IIE Quick Reference Guide PDF

IIE Quick Reference Guide
2016
Quick Reference Guide

There are a number of referencing systems in use and each has its own consistent
rules. While these may differ from system to system, the referencing system followed
needs to be used consistently, throughout the text. Different referencing systems
cannot be mixed in the same piece of work. A quick guide to referencing is provided in
this document.
Table of Contents
General Guidelines.................................................................................................... 3
Basic information ................................................................................................... 3
Missing information regarding date, place of publication or publisher..................... 3
United States of America (USA) State Abbreviations................................................. 4
USA State .............................................................................................................. 4
Commonwealth/ Territory ....................................................................................... 5
Military "State" ....................................................................................................... 5
General Referencing ................................................................................................. 6
Source integration (multiple sources) ..................................................................... 6
Secondary referencing ........................................................................................... 6
Dictionaries and online dictionaries ........................................................................ 7
Course material (IIE manuals and/ or assessments referring to these) .................. 8
In-house publication (no author) ............................................................................ 8
Books ........................................................................................................................ 9
One author............................................................................................................. 9
Two authors ........................................................................................................... 9
Three or more authors ......................................................................................... 10
Same author, multiple publications ...................................................................... 11
Book (not first edition) .......................................................................................... 12
Editor(s) ............................................................................................................... 13
Chapter of edited book ........................................................................................ 14
Journal Articles........................................................................................................ 15
Journal article ...................................................................................................... 15
Journal available on the Internet .......................................................................... 15
Newspaper and Magazine Articles .......................................................................... 17
Newspaper or magazine article............................................................................ 17
Internet/ Electronic Sources .................................................................................... 17
Website ............................................................................................................... 17
The Independent Institute of Education (Pty) Ltd 2016
Page 1 of 27
2016
YouTube (no date) ............................................................................................... 18

YouTube (date available) ..................................................................................... 18
Blog article ........................................................................................................... 18
Email/ Facebook/ Twitter ..................................................................................... 19
Print Advertisements ............................................................................................... 23
Personal Interviews ................................................................................................. 23
Conference Papers ................................................................................................. 24
Government Publications ........................................................................................ 25

Page 2 of 27
2016
General Guidelines
Basic information
If you use a quote that contains an error in the original (i.e. a spelling
error), indicate the error as follows:
o
the thinking of pervious [sic] years.
o
sic: Latin (meaning thus, so, used or spelled as given).
o
Insert in square brackets, after a copied or quoted word.
You must indicate which sources you consulted in two (2) places:
o
In the text itself in round brackets after each idea/ fact/ opinion that
you have taken from a source;
o
And, in your Bibliography and/ or reference list at the end of your
study.
Leave out words such as Books, Education, Press, Publishers, etc.

after the names of the publishing companies.
Missing information regarding date, place of publication or publisher
Sometimes some source information may not be given in a book. Refer to
these omissions in the text but do not use these abbreviations without first
trying to locate the correct information. Most sources will have this standard
information.
Source
No date of publication
s.a. (sine anno: without
year)
In Text
Paraphrased
and/ or
Direct Quote
According to Smith
([s.a.])
Bibliography/ Reference List

Smith, A. [s.a]. How to write an
excellent assignment.
Brakpan: Sunshine.
According to Smith
([s.a.], p.16)
No place of publication
s.l. (sine loco: without place)
No publisher
s.n. (sine nomine: without a
[printers] name)

Page 3 of 27
Smith, A. 2013. How to write

an excellent assignment. [s.l.]:
Sunshine.
Smith, A. 2013. How to write
an excellent assignment.
Brakpan: [s.n.].
2016
United States of America (USA) State Abbreviations

United States postal abbreviations for states, military, commonwealths and territories.
In the Harvard Referencing system, one has to include the American states
abbreviation after the city of publication, like so: Benner, JP, Brown, RJ and Jones,
BP. 1996. eds. Corporate social responsibility. Beverly Hills, (CA): Sage.
Please find a list of all the states names and their abbreviations below.
USA State
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma

Page 4 of 27
Abbreviation
AL
AK
AZ
AR
CA
CO
CT
DE
FL
GA
HI
ID
IL
IN
IA
KS
KY
LA
ME
MD
MA
MI
MN
MS
MO
MT
NE
NV
NH
NJ
NM
NY
NC
ND
OH
OK
2016
USA State
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Abbreviation
OR
PA
RI
SC
SD
TN
TX
UT
VT
VA
WA
WV
WI
WY
Commonwealth/ Territory
American Samoa
District of Columbia
Federated States of Micronesia
Guam
Marshall Islands
Northern Mariana Islands
Palau
Puerto Rico
Virgin Islands
Abbreviation
AS
DC
FM
GU
MH
MP
PW
PR
VI
Military "State"
Armed Forces Africa
Armed Forces Americas
Armed Forces Canada
Armed Forces Europe
Armed Forces Middle East
Armed Forces Pacific
Abbreviation
AE
AA
AE
AE
AE
AP

Page 5 of 27
2016
General Referencing
Source
Source
integration
(multiple
sources)
In-text
Paraphrased
Ferraz (2005) and Simon (2007)
both claim that celebrities names
and pictures are often used in the
pre-promotion of special events.
Celebrities names and pictures
are often used in the prepromotion of special events
(Ferraz, 2005; Simon, 2007).
Secondary
referencing
Hardwig (1991, cited in Bartlett &

Miller, 2011) suggests that young
people are often incapable of
finding the information that they
need on the Internet, or they trust
everything they see.
Young people are often incapable
of finding the information that they
need on the Internet, or they trust
everything they see (Hardwig,
1991, cited in Bartlett & Miller,
2011).
In-text
Direct Quote
Please note: When we make use
of source integration, we cannot
make use of direct quotes.
Please note: When we use
source integration in brackets,
the sources are ordered from
eldest and then in alphabetical
order and separated by a semicolon.
Hardwig (1991, p.698, cited in
Bartlett & Miller, 2011) calls this
the novice/ expert problem.
This is also referred to as the
novice/ expert problem
(Hardwig, 1991, p.698, cited in
Bartlett & Miller, 2011).

Ferraz, C. 2005. The use of celebrities
in public relations. London: Penguin.
Simon, SS. 2007. The role of
celebrities in corporate communication.
New York, (NY): Norton.
Hardwig, J. 1991. The role of trust in

knowledge. Journal of Philosophy,
88(12), pp.693708. Cited in: Bartlett, J
and Miller, C. 2011. Truth, lies and the
Internet: a report into young peoples
digital fluency. [Online]. Available at:
http://s3.amazonaws.com/files.postero
us.com [Accessed 12 June 2011].

Page 6 of 27
Author cited and details of source

from which secondary reference
is cited (as above).
Cited in: Author(s) and source in
which the secondary reference
appears.
[Type of medium] (full stop)
Available at: URL (Please note:
All hyperlinks need to be active!)
[Date, month and year of access]
(full stop)
Source
Dictionaries and
online dictionaries
2016
In-text
Paraphrased
According to the Oxford English
Dictionary (2000), etymology can
be defined as ...
In-text
Direct Quote
Etymology can be defined as a
chronological account of the birth
and development of a word
(Dictionary.com, s.a.).

Oxford English Dictionary. 2000.
Oxford: Clarendon.
Name of Dictionary (title case)

(full stop)
Year (no brackets) (full stop)
Place of publication (city, not
country) (colon)
Publisher name (full stop)
Dictionary.com. s.a. [online].

Available at:
http://www.dictionary.reference.com
[Accessed 12 June 2011].

Page 7 of 27
Name of Online Dictionary

(title case) (full stop)
[Type of medium] (comma)
Date and month of entry (full
stop)
Available at: URL (Please note:
All hyperlinks need to be
active!)
[Date, month and year of
access] (full stop)
Source
Course material
(IIE manuals and/
or assessments
referring to these)
2016
In-text
Paraphrased
Mitchell (2011) posits that a
change in leadership in a
democracy can have an effect on
media freedom.
In-text
Direct Quote
Mitchell (2011, p.27) posits that
... a change in leadership in a
democracy can make the word
free a relative term.

Mitchell, S. 2011. Module Guide to
Corporate Communication. CCOM
5111: Corporate Communication 1A.
The Independent Institute of
Education: Unpublished.
In-house
publication (no
author)
Anon (2011, p.2) state that a third

of the population do not have
access to adequate food and
water.
Already one third of people on

the planet do not have access to
sufficient water and a billion go to
bed hungry at night (Anon. 2011,
p.2).
Author (lecturer or person who

compiled the material).
Title of Material Used (no

italics) (title case) (full stop)
Module Code: Module Name

(italics) (title case) (full stop)
Academic institution (colon)
Unpublished (full stop)

Anon. 2011. Looking back, looking
ahead. ADvTALK, (13), p.2.

Page 8 of 27
Anon (or author when

available) (full stop)
Title of article (sentence case)
(full stop)
Name of in-house publication
(title case) (comma)
Volume and issue (if
applicable) (comma)
Page number(s) (full stop)
Source
One author
2016
In-text
Paraphrased
In a study by Seedhouse (1997),
coping with illness was
investigated
Coping with illness has many
challenges (Seedhouse, 1997).
In-text
Direct Quote
Books
According to Seedhouse (1997,
p.27), [c]oping with illness
presents many challenges.
Coping with illness presents
many challenges (Seedhouse,
1997, p.27).
Please note: No space should be
inserted between the page
abbreviation (p. or pp.) and the
actual number of the page(s).
Two authors
According to Robbins and Judge

(2011), workforce diversity is a
term that refers to the fact that
people are not homogenous.

(2011, p.12), workforce diversity
refers to the heterogeneous
nature of people.
Workforce diversity is a term that

refers to the fact that people are
not homogenous (Robbins &
Judge, 2011).
Workforce diversity refers to the

heterogeneous nature of people
(Robbins & Judge, 2011, p.12).
Please note: When the reference

forms part of the text when
referencing, the use of the
ampersand (&) is not permitted.
However, when the authors are
not used as part of the text, the
ampersand (&) should be used.

Seedhouse, DP. 1997. Health
promotion: philosophy, prejudice and
practice. Chichester: John Wiley.
Author surname (comma)

Initials (no punctuation
between initials) (full stop)
Name of book (italics) (no

unnecessary capitalisation in
title sentence case) (full
stop)

country) (colon)

Robbins, SP and Judge, TA. 2011.
Organizational behavior. New
Jersey, (NJ): Pearson.

Page 9 of 27
Author surnames, initials

(joined by and, not &) (no full
stop after first set of initials)
title sentence case) (full stop)
country) (colon)
Source
Three or more
authors
2016
In-text
Paraphrased
First use
Benner, Brown and Jones (1996)
posit that companies ought to be
responsible to the community.
Companies ought to be
responsible to the community
(Benner, Brown & Jones, 1996).
After first use
Please note: Mention all the
authors the first time the
reference is used, thereafter you
may use the first authors
surname and the abbreviation et
al (and others). The first author
is then named and the rest are
referred to as et al.
In-text
Direct Quote
Benner, Brown and Jones (1996,
pp.3435) posit that companies
should behave like good citizens.
It is suggested that companies
should behave like good citizens
(Benner, Brown & Jones, 1996,
pp.3435).
Benner et al (1996, pp.3435)
(Benner et al, 1996, pp.3435)

Benner, JP, Brown, RJ and Jones,
BP. 1996. Corporate social
responsibility. Beverly Hills, (CA):
Sage.
It is only used for three (3) or

more authors, not for two (2)
authors. et al can be used in intext citation, but it may not be
used as part of a Bibliography
and/ or reference list.
Benner et al (1996)
(Benner et al, 1996)

Page 10 of 27

(joined by and, not &) (full
stop after last set of initials)
country) (colon)
Source
Same author,
multiple
publications
2016
In-text
Paraphrased
Different years
Please note: When the same
author has more than one text but
in different years then arrange
these chronologically.
The archaeologist Martin Hall
(1994; 1995) has repeatedly
stated
Same year
Please note: When the same
author has more than one text in
the same year, then you must use
the letters a, b, c to distinguish
between them and arrange the
titles alphabetically.
In-text
Direct Quote
(1994, p.16; 1995, pp.4547) has
repeatedly stated
Please note: If multiple
publications from the same author
make the same point and they
were published in different years,
then the references should be
cited in chronological order (from
earliest to latest).
(1994a, p.16; 1994b, p.21; 1995,
pp.4547) has repeatedly stated

(1994a; 1994b; 1995) has
repeatedly stated

Hall, M. 1994a. Lost City and
Lydenburg Heads some
archaeological images.
Johannesburg: Picador.
Hall, M. 1994b. Mischief and
megalomania: an archaeologist
excavates the Lost City. Pretoria:
Unisa Press.
Hall, M. 1995. The legend of Lost
City. Cape Town: Human and
Rousseau.

Page 11 of 27

Year (chronologically and
alphabetically listed) (followed
by a, b, c, etc. if multiple
publications in the same year)
(no brackets) (full stop)
stop)
country) (colon)
Source
Book (not first
edition)
2016
In-text
Paraphrased
(2011), workforce diversity is a
term that refers to the fact that
people are not homogenous.
In-text
Direct Quote
(2011, p.12), workforce diversity
refers to the heterogeneous
nature of people.
Workforce diversity is a term that

refers to the fact that people are
not homogenous (Robbins &
Judge, 2011)
Workforce diversity refers to the

heterogeneous nature of people
(Robbins & Judge, 2011, p.12).

Robbins, SP and Judge, TA. 2011.
Organizational behavior. 14th edition.
New Jersey, NJ: Pearson Education.

Page 12 of 27

(joined by and, not &) (no
full stop after first set of initials)
Number of edition (position is
placed in superscript [i.e. 1st,
3rd, 10th, etc.])
edition (note the lowercase
lettering)
country) (colon)
Source
Editor(s)
2016
In-text
Paraphrased
Papadakis (1990) says that
postmodernism deserves to be
studied in-depth.
In-text
Direct Quote
According to Papadakis (1990,
p.25) [p]ostmodernism deserves
to be examined critically.
Papadakis, AC. ed. 1990. Postmodernism on trial. London:

Academy.
Papadakis and Solomon (1990)

say that postmodernism deserves
to be studied in-depth.
Postmodernism deserves to be
examined critically (Papadakis,
1990, p.25).
Papadakis, AC and Solomon, LJ. ed.

1990. Post-modernism on trial.
London: Academy.
studied in-depth (Papadakis &
Solomon, 1990).
According to Papadakis and

Solomon (1990, p.25)
[p]ostmodernism deserves to be
examined critically.
examined critically (Papadakis &
Solomon, 1990, p.25).
Please note: References to

editors are same as for authors.

Page 13 of 27
Editor(s) surname(s), initials

(joined by and, not &)
(comma after initials of first
author) (full stop after last set
of initials)
ed for single editor, eds for
multiple editors (no brackets)
(full stop)
stop)
country) (colon)
Source
Chapter of edited
book
2016
In-text
Paraphrased
Smith et al (2010) state that
accountability is important.
Accountability is important (Smith
et al, 2010).
In-text
Direct Quote
Smith et al (2010, pp.203204)
state that accountability is
imperative.
Accountability is imperative
(Smith et al, 2010, pp.203204).

Smith, AL, Simon, SS and Stone, K.
2010. Performance challenges in the
workplace. In: W Peck, ed.
Performance management today.
Oxford: Oxford University Press,
Chapter 1, pp.203219.

Page 14 of 27

(joined by and, not &) (no
full stop after first set of initials)
Name of chapter (no italics)
(full stop)
In (colon) initials and surname
of editor(s) (comma) ed/ eds
(full stop)
stop)
country) (colon)
Publisher name (comma)
Chapter reference (comma)
Page numbers of the chapter
in the book (full stop)
Please note: The title of the
publication (book) is in italics,
not the title of the chapter.
Source
Journal article
2016
In-text
Paraphrased
Barker (2009) believes that a
realistic researcher designs
simple projects.
In-text
Direct Quote
Journal Articles
According to Barker (2009,
p.7), choosing a simple
design for research makes it
more realistic.

Barker, R. 2009. A qualitative thematic
analysis of Facebook profiles. Journal of
Qualitative Research, 42(1), July/
Summer, pp.714.
Journal available
on the Internet
Barker (2009) believes that a

realistic researcher designs
simple projects.
According to Barker (2009a,

p.7), choosing a simple
design for research makes it
more realistic.

Page 15 of 27

Initials (no punctuation between
initials) (full stop)
Title of article (sentence case) (full
stop)
Name of Journal (title case)
(comma)
Volume and issue number in
round brackets (no space)
(comma)
Month or season name (comma)
Page numbers of the article (full
stop)
Please note: The title of the publication

(journal) is in italics, not the title of the
article.
Barker, R. 2009. A qualitative thematic
analysis of Facebook profiles. Journal of
Qualitative Research, 42(1), July/
Summer, pp.714. [Online]. Available at:
http://pps.sagepub.com/content/7/3/203.
short [Accessed 31 May 2013].
In-text
Paraphrased
Abstract from Some peoples representation of
database
the self-online does not resemble
the actual person (Warren, 2008).
Source
E-journal
Ferraz (2005) claims that celebrities

names and pictures are often used
in the pre-promotion of special
events.
2016
In-text
Direct Quote
Warren (2008) maintains that
some participants interacted
with a self-representation that
bore no resemblance to
them.
Please note: When we make
use of source integration, we
cannot make use of direct
quotes.
Please note: When we use
source integration in brackets,
the sources are ordered from
most recent and then in
alphabetical order and
separated by a semi-colon.

Warren, JB. 2008. The representation of the
self-online. Communication Science
Quarterly, 42(6). [e-journal]. Abstract only.
Available through: Blackwell Synergy
database. [Accessed 12 June 2008].
Ferraz, C. 2005. The use of celebrities in public
relations. Communication Science Quarterly,
42(2). [e-journal]. Available through: ProQuest
database. [Accessed 12 November 2011].
Ferraz, C. 2005. The use of celebrities in public
relations. Communication Science Quarterly,
42(2). [e-brary]. Available at: (if an e-book then
include the URL) [Accessed 12 November
2011].

Page 16 of 27

Initials (no punctuation between initials)
(full stop)
Title of article (sentence case) (full stop)
Name of Journal (comma)
Volume and issue number in round
brackets (no space) (comma)
Month or season name (comma)
Page numbers of the article (full stop)
Available through (colon) (database) or
Available at (colon) (URL) (no full stop)
Accessed date, month, year (square
brackets) (full stop)
Source
Newspaper or
magazine article
2016
In-text
Paraphrased
In-text
Direct Quote
Newspaper and Magazine Articles
Drucker (2010, 2011) found that
Please note: Because this is a
relationships become more
form of source integration, we
satisfying when the quality of
cannot make use of direct
communication increases.
quotes.
Drucker, S. 2010. Communication, love

and relationship satisfaction. Sunday
Times, 3 September, p.7.
Drucker, S. 2011. Communication, the
key to rewarding relationships.
Cosmopolitan, 17 October, p.3.
Relationship satisfaction
increases when the quality of
communication increases
(Drucker, 2010, 2011).
Website
Please note: The same guidelines that

are used to refer to authors of books,
chapters and articles in journals are
used to indicate the author(s) of
newspaper or magazine articles.
Specific dates must be given for
newspapers and magazines, as well as
the page number(s) of the articles.
Internet/ Electronic Sources

When a person takes narcotics,
According to the International
the body starts producing lower
Narcotics Control Board
levels of endorphins (International (1999), When taken, the body
Narcotics Control Board, 1999).
creates less endorphins
because the effects of
Please note: Never include the
narcotics are so much more
web address (URL) in the in-text
intense than those of
citation. It is also good practice to endorphins.
keep a copy of the front page of
any website you use in your files.

Page 17 of 27
International Narcotics Control Board.

1999. The effects of narcotics on the
human body. [Online]. Available at:
http://www.incb.org [Accessed 1 October
2010].
Please note: The same guidelines that
are used to refer to authors of books,
chapters and articles in journals are
used to indicate the author(s) of Internet
articles. The name of the website is
given in title case and the name of the
article in sentence case.
Source
YouTube (no date)
YouTube (date
available)
Blog article
2016
In-text
Paraphrased
The German coastguard video
(Morgan, s.a.) is a very good
example of what can happen if a
sharing of meaning does not take
place.
The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (1919)
is a German expressionist classic
film from the silent era.
Whitton (2009) proposes that
people should be assertive when
they communicate with others.
In-text
Direct Quote

Morgan. s.a. German coastguard. [Video
online]. Available at:
http://www.youtube.com/german.coastgu
ard [Accessed 18 June 2011].
The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari. 1919. [Video
online]. Available at:
http://www.videogoogle.com/videoplay
Assertiveness is the key

ingredient when you want to
make yourself heard and get
people to listen to you
(Whitton, 2009).
Whitton, F. 2009. Making yourself heard.

Communication, [Blog], 6 June.
Available at: http://www.myvoice.com

Page 18 of 27

Title of blog entry (sentence case)
(full stop)
Name of blog (sentence case)
(comma)
[Type of medium] (comma)
Date and month of entry (full stop)
Available at: URL (Please note: All
hyperlinks need to be active!)
[Date, month and year of access]
(full stop)
2016
In-text
Paraphrased
Jones (2011, personal
communication, 6 May)
believes separating
commitment from faithfulness
is necessary in modern
society.
In-text
Direct Quote
Separating commitment from
faithfulness might be necessary
in modern society (Jones, 2011,
personal communication, 6 May).
Source
In-text
Paraphrased
Artworks
Please note: The caption of

the figure should state where
you obtained the figure, the
medium, the measurements
and the collection (where
relevant). The caption is
typed not in bold text, in single
spacing, and the both figure
and caption is centre-aligned.
When you replicate an image
from a source, add a citation
below the image to
acknowledge the source. Also,
remember to number the
figure.
In-text
Direct Quote and/or Image
Reference
Picassos (1907) Les
demoiselles dAvignon (Figure 1)
is a seminal work in the history of
20th century art or As evident
in Figure 3, Picasso is relied
somewhat on Cubism ..
Source
Email/ Facebook/
Twitter

Please note: Personal communication
such as emails is, for reasons of privacy,
not available for consultation, except
under special circumstances. For this
reason, it is not normally necessary to
refer to personal communication in your
reference list.
Bibliography/Reference List
In the Bibliography or Reference List

(indicate the citation/source):
Gardener, A. 2012. Art Through the
Ages. London: Thames and
Hudson. (Mick, for this, please note
formatting of font to Calibri required; final
bullet point in this cell was missing so
Ive added it in).
Picassos (1907) work, Les

demoiselles dAvignon (see
Figure 1), is perhaps one of
the most iconic examples of

Initials (full stop)
Title (full stop)
City of publication (colon)
Publisher
In the List of Figures:

Figure 1: Picasso, P. 1907. Les
demoiselles dAvignon. Oil on canvas.
243.9 x 233.9cm. Museum of Modern
Art, New York.
Or

Page 19 of 27
Source
2016
In-text
Paraphrased
As evident in Figure 1, Picasso
used the muted tones and
different viewpoints
characteristic of Cubism since
early 20th century...
In-text
Direct Quote and/or Image
Reference
Figure 1: Picasso, P. 1907. Les
demoiselles dAvignon. Oil on
canvas. 243.9 x 233.9cm.
Museum of Modern Art, New
York. (Gardener, 2012:372)

Year (no brackets) (full
stop)
Title of artwork (full stop)
Medium/media (full stop)
Measurements (full stop)
Location of artwork/image
(full stop)
Citation below image to
acknowledge the source.
Please note: The caption is typed

in single spacing, and the both
figure and caption is centrealigned. Remember to number
the figure.

Page 20 of 27
Bibliography/Reference List
Figure number (colon)

Artist/Creator surname (comma)
Title of artwork/image/figure (full
stop)
Medium/media (full stop)
Measurements (full stop)
Location of artwork/image (full
stop)
Source
Images and figures
2016
In-text
Paraphrased
In-text
Direct Quote
Reference

and/or
Image
Please note: When referring to

the figure or image, include the
figure number. The title of the
figure should be in italics when
referred to in-text.
In the Bibliography or reference list

(indicate the citation/source):
Nova Entertainment. 2015. 15 faces turned
into amazing optical illusions. [Online].
Available
at:
http://www.smoothfm.com.au/entertainme
nt/15-faces-face-painting-opticalillusions#sthash.b7V3MKES.dpuf
e.g. In Khoklov and Khutsans

(s.a.) image, The Art of the Face
Optical Illusion nr. 13, it is
evident that
Figure 1: Khokhlov, A. and Kutsan,
V. s.a. The Art of Face - Optical
Illusion nr.13. (Nova
Entertainment, 2015)
Author surname (comma) and

initials (full stop) (if available)
(if available if not, use s.a. for
sine anno, which means no
date)
Title of image/figure (full stop)
Add a citation below the
image to acknowledge the
source.
Please note: If no author is available,

use the title first, then the date and
the source thereafter.
The caption is typed in single
spacing, and the both figure and
caption is centre-aligned. Remember
to number the figure.

Page 21 of 27
In the List of Figures:

Figure 1: Khokhlov, A and Kutsan, V. s.a.
The Art of Face - Optical Illusion nr.13.
In-text
Paraphrased
Film (cinema, video, In the movie Avatar by director
DVD format)
James Cameron, the
character Jake Sully (played
NB: Both DVDs and
by Sam Worthington)
videos can contain
represents the colonialist
films; thus, rather
(Avatar, 2009).
state film unless
referring to a music
Please note: Film is from the
video.
British English vocabulary,
whilst movie is from the
American English vocabulary.
Broadcast/
TV In Little Britain (2005), the
series
character Vicky is used as a
parody for ...
Source
2016
In-text
Direct Quote
In the movie Avatar (2009) by
director James Cameron, the
character Selfridge states:
... we are supposed to be
winning the hearts and the
minds of the natives. Isnt
that the whole point of your
little puppet show? You
look like them and you talk
like them and they will start
trusting us.
Please note: Television (TV)
programmes are usually referred
to by their titles, in italics. The
name of the specific episode may
also be mentioned.

Avatar. 2009. [Film]. Directed by James
Cameron. USA: 20th Century Fox.
Little Britain. 2005. Pilot. [TV

programme]. Series 2, Episode 5. BBC.
15 December, 20:00.

Page 22 of 27
Title of film (full stop)

Director (full stop)
Country (or countries) (colon)
Distribution company(s) (full stop)
Series title (full stop)

Year of broadcast (no brackets)
(full stop)
Episode name (title case) (full
stop)
Series and episode numbers (if
relevant)
Broadcasting organisation and
channel (if relevant) (full stop)
Date of broadcast (comma)
Time of broadcast (full stop)
Source
Television
commercials
Newspaper,
magazine
journal
advertisement
Interviews
2016
In-text
Paraphrased
In the Venda commercial for
Liberty Life by producer Leo
Burnett (2000)
Please note: Print

or advertisements in magazines,
journals and newspapers are
referred to by the name of the
product or service and the
magazine, journal or
newspaper in which they were
located.
There are 23 different forms of
government (Nel, 2011).
In-text
Direct Quote
Please note: TV commercials
should be referred to by the
name of the product or service.
The date and specific name of
the commercial should be given
where possible, as well as the
name of the producer (if known).
The date and TV channel on
which it was broadcast, must be
given.
Print Advertisements
The Land Rover (2002, p.12)
advertisement clearly
romanticises the notion of nature.
Personal Interviews
Nel (2011) states that there are
23 different forms of
government.
Please note: The person with
whom the interview was held
must be mentioned, as well as
their position (if known), the date
of the interviews, and whether the
interview was recorded
electronically [Recorded] or in
written format [Transcript].

Page 23 of 27

Liberty Life Venda. 2000. [TV
commercial]. Produced by Leo Burnett.
SABC 3. 10 March.
Land Rover (2002) Getaway, 2(3), p.12.
Nel, S. 2011. Political analyst. [Personal

interview]. 10 June.
Interviewee surname (comma) and

initials (no punctuation between
initials) (full stop) (if available)
Title or occupation of interviewee
(full stop)
[Personal interview]/ [Recorded]/
[Transcript] (full stop)
Date of interview (full stop)
Source
Conference
proceedings
2016
In-text
Paraphrased
Professional public relations
are becoming increasingly
important in both the public
and private sector (Anderson,
2011).
In-text
Direct Quote
Conference Papers
Anderson (2011) sees
professional public relations
becoming increasingly important
in both the public and private
sector.

Anderson, AA. 2011. Public Relations
challenges in emerging countries. Public
Relations Possibilities Conference. 19
23 September. New York, (NY): United
Nations.

Page 24 of 27

Title of conference paper (no
italics) (sentence case) (full stop)
Conference title (italics) (sentence
case) (full stop)
Date of conference (full stop)
Place of conference (colon)
Conference organisers (full stop)
2016
Dissertations and Theses

Moswa (2011, p.12) maintains
that The often misogynistic lyrics
of mainstream Hip-Hop music
could have a negative effect on
womens self esteem.
Please note: Dissertations and
theses follow the same
conventions as for the
author(s) of books, with the
exception that the title of the
dissertation or thesis, if
unpublished, is not typed in
italics.
Dissertations and Moswa (2011) maintains that

theses
the lyrics of mainstream hip(unpublished work) hop music are often
misogynistic.
Source
Organisation
author
In-text
Direct Quote
Government Publications
as According to the Canadian
According to the Canadian
Department of Health (2011),
Department of Health (2011,
unmarried men are more likely p.24), Unmarried men are far
to die from cardiac arrest than
more likely to develop an
married ones are.
arrhythmia that can lead to
cardiac arrest ...
Unmarried men are more like
to die from cardiac arrest than
Unmarried men are far more
married ones are (Canadian
likely to develop an arrhythmia
Department of Health, 2011).
that can lead to cardiac arrest...
(Canadian Department of Health,
2011, p.24).
Moswa, MR. 2011. The sexual

objectification of women in mainstream
Hip-Hop music videos. MPhil
dissertation. Monash University.
In-text
Paraphrased

Page 25 of 27

Title of dissertation (full stop)
Unpublished dissertation
qualification name (full stop)
University or tertiary institution
from which the dissertation was
obtained.
Canadian Department of Health. 2011.

Health and health care issues. Ottawa:
Public Works and Government Services.
Name of government organisation

(full stop)
Title of document (title case) (full
stop)
Place of publication (full stop)
Publisher (full stop)
2016
In-text
Direct Quote
Government Publications
Acts/ Bills/ White According to the Higher
University students have a right
and Green Papers Education Act (2004, Chapter
to privacy (Higher Education Act,
of parliament
8), university students have a
2004, Chapter 8, p.3).
right to privacy.
Source
In-text
Paraphrased
Please note: Government

publications are things such as
government gazettes, Acts and
Laws and Green or White
Papers, and the authors are
often the government
departments. If documents do
not have page numbers you
may refer to the relevant
section of the Act or Paper.

Higher Education Act. 2004. Chapter 8.
London: HMSO.
Department of Education. 1997. National
Plan for Higher Education (White
Paper). Pretoria: Government Printers.

Page 26 of 27
Name of Act or Bill (full stop)

Chapter (or paper) (full stop)
Place of publication (full stop)
Publisher (full stop)
2016
Acknowledgements
(Example format of the Bibliography/ reference list consulted)
50states.com. 2012. State abbreviations. [online]. Available at:
http://www.50states.com/abbreviations.htm [Accessed 5 November 2012].
Anon. 2009. Format and reference techniques for written work. Faculty of
Humanities. Department of Drama. Pretoria: University of Pretoria.
Anon. 2010. Harvard referencing guide HSL-DVC1. The University of Sheffield.
[online]. Available at: http://www.shef.ac.uk/library/libdocs/hsl-dvc1.pdf [Accessed 25
March 2010].
Anon. 2010. Citing online and audio visual sources of information HSL-DVC2. The
University of Sheffield. [online]. Available at: http://librarysupport.shef.ac.uk/hsldvc2.pdf [Accessed 26 March 2010].
Anon. 2011. Guide to Harvard style referencing. 3rd edition. Anglia Ruskin University.
[online]. Available at:
http://libweb.anglia.ac.uk/referencing/files/Harvard_referencing_2011.pdf [Accessed
10 November 2011].
Ritter, RM. 2005. New Oxford dictionary for writers and editors. New York (NY):
Oxford.

Page 27 of 27

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