Centre for Foundation Studies, UTAR

Academic Staff:

Course code: FHSC1114

Course name: PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY

Programme of study: Foundation in Science

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Credit Hour: 4 credit hours

Notional Hours:
Lecture: 2 hours per week for the
duration of 14 weeks.
Tutorial: 1 hour per week for the duration
of 12 weeks.
Practical: 2 hours per week for the
duration of 10 weeks.

Ms. Jamie
Mr. Ng Sweet Kin
Ms. Nur Shazwani bt Ahmad Azam
Ms. Phang Ying Ning
Ms. Precilla d/o Rovat @ Robert
Ms. Rachel Tham
Ms. Rajalakshmi d/o Punampalam
Ms. Tan Gaik Ling
Ms. Tan Lee Siew
Consultation hours, email add. and office room no. can be
obtained from wble. Web link: http://wble-pk.utar.edu.my/cfs-pk

Mode of delivery:
Lecture, tutorial & practical

Attendance for lectures, tutorials and

practicals are compulsory for every
student.

Main Text:
Kotz, J. C., Treichel, P. M., & Townsend, J. R.
(2014). Chemistry & chemical reactivity (9th
ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson Brooks/Cole.

Lecture

FHSC1114 Physical Chemistry

Lecture notes are available on

http://wble.utar.edu.my for downloading.
You should download a copy of these and
bring them to the lecture classes.

Centre for Foundation Studies, UTAR

Tutorial

Practical

Tutorial questions will be posted on

http://wble.utar.edu.my
You should attempt to answer all the
tutorial questions before attending the
tutorial classes.

Print out the lab manual from WBLE.

You must read the lab manual prior to
every lab session.
Proper dress code: long pants and
covered shoes.

Method of Assessment
No. Method of Assessment

Total

1. Continuous Assessment

50%

a) Test 1
15%
b) Test 2
15%
c) Lab Reports
15%
d) Practical Skills Evaluation 5%
2. Final Examination

50%

Total

100%

TOPIC 1
Principle of Chemistry

Topic Scopes

Mass number & atomic number

Atomic structure (neutrons, protons &
electrons)

Mole concept & conversion

Avogadros concept
Empirical & molecular formulae

Isotopes

Atomic Composition

Relative Atomic Masses of atoms &

molecules

3 subatomic particles made up all atoms:

Electrically positive protons
Electrically neutral neutrons
Electrically negative electrons

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FHSC1114 Physical Chemistry

10

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Centre for Foundation Studies, UTAR

Table: Properties & Location of Protons,

Neutrons & Electrons In Atom

Structure of An Atom

Subatomic Symbol Relative Mass Mass Location

Particle
electrical
(g)
(amu)
charge
Proton
p+
+1
1.6726
1
In the
x 10-24
nucleus
Electron
e-1
9.1094 0.0005 Outside
x 10-28
the
nucleus
Neutron
n0
0
1.6749
1
In the
x 10-24
nucleus
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ATOMIC NUMBER (Z)

Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

Atomic number (Z) = Number of protons

MASS NUMBER (A)

Sum of the number of protons and neutrons

in the nucleus of an atom
Mass number (A)
= Number of protons + Number of neutrons
= Atomic Number (Z) + Number of neutrons
15

Isotopes

Protium
1p&0n

2
1

Deuterium (D)
1p&1n

3
1

Atomic number

Example :
What is the atomic number and the mass
number of the element FLUORINE that
contains 9 protons and 10 neutrons ? Write
the element symbol.
Atomic number = ____
Mass number = _______ = ____
_______
16

How many neutrons are in each isotope of

oxygen? Write the symbol of each isotope.
Oxygen (atomic no.) = 8
a) Oxygen-16 b) Oxygen-17 c) Oxygen-18

Tritium (T)
1p&2n
radioactive
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FHSC1114 Physical Chemistry

Mass number
Element symbol

Exercise

Atoms of an element with the same atomic

number but different mass numbers (with
different number of neutrons)
e.g. Hydrogen-1, Hydrogen-2, Hydrogen-3
1
1

1 atomic mass unit (amu) = 1.6605 x 10-24 g

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Centre for Foundation Studies, UTAR

Relative Atomic Masses

Masses of fundamental atomic particles
often expressed in atomic mass units
(amu)
The mass of an atom is measured relative
to the mass of an atomic standard, Carbon12
1 carbon atom has a mass of 12.000 amu
Atomic mass of an element the average
relative mass of the isotopes of that
element compared to atomic mass of
carbon-12 (12 amu)
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1 amu 1/12 of the mass of an atom of

carbon with 6 protons and 6 neutrons (a
carbon-12 atom)
1 amu = 1.66054 10 -24 g
Average atomic mass a weighted
average of the masses of all the isotopes
present in the sample
Average atomic mass =

[(% abundance isotope 1)/100] (Isotopic mass 1) +

[(% abundance isotope 2)/100] (Isotopic mass 2) +
.
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Example :

Relative Molecular Masses

Isotope Isotope mass (amu)

63 Cu
29
65 Cu
29

62.9298
64.9278

Abundance
(%)
69.09
30.91

Average atomic mass for Cu

= (69.09/100) x 62.9298 + (30.91/100) x
64.9278
= 43.48 amu + 20.07 amu
= _______ amu

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Avogadros Number

Mole Concept

Mole is a chemical unit used in

quantitative measurement of particles
involved in chemical reactions
A mole is the amount of a substance that
contains as many elementary entities
(atoms, molecules, ions or other particles)
as there are atoms in exactly 12 g of the
carbon-12 isotope.

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FHSC1114 Physical Chemistry

The mass of one MOLECULE of the

substance compared to 1/12 the mass of
one ATOM of carbon-12 isotope. Its
symbol is Mr.
Mr is calculated by adding together the
relative atomic masses of all the atoms
present in the molecular formula of the
substance.

One mole always contains the same

number of particles, no matter what the
substance is.
1 mole = 6.0221415 x 1023 particles
This value is known as Avogadros
number in honour of Amedeo Avogadro,
an Italian lawyer and physicist (17761856)
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Centre for Foundation Studies, UTAR

Empirical Formula

Molecular Formula

Simplest formula
Gives the smallest whole-number ratio of
atoms present in a compound

Molecular Formula

True formula
Total number of atoms of each element
present in one molecule of a compound
Knowing the relative numbers of atoms of
each element in a molecule
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Empirical Formula from % Composition

Molecular formula = [Empirical formula]n

where n should be integers (n = 1, 2, 3)
To determine molecular formula from
empirical formula, the molar mass must
be obtained from experiment

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Example 1:
Finding Empirical Formula

For a compound composed of atoms of A & B,

Convert weight
% to mass (g)

Convert mass (g)

to moles (mol)

%A

gA

x mol A

%B

gB

x mol B

Ratio gives
formula

x mol A
AxBy

y mol B
Find mole ratio

25.00g of orange compound, contains 6.64g

of potassium, 8.84g of chromium and 9.52g
of oxygen
K, Cr, O
Given the molar mass
K = 39.40 g/mol
Cr = 52.00 g/mol
O = 16.00 g/mol

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Atom

Cr

Mass (g)

6.64

8.84

9.52

Amount
(mole)
Mol Ratio

Example 2 : Finding Empirical

formula & Molecular formula

6.64 g
8.84 g
9.52 g
39.40 g/mol 52.00 g/mol 16.00 g/mol
= 0.170
= 0.170
= 0.595
0.170
0.170
=

0.170
0.170
=

Wholenumber
Mol Ratio
Empirical
formula

FHSC1114 Physical Chemistry

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0.595
0.170

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Eugenol is the major component in oil of cloves.

It has a molar mass of 164.2 g/mol and is 73.14
% C and 7.37 % H, the remainder is oxygen.
What are the empirical and molecular formulas of
eugenol? (Given the molar mass of C = 12.011
g/mol; H = 1.008 g/mol; O = 15.999 g/mol)
[ Assumption : Mass % mass (g)]
The mass of O in a 100.0 g sample :
73.14 g C + 7.37 g H + mass of O = 100.00 g
Mass of O = ________g O
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Centre for Foundation Studies, UTAR

The molecular mass of eugenol

= 164.2 g/mol

Atom

Mass (%)

73.14

7.37

19.49

Mass (g)

73.14

7.37

19.49

Amount
(mole)

73.14 g
12.011 g/mol
= 6.089

7.37 g
1.008 g/mol
= 7.312

19.49 g
15.999 g/mol
= 1.218

Mol Ratio

6.089 mol
1.218 mol
= 4.999 5

7.312 mol
1.218 mol
= 6.003 6

1.218 mol
1.218 mol
=1

Empirical
formula

C5H6O
31

[C5H6O]n = 164.2 g/mol

[(5x12.011 g/mol) + (6x1.008 g/mol) +
(1x15.999 g/mol)] n = 164.2 g/mol
(60.055 + 6.048 + 15.999) n = 164.2
n = 164.2 / 82.102 = 1.99995 2
Molecular formula = __________
= __________
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Learning Outcomes

Explain principles that govern properties of

chemical systems.
Conduct and analyse experiments related to
physical chemistry.

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FHSC1114 Physical Chemistry