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=317 x 103
= 0.149 kgs-1
= 536 kg h-1
Raw milk
Concentrated milk
Solids
1425
1425
Liquids
13,375
2,646
Evaporated water
Total
15,000
4,071
10,929
= q2
= U2 A2 T2
= w2 x 2388 x 103
= ws x 2202 x 103
= w1 x 2247 / 2388
= w1 + 2247/2202
w1 + w2
w1 + 0.94 w1
1.94 w1
w1
w2
ws
= 0.94 w1
= 1.02 w1
= 10,929kgh-1
= 10,929
= 10,929 kg h-1
= 5,633 kgh-1
= 5,296 kgh-1
= 5,746 kgh-1
A1
=
225 m2
As the areas are the same, the heat transfer area in each effect is 225m2
The total area for the two effects = 450 m2
3. Plate evaporator concentrating milk
10% solids in fresh to 30% solids in concentrated milk. Flow rate 1500kgh-1
Mass balance kgh-1
Fresh milk
Concentrated milk
Solids
150
150
Liquid
1350
350
Evaporated water
Total
1500
500
1000
1/U + x/k
1/650 + 0.001/0.1
0.0015 + 0.01
0.0115
87
Pressure in last effect 55kPa(abs.), condensing temperature 83oC, latent heat 2303kJkg-1
q1
= q2
= q3
U1 A1 T1
= U2 A2 T2 = U3 A3 T3
U1 = 600 Jm-2s-1oC-1 U2
A1
= 500 Jm-2s-1oC-1
=
A2
=
T1 + T2 + T3
T2 = T1 U1/U2
A3
U3
=
=
(120-83)
T3 = T1 U1/U3
T1 + T1 U1/U2 + T1U1/U3
T1 + T1 600/500 + T1 600/350
T1 + 1.2 T1 + 1.71T1
3.91T1
T1
T2
= 1.2 x 9.5
T3
= 1.71 x 9.5
T1 = 9.5
T2 = 11.5 T3
Evaporating temperature in first effect
= 120 9.5
Evaporating temperature in second effect
= 110.5 11.5
Evaporating temperature in third effect
= 99-16
= 350 Jm-2s-1oC-1
A
= 37oC
= 37oC
= 37oC
= 37oC
= 37oC
= 9.5oC
= 11.5oC
= 16oC
= 16oC
= 110.5oC
= 99oC
= 83oC
= 8000
= 8000
= 2707 kgh-1
= 2669 kgh-1
= 2623 kgh-1
Evaporation in each effect: 1st Effect 2707kgh-1, 2nd Effect 2669 kgh-1, 3rd Effect 2623 kgh-1
(b) Input of steam
ws = 2707 x 2229/2202
= 2740 kgh-1
= 110.5 + 0.60
= 99 + 1.50
= 111.1oC
= 100.5oC
= 8000kgh-1
= 8000
= 2704
= 2669
= 2628
= 2735
Evaporation in each effect: 1st Effect 2704kgh-1, 2nd Effect 2669 kgh-1, 3rd Effect 2628 kgh-1
Quantity of steam per kg water = 2735/8000 = 0.342kgkg-1
No change in input steam required.
6. (a)Cooling in a jet condenser
Temperature cooling water
Temperature of hot vapour
Mass flow
Fresh milk
Milk concentrate
= 12oC
Max. temperature exit water = 25 oC
o
= 70 C
Latent heat
= 2334kJkg-1
= 4000kgh-1
= 9% solids
= 30% solids
Solids
360
360
Liquid
3640
840
Evaporated water
Total
4000
1200
2800
=
=
=
=
Temperature of vapours
Total steam w
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
2800 kgh-1
1400kgh-1
160 kJkg-1
100 kPA (abs)
Latent heat 2258 kJkg-1 Temp 99.6oC
70oC
Latent Heat 2334 kJkg-1
(2334 x 2800) / 2258
2894kgh-1
2894 x 2258 x103
6535 x 106J
1400 x 2334 x103
3268 x 106J
160 x 103 x 1400J
224 x 106 J
(3268 224) x 106
3044 x 106 J
(3044 x 106)/(6535 x 106)
0.466
46.6%
=
0.157 m2
Total area for 100 tubes =
15.7 m2
Heat Balance
Heat taken in by juice per kg = 2274 x 103 + (93.5 18) x 4.19 x103
= 2274 x 103 + 316 x103
= 2590 x 10 3 Jkg-1
Heat transferred from steam jacket
q
=
=
=
UA T
440 x 15.7 x (93.5 - 18)
5.216 x105Js-1
=
=