof-Sanjay Swami
 What are carbohydrates?
“These are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones,
or the compounds which yield them on
hydrolysis.”
-CHO Glucose,

-CO- Fructose,
 Glucos Fructos
e O e
H C H C O H

H C O H C O
H C H H C H

H C O H H C O H

H C O H H C O H

H C O H
H C O H
H H
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 Functions of
Carbohydrates
1.Chief source of energy.- Only source for brain.
Only source to work under anaerobiosis.

Glycogen serves as imm. source for muscles.

2.Constituent of lipids and proteins.

3.Derived products of carb. metabolism act as precursors for synthesis of other
compounds.
4.Certain derivatives used as drugs.
5.Lactose is principle sugar of milk.
6.Forms mucopolysaccharides which are constituents of ground substance of
mesenchymal tissue.
7.Carbohydrates residues in proteins act as receptors.
8.Fructose is principle source of energy for mobility of Sperms
9. Structural component of Membranes.
10.Many carbohydrates are cryoprotectant ( antifreezing) .
11.Inherited deficiencies of certain enzymes of carb. Meta. can cause diseases.
Prof-Sanjay Swami
 Monosaccharides

No. of Carbon Aldose Ketose

Trioses Glyceraldehyde Dihydroxyacetone

Tetroses Erythrose Erythrulose

Pentoses Ribose Ribulose

Hexoses Glucose Fructose

Heptoses Heptulose Pseudoheptulose

Prof-Sanjay Swami
 General properties
with reference
1. Asymmetric carbon
to
1.Asymmetric carbon glucose
CHO

H C OH

R
“A carbon atom to which four different groups
are attached is known as asymmetric / Chiral
carbon”
 General properties
with reference
2. Vant Hoff’s Rule of ‘n’
to
1.Asymmetric carbon Glucose glucose
O “2n is equal to number of
2.Vant Hoff’s rule isomer of that compound”
H C

Where---
H C O H n= No of Chiral carbon
H O C H

H C O H

H C O H

H C O H

H
Prof-Sanjay Swami
 General properties
with reference
3. Stereoisomerism
to
1.Asymmetric carbon glucose
2.Vant Hoff’s rule “ The compounds having same
3. Stereo-isomerism molecular formula but which differ in
their spatial configuration are known as
‘Stereo-isomers’, and the phenomenon is
known as stereo-isomerism”
These isomers are exact mirror images
to each other
These isomers are either of D-Series or
L-series
D- is for dextro, means right
L- is for levo, means left
 er
i som
Oreo The orientation of
O
S te the H & OH , around
the carbon just
H to C
is m C H adjacent
primary alcohol
group determines
C H C OH
HO H the D or L series
This carbon is known
as Reference C
H C OH HO H
carbon or
Penaltymate
HO C H
carbonH C OH
If OH is on right
then it is member
of D series
H and
C ifOitH
HO C H is on left then L
series
H C OH
HO C H
H
H
D- L-