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Can You Acquire

Better Heights with GPS?


Curt Smith
National Geodetic Survey
P.O. Box 140533
Boise, ID 83714
208-332-7197
Curt.Smith@noaa.gov

NOAA, NOS, National Geodetic Survey

Heights Matter!

Southern Utah Flooding

1/12/2005

DESCRIPTION: The Santa Clara River flows past destroyed homes and a fallen tree in the Creek side subdivision Wednesday in
St. George. Seven homes in the subdivision were completely lost to the river and at least another four were severely damaged by
this week's flooding. CREDITS: Jud Burkett COPYRIGHT: The Spectrum

Southern Utah Flooding

1/12/2005

DESCRIPTION: A row of damaged homes in Riverwood subdivision cling to the banks of the Santa Clara River Thursday in St. George.
CREDITS: Jud Burkett COPYRIGHT: The Spectrum

North Carolina
Floodplain Mapping

2002 Detail
Mapping vs.
Effective
Approximate
Mapping

Physically
Monumented
Points

Stainless steel rod


driven to refusal
1980s
Poured in place
concrete post
1954

NGS Data Sheet


www.ngs.noaa.gov

Current Survey Control

NGS Control Marks

NGS Bench Mark


for
Vertical Control

NGS Triangulation Station


for
Horizontal Control

V 301 (PID# QB0449)

COMFORT (PID# QB1334)

NGS Control Marks Today

Monumented Points
Deterioration
Disturbed Geodetic Control
Coordinates/Elevations
Questionable

Destroyed Geodetic Control


No Coordinates/Elevation

F 143 Not recovered (destroyed)

E 143 Not recovered (destroyed)

D 143 Not recovered (destroyed)

USGS Topographic Map

C 143 Not recovered (destroyed)

Subsidence
Areas
Questionable
Elevation Data

ROD 1
ROD 2
ROD 1
Backsight

5
BM
100

Foresight
Backsight

105
HI

Foresight

6
INSTR

99

INSTR

BM

Conventional Leveling
Very Precise
Labor Intensive
Max Distance 140 M
Between rods

Global Positioning
System
27 Satellites
6 Planes, 55 Rotation
4/5 Satellites /Plane
20,183 km Orbit
1 Revolution /12 Hrs

Vertical Datum Relationships


3-D Datums

WGS 84,
NAD 83 (86)

NAVD 88,
NGVD 29
Orthometric Datums

MHHW,
MHW,
MTL,
DTL,
MLW,
MLLW

Tidal Datums

GRACE Gravity Model 01


- Released July 2003

Image credit: University of Texas Center


for Space Research and NASA

The Geoid

Geopotential
Surfaces

Ellipsoid
Surface

Gravity Vector

The relationships between the ellipsoid surface (solid red), various geopotential surfaces (dashed
blue), and the geoid (solid blue). The geoid exists approximately at mean sea level (MSL). Not
shown is the actual surface of the earth, which coincides with MSL but is generally above the geoid.

Ellipsoid, Geoid, and Orthometric Heights

h = H + N
P

hse
t
r
Eaurfac
S

Plumb Line

Ellipsoid
h
Q
Mean
Sea
Level

N
Geoid
PO

Ocean

h (Ellipsoid Height) = Distance along ellipsoid normal (Q to P)


N (Geoid Height) = Distance along ellipsoid normal (Q to PO)
H (Orthometric Height) = Distance along plumb line (PO to P)

In Search of the Geoid

Courtesy of Natural Resources Canada www.geod.nrcan.gc.ca/index_e/geodesy_e/geoid03_e.html

www.ngs.noaa.gov

www.ngs.noaa.gov

Guidelines for Establishing


GPS-Derived Ellipsoid Heights
(Standards: 2 cm and 5 cm)
NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS NGS-58
GUIDELINES FOR ESTABLISHING GPS-DERIVED ELLIPSOID HEIGHTS
(STANDARDS: 2 CM AND 5 CM)
VERSION 4.3

David B. Zilkoski
Joseph D. D'Onofrio
Stephen J. Frakes

Silver Spring, MD
November 1997

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF
COMMERCE

National Oceanic and


Atmospheric Administration

National Ocean
Service

National Geodetic
Survey

www.ngs.noaa.gov

Height Modernization Layout

= CORS
= HARN
= Primary Base Network
= Secondary Base Network
= Local Base Network

= Existing NGS Level line


= Decimated NGS Level line
= New HMP Level line

Guidelines for Establishing


GPS-Derived Orthometric
Heights
(Standards: 2 cm and 5 cm)

DATABASE = Sybase ,PROGRAM = datasheet, VERSION = 7.12


1 National Geodetic Survey, Retrieval Date = JANUARY 25, 2005
OM1256 ***************************************************************
OM1256 HT_MOD - This is a Height Modernization Survey Station.
OM1256 CBN - This is a Cooperative Base Network Control Station.
OM1256 DESIGNATION - CAMBRIA GPS
OM1256 PID - OM1256
OM1256 STATE/COUNTY- WI/COLUMBIA
OM1256 USGS QUAD - RANDOLPH (1980)
OM1256
OM1256 *CURRENT SURVEY CONTROL
OM1256 ___________________________________________________________________
OM1256* NAD 83(1997)- 43 34 10.47581(N) 089 06 09.35995(W)
ADJUSTED
OM1256* NAVD 88 303.84 (meters)
996.8 (feet)
GPS OBS
OM1256 ___________________________________________________________________
OM1256 X - 72,495.418 (meters) COMP
OM1256 Y - -4,628,194.515 (meters) COMP
OM1256 Z - 4,373,750.772 (meters) COMP
OM1256 LAPLACE CORR- 1.49 (seconds) DEFLEC99
OM1256 ELLIP HEIGHT- 268.36 (meters) (04/28/99) GPS OBS
OM1256 GEOID HEIGHT- -35.46 (meters) GEOID03
OM1256
OM1256 HORZ ORDER - A
OM1256 ELLP ORDER - THIRD CLASS I
OM1256
OM1256.The horizontal coordinates were established by GPS observations
OM1256.and adjusted by the National Geodetic Survey in April 1999.
OM1256
OM1256.The orthometric height was determined by GPS observations and a
OM1256.high-resolution geoid model using precise GPS observation and
OM1256.processing techniques.
OM1256
OM1256.The X, Y, and Z were computed from the position and ellipsoidal ht.
OM1256
OM1256.The Laplace correction computed from DEFLEC99 derived deflections.
OM1256
OM1256.The ellipsoidal height was determined by GPS observations
OM1256.and is referenced to NAD 83.
OM1256
OM1256.The geoid height was determined by GEOID03.
OM1256

Elevation published
to centimeters.

Orthometric height
determined by GPS.

www.ngs.noaa.gov

OPUS

OPUS - Multiple CORS Providing


Position to Base Receiver

= CORS
= Base Receiver
= Rover Receiver

www.wsrn.org

Vertical Time-Dependent Positioning (VTDP)

National Height
Modernization Program

Federal Height Mod


Appropriations

10
8
6
4
2

Fiscal Year

06
20

05
20

04
20

03
20

02
20

01

20

Millions $

12

AL
AZ
CA
KY
LA
MS
NC
SC
TX
WA
WI

Height Modernization Program


LIDAR and its Products

DEM - Digital Elevation Model

Height Modernization Program


LIDAR and its Products

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