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AsianDevelopmentBank
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

TheAsianDevelopmentBank(ADB)isaregional
developmentbankestablishedon22August1966which
isheadquarteredinMetroManila,Philippines,to
facilitateeconomicdevelopmentinAsia.[3]Thebank
admitsthemembersoftheUnitedNationsEconomicand
SocialCommissionforAsiaandthePacific(UNESCAP,
formerlytheEconomicCommissionforAsiaandtheFar
EastorECAFE)andnonregionaldevelopedcountries.[3]
From31membersatitsestablishment,ADBnowhas67
members,ofwhich48arefromwithinAsiaandthe
Pacificand19outside.TheADBwasmodeledcloselyon
theWorldBank,andhasasimilarweightedvoting
systemwherevotesaredistributedinproportionwith
members'capitalsubscriptions.
Attheendof2013,Japanholdsthelargestproportionof
sharesat15.67%.TheUnitedStatesholds15.56%,China
holds6.47%,Indiaholds6.36%,andAustraliaholds
5.81%.[4]

AsianDevelopmentBank

Motto

Ming,Wan(Winter19951996).
"JapanandtheAsianDevelopment
Bank".PacificAffairs(Universityof
ADBlogo
BritishColumbia)68(4):509528.
doi:10.2307/2761274.
FightingpovertyinAsiaandthe
JSTOR2761274.

Pacific
Formation

22August1966

Type

Regionalorganization

Legalstatus

Treaty

Purpose

Crediting

Headquarters MandaluyongCity,MetroManila,
Philippines
Region
served

AsiaPacific

Membership

67countries

President

TakehikoNakao

Mainorgan

BoardofDirectors[1]

Staff

3,051[2]

Website

http://www.adb.org

Contents
1Organization
1.1Listofpresidents
2History
2.119621972
2.219721986
2.3Since1986

AsianDevelopmentBankmemberstates
Outsideregions
AsiaPacificregion

3Lending
4Notableprojectsandtechnicalassistance
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5Effectiveness
6Criticism
7UnitedNationsDevelopmentBusiness
8Strategy2020
9Listof20LargestCountriesandRegionsby
SubscribedCapitalandVotingPower
10Members
11Seealso
12References
13Externallinks

Organization
Thehighestpolicymakingbodyofthebankisthe
BoardofGovernors,composedofonerepresentative
fromeachmemberstate.TheBoardofGovernors,in
turn,electamongthemselvesthetwelvemembersofthe
Boardandtheirdeputy.Eightofthetwelvemembers
comefromregional(AsiaPacific)memberswhilethe
otherscomefromnonregionalmembers.
TheBoardofGovernorsalsoelectthebank'spresident,
whoisthechairpersonoftheBoardofDirectorsand
managesADB.Thepresidenthasatermofoffice
lastingfiveyears,andmaybereelected.Traditionally,
andbecauseJapanisoneofthelargestshareholdersof
thebank,thepresidenthasalwaysbeenJapanese.

ADBHeadquartersinMandaluyongCity,
Philippines

ThemostrecentpresidentwasTakehikoNakao,who
succeededHaruhikoKurodain2013.[5]
Theheadquartersofthebankisat6ADBAvenue,MandaluyongCity,MetroManila,Philippines,[6][7]and
ithasrepresentativeofficesaroundtheworld.Thebankemploys3,051people,ofwhich1,463(48%)are
fromthePhilippines.[2]

Listofpresidents

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Name

Dates

Nationality

TakeshiWatanabe

19661972

Japan

ShiroInoue

19721976

Japan

TaroichiYoshida

19761981

Japan

MasaoFujioka

19811989

Japan

KimimasaTarumizu 19891993

Japan

MitsuoSato

19931999

Japan

TadaoChino

19992005

Japan

HaruhikoKuroda

20052013

Japan

TakehikoNakao

2013

Japan

History
19621972
TheconceptofaregionalbankwasformallymootedatatradeconferenceorganizedbytheEconomic
CommissionforAsiaandtheFarEast(ECAFE)in1963byayoungThaibanker,PaulSithiAmnuai,for
developingintraregionaltrade.(ESCAP,UnitedNationsPublicationMarch2007,"Thefirstparliamentof
Asia"pp.65)OncetheADBwasfoundedin1966,Japantookaprominentpositioninthebankitreceived
thepresidencyandsomeothercrucial"reservepositions"suchasthedirectoroftheadministration
department.Bytheendof1972,Japancontributed$173.7million(22.6%ofthetotal)totheordinary
capitalresourcesand$122.6million(59.6%ofthetotal)tothespecialfunds.Incontrast,theUnitedStates
contributedonly$1.25millionforthespecialfund.[3]
TheADBservedJapan'seconomicinterestsbecauseitsloanswentlargelytoIndonesia,Thailand,
Malaysia,SouthKoreaandthePhilippines,thecountrieswithwhichJapanhadcrucialtradingtiesthese
nationsaccountedfor78.48%ofthetotalADBloansbetween1967and1972.Moreover,Japanreceived
tangiblebenefits,41.67%ofthetotalprocurementsbetween1967and1976.Japantieditsspecialfunds
contributionstoitspreferredsectorsandregionsandprocurementsofitsgoodsandservices,asreflectedin
its$100milliondonationfortheAgriculturalSpecialFundinApril1968.[3]
TakeshiWatanabeservedasthefirstADBpresidentfrom1966to1972.

19721986
Japan'sshareofcumulativecontributionsincreasedfrom30.4%in1972to35.5%in1981and41.9%in
1986.Inaddition,JapanwasacrucialsourceofADBborrowing,29.4%(outof$6,729.1million)in1973
86,comparedto45.1%fromEuropeand12.9%fromtheUnitedStates.JapanesepresidentsInoueShiro
(197276)andYoshidaTaroichi(197681)tookthespotlight.FujiokaMasao,thefourthpresident(1981
90),adoptedanassertiveleadershipstyle.HeannouncedanambitiousplantoexpandtheADBintoahigh
impactdevelopmentagency.HisplanandbankingphilosophyledtoincreasingfrictionwiththeU.S.
directors,withopencriticismfromtheAmericansatthe1985annualmeeting.[3]
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DuringthisperiodtherewasastrongparallelinstitutionaltiebetweentheADBandtheJapaneseMinistry
ofFinance,particularlytheInternationalFinanceBureau(IFB).

Since1986
Japan'sshareofcumulativecontributionsincreasedfrom41.9%in1986to50.0%in1993.Inaddition,
JapanhasbeenacruciallendertotheADB,30.4%ofthetotalin198793,comparedto39.8%from
Europeand11.7%fromtheUnitedStates.However,differentfromthepreviousperiod,Japanhasbecome
moreassertivesincethemid1980s.Japan'splanwastousetheADBasaconduitforrecyclingitshuge
surpluscapitalanda"catalyst"forattractingprivateJapanesecapitaltotheregion.Afterthe1985Plaza
Accord,JapanesemanufacturerswerepushedbyhighyentomovetoSoutheastAsia.TheADBplayeda
roleinchannelingJapaneseprivatecapitaltoAsiabyimprovinglocalinfrastructure.[3]TheADBalso
committeditselftoincreasingloansforsocialissuessuchaseducation,healthandpopulation,urban
developmentandenvironment,to40%ofitstotalloansfromaround30%atthetime.[3]

Lending
TheADBoffers"hard"loansfromordinarycapitalresources(OCR)oncommercialterms,andtheAsian
DevelopmentFund(ADF)affiliatedwiththeADBextends"soft"loansfromspecialfundresourceswith
concessionalconditions.ForOCR,memberssubscribecapital,includingpaidinandcallableelements,a
50%paidinratiofortheinitialsubscription,5%fortheThirdGeneralCapitalIncrease(GCI)in1983and
2%fortheFourthGeneralCapitalIncreasein1994.TheADBborrowsfrominternationalcapitalmarkets
withitscapitalasguarantee.[3]
In2009,ADBobtainedmembercontributionsforitsFifthGeneralCapitalIncreaseof200%,inresponseto
acallbyG20leaderstoincreaseresourcesofmultilateraldevelopmentbankssoastosupportgrowthin
developingcountriesamidtheglobalfinancialcrisis.For2010and2011,a200%GCIallowslendingof
$12.5billionto13billionin2010andabout$11billionin2011.[8]Withthisincrease,thebank'scapital
basetripledfrom$55billionto$165billion.[9]

Notableprojectsandtechnicalassistance
AfghanDiasporaProject
FundingUtahStateUniversityledprojectstobringlaborskillsinThailand
EarthquakeandTsunamiEmergencySupportProjectinIndonesia
GreaterMekongSubregionalProgram[10]
ROCPingHuOffshoreOilandGasDevelopment
StrategicPrivateSectorPartnershipsforUrbanPovertyReductioninthePhilippines
TransAfghanistanGasPipelineFeasibilityAssessment
Loanof$1.2billiontobailitoutofanimpendingeconomiccrisisinPakistanandongoingfunding
forthecountriesgrowingenergyneeds,specificallyHydropowerprojects
Microfinancesupportforprivateenterprises,inconjunctionwithgovernments,includingPakistan
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andIndia.
TheYichangWanzhouRailwayprojectinthemountainousareaofwesternHubeiProvinceand
northeasternChongqingMunicipality,China.(AUS$500millionloan,approvedin2003.)[11]
UlaanbaatarAirportandNationalAirNavigationDevelopmentProjects:ChinggisKhaan
InternationalAirport[12]
ColomboHarbourExpansionProject[13]
AsiaClimatePartners,ajointventurebetweenADB,ORIXCorporation,andRobecoInstitutional
AssetManagement,thatfundsgreenenergyprojects.[14]

Effectiveness
GivenADB'sannuallendingvolume,thereturnoninvestmentinlessonlearningforoperationaland
developmentalimpactishigh,andmaximizingitisalegitimateconcern.AllprojectsfundedbyADBare
evaluatedtofindoutwhatresultsarebeingachieved,whatimprovementsshouldbeconsidered,andwhatis
beinglearned.
Therearetwotypesofevaluation:independentandselfevaluation.Selfevaluationisconductedbythe
unitsresponsiblefordesigningandimplementingcountrystrategies,programs,projects,ortechnical
assistanceactivities.Itcomprisesseveralinstruments,includingproject/programperformancereports,
midtermreviewreports,technicalassistanceorproject/programcompletionreports,andcountryportfolio
reviews.Allprojectsareselfevaluatedbytherelevantunitsinaprojectcompletionreport.ADBsproject
completionreportsarepubliclydisclosedonADBswebsite.Clientgovernmentsarerequiredtoprepare
theirownprojectcompletionreports.
Independentevaluationisafoundationblockoforganizationallearning:Itisessentialtotransferincreased
amountsofrelevantandhighqualityknowledgefromexperienceintothehandsofpolicymakers,
designers,andimplementers.ADBsIndependentEvaluationDepartment(IED)[15]conductssystematicand
impartialassessmentofpolicies,strategies,countryprograms,andprojects,includingtheirdesign,
implementation,results,andassociatedbusinessprocessestodeterminetheirrelevance,effectiveness,
efficiency,andsustainabilityfollowingprescribedmethodsandguidelines.[16]Italsovalidatesself
evaluations.Bythisprocessofevaluation,ADBdemonstratesthreeelementsofgoodgovernance:
accountability,byassessingtheeffectivenessofADB'soperationstransparency,byindependently
reviewingoperationsandpubliclyreportingfindingsandrecommendationsandimprovedperformance,by
helpingADBanditsclientslearnfromexperiencetoenhanceongoingandfutureoperations.
OperationsevaluationhaschangedfromthebeginningsofevaluationinADBin1978.Initially,thefocus
wasonassessingaftercompletiontheextenttowhichprojectshadachievedtheirexpectedeconomicand
socialbenefits.Operationsevaluationnowshapesdecisionmakingthroughouttheprojectcycleandin
ADBasawhole.Sincetheestablishmentofitsindependencein2004,IEDreportsdirectlytoADBsBoard
ofDirectorsthroughtheBoard'sDevelopmentEffectivenessCommittee.Behavioralautonomy,avoidance
ofconflictsofinterest,insulationfromexternalinfluence,andorganizationalindependencehavemade
evaluationadedicatedtoolgovernedbytheprinciplesofusefulness,credibility,transparency,and

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independenceforgreateraccountabilityandmakingdevelopmentassistanceworkbetter.Independent
EvaluationattheAsianDevelopmentBankpresentsaperspectiveofevaluationinADBfromthe
beginningsandlookstoafutureinwhichknowledgemanagementplaysanincreasinglyimportantrole.[17]
Inrecentyears,therehasbeenamajorshiftinthenatureofIED'sworkprogramfromadominanceof
evaluationsofindividualprojectstoonefocusingonbroaderandmorestrategicstudies.Toselectpriority
topicsforevaluationstudies,IEDseeksinputfromtheDevelopmentEffectivenessCommittee,ADB
Management,andtheheadsofADBdepartmentsandoffices.Thecurrentthrustsaretoimprovethequality
ofevaluationsbyusingmorerobustmethodologiesgiveprioritytocountry/sectorassistanceprogram
evaluationsincreasethenumberofjointevaluationsvalidateselfevaluationstoshortenthelearningcycle
conductmorerigorousimpactevaluationsdevelopevaluationcapacity,bothinADBandinDMCs
promoteportfolioperformanceevaluatebusinessprocessesanddisseminatefindingsand
recommendationsandensuretheiruse.IED'sworkprogramhasalsobeenreinterpretedtoemphasize
organizationallearninginamoreclearlydefinedresultsarchitectureandresultsframework.Itentails
conductinganddisseminatingstrategicevaluations(inconsultationwithstakeholders),[18]harmonizing
performanceindicatorsandevaluationmethodologies,anddevelopingcapacityinevaluationandevaluative
thinking.[19]AllevaluationstudiesarepubliclydisclosedonIED'swebsite(someevaluationsofprivate
sectoroperationsareredactedtoprotectcommerciallyconfidentialinformation).[20]IED'sevaluation
resourcesaredisplayedbyresourcetype,topic,regionandcountry,anddate.[21]Learningsarealso
gatheredinanonlineEvaluationInformationSystemofferingadatabaseoflessons,recommendations,and
ADBManagementresponsestothese.[22]Detailsofongoingevaluationsandupdatesontheirprogressare
madepublictoo.[23]
Beginning2006,actingwithintheknowledgemanagementframeworkofADB,IEDhasappliedknowledge
managementtolessonlearning,usingknowledgeperformancemetrics.
LearningLessonsinADBsetsthestrategicframeworkforknowledgemanagementinoperations
evaluation.[24]ImprovementshavebeenmadethatholdpromisenotonlyinIEDbut,moreimportantly,vis
visitsinterfaceswithotherdepartmentsandofficesinADB,developingmembercountries,andthe
internationalevaluationcommunity.Inthemediumterm,IEDwillcontinuetoimprovetheorganizational
culture,managementsystem,businessprocesses,informationtechnologysolutions,communityofpractice,
andexternalrelationsandnetworkingforlessonlearning.Amongthenewknowledgeproductsandservices
developed,LearningCurvesarebriefreferencesdesignedtofeedfindingsandrecommendationsfrom
evaluationtoabroaderrangeofclients[25]EvaluationNewsreportoneventsinmonitoringandevaluation.
EvaluationPresentationsoffershortphotographicorPowerPointdisplaysonevaluationtopics.Auditing
theLessonsArchitecturehighlightsthecontributionthatknowledgeauditscanmaketoorganizational
learningandhealth.[26]
Ofthe1,106ADBfundedprojectsevaluatedandratedasofDecember2007,65%wereassessedas
successful,27%partlysuccessful,and8%asunsuccessful.

Criticism
SincetheADB'searlydays,criticshavechargedthatthetwomajordonors,JapanandtheUnitedStates,
havehadextensiveinfluenceoverlending,policyandstaffingdecisions.[27]
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OxfamAustraliahascriticizedtheAsianDevelopmentBankofinsensitivitytolocalcommunities.
"Operatingataglobalandinternationallevel,thesebankscanunderminepeople'shumanrightsthrough
projectsthathavedetrimentaloutcomesforpoorandmarginalizedcommunities."[28]Thebankalso
receivedcriticismfromtheUnitedNationsEnvironmentalProgram,statinginareportthat"muchofthe
growthhasbypassedmorethan70percentofitsruralpopulation,manyofwhomaredirectlydependenton
naturalresourcesforlivelihoodsandincomes."[29]
TherehadbeencriticismthatADB'slargescaleprojectscausesocialandenvironmentaldamageduetolack
ofoversight.OneofthemostcontroversialADBrelatedprojectsisThailand'sMaeMohcoalfiredpower
station.EnvironmentalandhumanrightsactivistssayADB'senvironmentalsafeguardspolicyaswellas
policiesforindigenouspeoplesandinvoluntaryresettlement,whileusuallyuptointernationalstandardson
paper,areoftenignoredinpractice,aretoovagueorweaktobeeffective,oraresimplynotenforcedby
bankofficials.[30][31]
Thebankhasbeencriticizedoveritsroleandrelevanceinthefoodcrisis.TheADBhasbeenaccusedby
civilsocietyofignoringwarningsleadingupthecrisisandalsocontributingtoitbypushingloan
conditionsthatmanysayunfairlypressuregovernmentstoderegulateandprivatizeagriculture,leadingto
problemssuchasthericesupplyshortageinSoutheastAsia.[32]
ThebankhasalsobeencriticizedbyVietnamWarveteransforfundingprojectsinLaos,becauseofthe
UnitedStates'15%stakeinthebank,underwrittenbytaxes.[33]Laosbecameacommunistcountryafterthe
U.S.withdrewfromVietnam,andtheLaotianCivilWarwaswonbythePathetLao,whichiswidely
understoodtohavebeensupportedbytheNorthVietnameseArmy.
In2009,thebankendorseda$2.9billionfundingstrategyforproposedprojectsinIndia.Theprojectsin
thisstrategywereonlyindicativeandstillneededtobefurtherapprovedbythebank'sboardofdirectors
however,PRCForeignMinistryspokesmanQinGangclaimed,"TheAsianDevelopmentBank,regardless
ofthemajorconcernsofChina,approvedtheIndiaCountryPartnershipstrategywhichinvolvesthe
territorialdisputebetweenChinaandIndia.Chinaexpressesitsstrongdissatisfactionoverthis....Thebank's
movenotonlyseriouslytarnishesitsownname,butalsounderminestheinterestsofitsmembers."[34]

UnitedNationsDevelopmentBusiness
TheUnitedNationslaunchedDevelopmentBusinessin1978withthesupportoftheAsianDevelopment
Bank,theWorldBank,andmanyothermajordevelopmentbanksfromaroundtheworld.Today,
DevelopmentBusinessistheprimarypublicationforallmajormultilateraldevelopmentbanks,United
Nationsagencies,andseveralnationalgovernments,manyofwhomhavemadethepublicationoftheir
tendersandcontractsinDevelopmentBusinessamandatoryrequirement.[35]

Strategy2020
Strategy2020isTheLongTermStrategicFrameworkoftheAsianDevelopmentandwidestrategic
frameworktoguideallitsoperationsto2020.

Listof20LargestCountriesandRegionsbySubscribedCapital
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andVotingPower
Thefollowingtableareamountsfor20largestcountriesbysubscribedcapitalandvotingpoweratthe
AsianDevelopmentBankasofDecember2013[36]
The20LargestCountriesbySubscribedCapitalandVotingPowerattheAsianDevelopmentBank
Subscribed
Voting
Rank
Country
Capital
Rank
Country
Power
(%ofTotal)
(%ofTotal)
World

100.000

World

100.000

European
Union

15.718

Japan

12.835

14.427

UnitedStates

12.747

China

6.470

China

5.474

India

6.357

India

5.384

Australia

5.810

Australia

4.946

Canada

5.252

Canada

4.500

Indonesia

5.173

Indonesia

4.437

SouthKorea

5.058

SouthKorea

4.345

Germany

4.344

Germany

3.773

10

Malaysia

2.734

10

Malaysia

2.486

11

Philippines

2.392

11

Philippines

2.212

12

France

2.337

12

France

2.168

13

Pakistan

2.187

13

Pakistan

2.048

2.051

14

Japan

15.670

UnitedStates

15.560

European
Union
3

14

United
Kingdom

United
Kingdom

1.939

15

Italy

1.815

15

Italy

1.750

16

NewZealand

1.542

16

NewZealand

1.532

17

Thailand

1.367

17

Thailand

1.392

18

Taiwan

1.094

18

Taiwan

1.173

19

Netherlands

1.030

19

Netherlands

1.122

20

Bangladesh

1.025

20

Bangladesh

1.119

Members

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ADBhas67members(asof2February2007):48membersfromtheAsianandPacificRegion,19
membersfromOtherRegions.[4]NotablenonmembersareBahrain,Iran,Iraq,Jordan,Kuwait,Lebanon,
NorthKorea,Oman,Qatar,SaudiArabia,theUnited
ArabEmirates,andYemen.Namesareasrecognized
byADB.
Theyearafteramember'snameindicatestheyearof
membership.Atthetimeacountryceasestobea
member,theBankshallarrangefortherepurchaseof
suchcountry'ssharesbytheBankasapartofthe
settlementofaccountswithsuchcountryinaccordance
withtheprovisionsofparagraphs3and4ofArticle
AsianDevelopmentBankDevelopingMember
[38]
43.
Countries(DMC)graduationstages[37]
Outsideregions
AsiaPacificregiondevelopedmembers
DMCgraduatedfromassistance,GroupD
OrdinaryCapitalResources(OCR)financing,
GroupC
OCRandADFblendedfinancing,GroupB
AsianDevelopmentFund(ADF)financing,
GroupA

Country

Dateof
Accession

Afghanistan

1966

Australia

1966

Cambodia

1966

India

1966

Indonesia

1966

Japan

1966

Korea,Republicof

1966

LaoPeople'sDemocratic
Republic[39]
Malaysia
Nepal

1966
1966
1966

NewZealand

1966

Pakistan

1966

Philippines

1966

Samoa

1966

Singapore

1966

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SriLanka

1966

Taipei,China[40][41]

1966

Austria

1966

Thailand

1966

Belgium

1966

Canada

1966

Denmark

1966

VietNam,SocialistRepublic
of[42]

1966

Country

Dateof
Accession

HongKong[43]

1969

Finland

1966

Fiji

1970

Germany[44]

1966

PapuaNewGuinea

1971

Italy

1966

Tonga

1972

Netherlands

1966

Bangladesh

1973

Norway

1966

Burma

1973

Sweden

1966

SolomonIslands

1973

Kiribati

1974

CookIslands

1976

Maldives

1978

Vanuatu

1981

France

1970

Bhutan

1982

Spain

1986

China,People'sRepublicof

1986

Turkey

1991

MarshallIslands

1990

Portugal

2002

Micronesia,FederatedStatesof

1990

Luxembourg

2003

Mongolia

1991

Ireland

2006

Nauru

1991

Tuvalu

1993

Kazakhstan

1994

KyrgyzRepublic

1994

Uzbekistan

1995

Tajikistan

1998

Azerbaijan

1999

Turkmenistan

2000

TimorLeste

2002

Palau

2003

Armenia

2005

BruneiDarussalam

2006

Georgia

2007

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Development_Bank

United
Kingdom
UnitedStates
Switzerland

1966
1966
1967

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Seealso
AsianInfrastructureInvestmentBank(AIIB)
AsianDevelopmentBankInstitute(ADBI)
AfricanDevelopmentBank
AsiaCooperationDialogue
AsianClearingUnion
InternationalMonetaryFund
WorldBank
SouthAsiaSubregionalEconomicCooperation

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(http://www.adb.org/publications/learninglessonsadb)
25. EvaluationReportsADB.org(http://www.adb.org/site/evaluation/resources/%28387%29%2C1481)
26. AuditingtheLessonsArchitectureADB.org(http://www.adb.org/publications/auditinglessonsarchitecture)
27. Kilby,Christopher(2002)."DonorInfluenceinMDBs:TheCaseoftheAsianDevelopmentBank"
(http://www.williams.edu/Economics/neudc/papers/ADB.3.pdf).TheReviewofInternationalOrganizations68
(4):509528.Retrieved20100916.
28. OxfamAustralia."TheMekongandAsianDevelopmentBank(http://www.oxfam.org.au/campaigns/adb/)
29. IPS."UNEPfaultsAsiandevelopmentproject."(http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=38568)
30. "LOCALCONCERNSIGNOREDLargescaleADBprojectsdrawcriticism"
(http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgibin/nn20070508a5.html)
31. NGOcriticisesADBandquestionsitsabilitytoreducepoverty
(http://www.rfi.fr/actuen/articles/113/article_3679.asp)
32. "ADBtomeetamidfoodcrisis,growingpoverty"(http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.3746.aspx)
33. Walsh,Denny(20080423)."Laosplotcasebackinfederalcourt"
(http://www.sacbee.com/101/story/882584.html).SacramentoBee.Retrieved20080423.
34. "ChinaslamsADBoverIndiafunding"(http://english.sina.com/china/2009/0618/249531.html).SINAEnglish.
20090619.Retrieved20090624.
35. UnitedNationsDevelopmentBusiness'website(http://www.devbusiness.com)
36. http://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/ar2013/oiappendix1.pdfANNUALREPORT2013:Promoting
EnvironmentallySustainableGrowthinAsiaandthePacific
37. ADBGraduationpolicy(http://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/OMA122Nov2011.pdf)
38. AgreementEstablishingtheAsianDevelopmentBank(http://www.adb.org/documents/agreementestablishing
asiandevelopmentbankadbcharter).AsianDevelopmentBank.Retrieved20071210
39. Joinedas

KingdomofLaos,succeededbyLaoPDRin1975

40. Taipei,China'sFactSheetontheADBwebsite(http://www.adb.org/publications/taipeichinafactsheet)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Development_Bank

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22/03/2015

41. Joinedas

AsianDevelopmentBankWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

China,RepublicofrepresentingnotonlyTaiwanArea,butalsonominallyMainlandChinauntil

1986.However,itsshareofBankcapitalwasbasedonthesizeofTaiwan'scapital,unliketheWorldBankand
IMFwherethegovernmentinTaiwanhadhadashare.Therepresentationwassucceededby

People's

RepublicofChinain1986.However,theROCwasallowedtoretainitsmembership,butunderthenameof
Taipei,Chinaanameitprotests.Uniquely,thisallowsbothsidesoftheTaiwanStraitstoberepresentedatthe
institution.
42. Formerly

VietNam,Republicofuntil1975

43. Joinedas"HongKong",not"HongKong,China"
44. FoundingmemberjoinedasWestGermany.

Externallinks
BankInformationCenter(http://www.bicusa.org/)
TheADBwebsite(http://www.adb.org)
ADBInstitute(http://www.adbi.org)

WikimediaCommonshas
mediarelatedtoAsian
DevelopmentBank.

"InequalityWorsensacrossAsia"(http://www.dollarsandsense.org/archives/2007/1107miller.html),
Dollars&Sensemagazine,November/December2007.Articlediscussingrecentreportsfromthe
ADB.
"Therightbusinessenvironment"(http://www.dandc.eu/en/article/fightyouthunemploymentasia
needsmorejobsnotmoreschools)YouthunemploymentinAsia.AninterviewwithJesusFelipe,
advisorintheEconomicsandResearchDepartmentofADB.
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