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A.
Name __________________________
B.
Characteristic
Gas
Liquid
Solid
Energy
Highest
Middle
Lowest
Disorder
Greatest
Middle
Least
Occupied space
Whole
Bottom
Own
Compressibility
Yes
No
No
Flow rate
Fast
Middle
No
Diffusion
Rapid
Slow
No
2. cohesive forces (van der Waals forces)
a. attraction between molecules
(covalent bonds hold atoms together in molecule)
b. dipole-dipole forces
1. polar molecules
2. of one molecule attracts of a neighbor
3. strength to polarity, if all else is even
c. London dispersion forces
1. attraction between nuclei of one molecule's
atoms for the electrons in a neighboring
molecule causes temporary polarization
throughout the liquid or solid (polarizability)
2. generalization
a. operates between all molecules (stronger
than dipole-dipole for large molecules, i.e.
large nonpolar > small polar)
b. only force for nonpolar (strength to
mass: Xe > He, I2 > F2, C3H8 > CH4)
d. hydrogen bonding
1. super strong dipole-dipole force (stronger than
dispersion forces)
2. H bonded to N, O or F
a. H +1 charge and N, O or F 1 charge
because of extreme electronegative
difference and small radius
b. bonding is ionic like (E Q1Q2/d)
3. explains unusual properties of water
a. each water molecule bonds to 4, which
makes a 3-d structure with open cavities
b. high melting and boiling temperatures
c. low vapor pressure (low volatility)
3. cooling profile for water from 110 oC to -10oC
A
B
100 C
0oC
a.
b.
F
Heat Removed (J)
slope C-D < slope E-F more heat is
removed when one mole H2O(l) is cooled 1oC
compared to one mole H2O(s)
length B-C > length D-E more heat is
removed when one mole H2O(g) H2O(l)
compared to one mole H2O(l) H2O(s)
c. calculations
Process
Formula
Condensation
B-C
Q = nHvap
(100oC)
Step
D-E
E Cooling solid
Q = nClT
Cl = 75.3 J/molK
Q = nHfus
Q = nCsT
Cs = 37.8 J/molK
phase diagram
Pressure
4.
Constants
Temperature
point A: triple point (three phases at equilibrium)
1. below triple point: sublimation
2. above triple point: melting and vaporization
b. line A-B: equilibrium vapor-pressure curve for liquid
(normal boiling point occurs at 1 atm pressure)
c. B: critical point, where there is no distinction
between liquid and vapor (no liquid-vapor surface)
d. line A-C: equilibrium vapor-pressure curve for solid
e. line A-D: melting point of solid at various pressures
(normal freezing point occurs at 1 atm)
1. positive slope when solid is the densest
phase (melting point increases with pressure)
2. negative slope when liquid is the densest
phase (melting point decrease with pressure)
vapor
a. some surface molecules in the condensed phase
have enough kinetic energy (speed) to escape
surface (evaporate) below boiling point
b. as temperature increases more molecules have
sufficient kinetic energy more vapor molecules
a.
5.
c.
d.
C.
b.
c.
d.
6.
1.
2.
3.
Gas State
What features of the kinetic theory of gases
a. describe all gas molecules?
Molecules are in continuous, chaotic motion.
Collisions produce pressure w/o loss of total energy.
b. describe ideal gas molecules only?
Molecules have zero volume.
Molecules don't interact with each other.
Consider one mole of Ne gas at 274 K. Determine
a. the total kinetic energy.
Kmole = 3/2RT
Kmole = 3/2(8.31 J/molK)274 K = 3420 J
b. the average speed.
u = (3RT/MM)
u = [(3)(8.31)(274)/(20.2/1000)] u = 582 m/s
Consider the drawing below.
4.
5.
6.
749 mm Hg
520 mm Hg
229 mm Hg
749 mm Hg
+67 mm Hg
816 mm Hg
103 mm Hg
7.
a.
8.
9.
1.00 L
1.500 mol
16.2 K
30.3 kPa
1.250 L
0.0152 mol
27oC
650 torr
11.2 L
0.333 mol
350 K
a.
15.
10.4 atm
585 mL
0.250 mol
295 K
Oxygen gas in a 10.0-L container has a pressure of 94.6 kPa
and temperature of 25oC.
a. How many moles of oxygen gas are in the container?
PV = nRT
(94.6)(10.0) = n(8.31)(25 + 273) n = 0.382 mol
b. How many grams of oxygen gas are in the container?
0.382 mol O2 x 32.0 g/1 mol = 12.2 g
16.
10. A sample of gas occupies 350 mL at 15oC and 750 torr. What
temperature will the gas have at the same pressure if its
volume increases to 450 mL?
P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2
(350)/(15 + 273) = (450)/T2 T2 = 370 K (97oC)
11. Determine the molar mass of an unknown gas given the data.
17.
Mass
Volume
Temperature
Pressure
4.93 g
1.00-L
400. K
1.05 atm
MM = mRT/PV
18.
MM = (4.93)(0.0821)(400)/(1.05)(1.00) = 154 g/mol
12. Calculate the density of ammonia, NH3, at STP.
MM = dRT/P
(17.0) = d(0.0821)(0 + 273)/(1) d = 0.758 g/L
13. Consider the samples of gases.
I
II
III
The samples are at the same temperature. Rank them
with respect to the following (1 is highest).
I
II
Total Pressure
1
3
Partial Pressure of He
1
2
Density
2
3
Average Kinetic energy per molecule
1
1
Total Kinetic energy
1
3
19.
III
1
3
1
1
1
a.
b.
Plab
PH2O
Experiment MM
(g/mol)
Known MM
(g/mol)
c.
Dipole-Dipole d
Dispersion
b
H-bond
a
21. For each pair, highlight the molecule with the higher boiling
point and then justify your choice.
Pair
Justification
H2 O & H 2 S
H-bonding > dipole-dipole forces
Ne & Kr
270 K
370 K
Solid
Gas
Solid
Liquid
Sublimation
Vaporization
400 mm Hg
27oC
Practice Quiz
Multiple Choice (no calculator)
Briefly explain why the answer is correct in the space provided.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9 10 11 12 13
D
A
D
A
A
B
C
C
A
C
B
C
D
14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
C
D
B
C
A
C
C
D
D
D
B
C
Questions 1-2 The molecules have the normal boiling points.
Molecule
HF
HCl
HBr
HI
Boiling Point, oC
+19
-85
-67
-35
1. The relatively high boiling point of HF can be correctly
explained by which of the following?
(A) HF gas is more ideal.
(B) HF molecules have a smaller dipole moment.
(C) HF is much less soluble in water.
(D) HF molecules tend to form hydrogen bonds.
HF forms H-bonds (F = small, high electronegativity),
which are stronger than dipole forces high BP.
2. The increasing boiling points for HCl, HBr and HI can be
best explained because of the increase in
(A) dispersion force
(B) dipole moment
(C) valence electrons
(D) hydrogen bonding
Bonding is similar, except I has more electrons =
greater dispersion forces higher boiling temp.
3. A sample of an ideal gas is cooled from 50oC to 25oC in a
sealed container of constant volume. Which of the
following values for the gas will decrease?
I. The average kinetic energy of the molecules
II. The average distance between the molecules
III. The average speed of the molecules
(A) I only
(B) II only (C) III only (D) I and III
Kinetic energy (3/2RT) & speed (3RT/MM) decrease with
temperature, but spacing is unchanged.
Questions 4-7 refer to the phase diagram of a pure substance.
4.
6.
8.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
36oC
-130oC
Cs
Cl
Which is greater?
Hfus
Hvap
B-C
D-E
=
b. What is the density of this gas at STP (standard
temperature0oC, and pressure1 atm)?
Use a 5.0 L container
x
MM = dRT/P
Use humid air
x
80.0 g/mol = d(0.0821)(273 K)/1 atm d = 3.56 g/L
o
Raise the temperature to 25 C
x
c. Which noble gas would have twice the effusion rate?