APPLICATIONS OF MATHEMATICAL LOGIC

Introduction: Logic is being used as a tool in a number of

situations for a variety of reasons.
Logic is found to be extremely useful in decision taking
problems. In computer science and
engineering, knowledge of logic is essential in in the following
field:
Analysis of algorithms and implementation
Development of algorithms into a structured program in a
programming language.
A material of logic theory forms a basis in theoretical computer
science such as
Artificial Intelligence, Fuzzy logic, functioning of expert
systems etc.

Artificial intelligence ::
Artificial intelligence (AI) is the human-like intelligence
exhibited by machines or software. It is also an academic
field of study. Major AI researchers and textbooks define
the field as "the study and design of intelligent agents",[1]
where an intelligent agent is a system that perceives its
environment and takes actions that maximize its chances
of success.[2] John McCarthy, who coined the term in
1955,[3] defines it as "the science and engineering of
making intelligent machines.

examples:::

Expert system
In artificial intelligence, an expert system is a computer
system that emulates the decision-making ability of a
human expert.Expert systems are designed to solve
complex problems by reasoning about knowledge,
represented primarily as ifthen rules rather than through
conventional procedural code. The first expert systems
were created in the 1970s and then proliferated in the
1980s Expert systems were among the first truly
successful forms of AI software.
An expert system is divided into two sub-systems: the
inference engine and the knowledge base. The knowledge
base represents facts and rules. The inference engine
applies the rules to the known facts to deduce new facts.
Inference engines can also include explanation and
debugging capabilities.

Fuzzy logic
Fuzzy logic is a form of many-valued logic; it deals with
reasoning that is approximate rather than fixed and exact.
Compared to traditional binary sets (where variables may
take on true or false values), fuzzy logic variables may
have a truth value that ranges in degree between 0 and 1.
Fuzzy logic has been extended to handle the concept of
partial truth, where the truth value may range between

completely true and completely false.Furthermore, when

linguistic variables are used, these degrees may be
managed by specific functions. Irrationality can be
described in terms of what is known as the fuzzjective.

Applying truth values

A basic application might characterize subranges of a
continuous variable. For instance, a temperature
measurement for anti-lock brakes might have several
separate membership functions defining particular
temperature ranges needed to control the brakes properly.
Each function maps the same temperature value to a truth
value in the 0 to 1 range. These truth values can then be
used to determine how the brakes should be controlled.

Fuzzy logic temperature

In this image, the meanings of the expressions cold,
warm, and hot are represented by functions mapping a
temperature scale. A point on that scale has three "truth
values"one for each of the three functions. The vertical
line in the image represents a particular temperature that

the three arrows (truth values) gauge. Since the red arrow
points to zero, this temperature may be interpreted as "not
hot". The orange arrow (pointing at 0.2) may describe it
as "slightly warm" and the blue arrow (pointing at 0.8)
"fairly cold".