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Theentropyoftheuniverseincreasesovertimeandmovestowardsamaximumvalue.
2.Whatkindsofpipesareusedforsteamlines?
Normallygalvanizedpipesarenotusedforsteam.Mildsteelwithscrewedorweldedfittings
arethenorm.Pressureandtemperatureareveryimportantfactorstobeconsideredinwhat
typeofmaterialstobeused.Steamevenatlowpressurescanbeextremelydangerous.
3.Whatisthedifferencebetweenshearcenterflexuralcenteroftwistandelasticcenter?
Theshearcenteristhecentroidofacrosssection.Theflexuralcenteristhecenteroftwist,
whichisthepointonabeamthatyoucanaddaloadwithouttorsion.Theelasticcenteris
locatedatthecenterofgravity.Iftheobjectishomogeneousandsymmetricalinboth
directionsofthecrosssectionthentheyareallequivalent.
4.Whatisferrite?
Magneticironrock
5.Whatisthedifferencebetweenprojectilemotionandarocketmotion?
Aprojectilehasnomotor/rocketonit,soallofitsmomentumisgiventoitasitislaunched.
Anexampleofaprojectilewouldbepenthatyouthrowacrossaroom.
Arocketormissiledoeshaveamotor/rocketonitsoitcanaccelerateitselfwhilemoving
andsoresistotherforcessuchasgravity.
6.Whatisacotterjoint?
Thesetypesofjointsareusedtoconnecttworods,whichareundercompressiveortensile
stress.Theendsoftherodsareinthemannerofasocketandshaftthatfittogetherand
thecotterisdrivenintoaslotthatiscommontobothpiecesdrawingthemtightlytogether.
Thetensilestrengthofthesteelisproportionatetothestrengthneededtooffsetthestress
onthematerialdividedbythenumberofjointsemployed.
7.Whatisthealloyoftinandlead?
Atinandleadalloyiscommonlycalledsolder.Usuallysolderisawirewitharosincoreused
forsoldering.Therosincoreactsasaflux.
8.WhatdoesF.O.F.standforinpipingdesign?
FOFstandsforFaceofFlange.Aflangehaseitherofthetwotypesoffaces:
a)Raisedface
b)Flatface
TheF.O.Fisusedtoknowtheaccuratedimensionoftheflangeinordertoavoidtheminute
errorsinmeasurementincaseofverticalorhorizontalpipelines.
9.ExplainOttocycle.
Ottocyclecanbeexplainedbyapressurevolumerelationshipdiagram.Itshowsthe
functioningcycleofafourstrokeengine.Thecyclestartswithanintakestroke,closingthe
intakeandmovingtothecompressionstroke,startingofcombustion,powerstroke,heat
exchangestrokewhereheatisrejectedandtheexhauststroke.ItwasdesignedbyNicolas
Otto,aGermanengineer.
10.Whatisgearratio?
Itistheratioofthenumberofrevolutionsofthepiniongeartoonerevolutionoftheidler
gear.
11.Whatisannealing?
Itisaprocessofheatingamaterialabovetherecrystallizationtemperatureandcooling
afteraspecifictimeinterval.Thisincreasesthehardnessandstrengthifthematerial.
12.Whatisductilebrittletransitiontemperature?
Itisthetemperaturebelowwhichthetendencyofamaterialtofractureincreasesrather
thanforming.Belowthistemperaturethemateriallosesitsductility.ItisalsocalledNil
DuctilityTemperature.
13.Whatisauniformlydistributedload?
AUDLoruniformlydistributedloadisaload,whichisspreadoverabeaminsuchaway
thateachunitlengthisloadedtothesameextent.
14.Whatarethedifferencesbetweenpneumaticsandhydraulics?
a)Workingfluid:Pneumaticsuseair,HydraulicsuseOil
b)Power:Pneumaticpowerlessthanhydraulicpower
c)Size:PcomponentsaresmallerthanHcomponents
d)Leakage:Leaksinhydraulicscausefluidtobestickingaroundthecomponents.In
pneumatics,airisleakedintotheatmosphere.
e)Pneumaticsobtainpowerfromanaircompressorwhilehydraulicsrequireapump
f)Airiscompressible,hydraulicoilisnot
15.Whatisenthalpy?
Enthalpyistheheatcontentofachemicalsystem.
16.Whatisapositivedisplacementpump?
Apositivedisplacementpumpcausesaliquidorgastomovebytrappingafixedamountof
fluidorgasandthenforcing(displacing)thattrappedvolumeintothedischargepipe.
Positivedisplacementpumpscanbefurtherclassifiedaseitherrotarytype(forexamplethe
rotaryvane)orlobepumpssimilartooilpumpsusedincarengines.Thesepumpsgivea
nonpulsatingoutputordisplacementunlikethereciprocatingpumps.Hence,theyarecalled
positivedisplacementpumps.
17.Whywouldyouusehydraulicsratherthanpneumatics?
Hydraulicsissuitableforhigherforces&precisemotionthanpneumatics.Thisisbecause
hydraulicsystemsgenerallyrunatsignificantlyhigherpressuresthanpneumaticssystems.
Movementsaremoreprecise(repeatable)becausehydraulicsusesanincompressibleliquid
totransferpowerwhilstpneumaticsusesgases.
Pneumaticsystemshavesomeadvantagestoo.Theyareusuallysignificantlycheaperthan
hydraulicsystems,canmovefaster(gasmuchlessviscousthanoil)anddonotleakoilif
theydevelopaleak.
18.Whatisisometricdrawing?
Itisa3Ddrawingusedbydraftsmen,architectsetc
19.Whataretheadvantagesofgeardrive?
Ingeneral,geardriveisusefulforpowertransmissionbetweentwoshafts,whicharenear
toeachother(atmostat1mdistance).Inaddition,ithasmaximumefficiencywhile
transmittingpower.Itisdurablecomparetoothersuchasbeltschaindrivesetc.Youcan
changethepowertospeedratio.
Advantages:
Itisusedtogetvariousspeedsindifferentloadconditions.
Itincreasesfuelefficiency.
Increasesengineefficiency.
Needlesspowerinputwhenoperatedmanually.
20.Whichconductsheatfastersteelcopperorbrass?
Copperconductsheatfasterthansteelorbrass.Anymaterialthatisgoodforconducting
heatisalsogoodforelectricityinmostcases.Woodterriblefortransferringheatthusisalso
insulatorforelectric.
21.Howpipeflangesareelectricallyinsulated?
Pipeflangesareprotectedfromcorrosionbymeansofelectrolysis,withdielectricflanges.
Thepipingsystemiselectricallyinsulatedbywhatiscalledasacrificialanode.Abagof
readilycorrodiblemetalisburiedinthegroundwithawirerunningfromthepipetothebag
sothatthesacrificialanodewillcorrodefirst.Ifanyelectricalcurrentchargesthepipe,it
alsoservesasaground.
22.WhatisaProcessFlowDiagram?
AProcessFlowDiagram(orSystemFlowDiagram)showstherelationshipsbetweenthe
majorcomponentsinthesystem.Italsohasbasicinformationconcerningthematerial
balancefortheprocess.
23.Wherepneumaticsystemisused?
Anysystemneedsredundancyinworkneedspneumatics,becausethecompressorofthe
pneumaticsystemhasperiodicaloperations(intermittentwork,notashydraulicpump).The
compressedaircouldbeaccumulatedintankswithhighpressuresandusedevenifthe
compressorfailed.
24.Whygascontainersaremostlycylindricalinshape?
Themostefficientshapeforwithstandinghighpressureisaspherebutthatwouldbecostly
tomanufacture.Acylinderwithadomedtopandadomedbottom(lookunderneath,theflat
baseisactuallyweldedaroundtheoutside,thebottomofthegascontainerisactually
domed)isamuchcheapershapetomanufacturewhilststillhavinggoodstrengthtoresist
theinternalgaspressure.
25.Howismartensitestructureformedinsteel?
Martensitetransformationbeginswhenausteniteiscooledbelowacertaincritical
temperature,calledthematrensitestarttemperature.Aswegobelowthemartensitestart
temperature,moreandmoremartensiteformsandcompletetransformationoccursonlyat
atemperaturecalledmartensirefinishtemperature.Formationofmartensiterequiresthat
theaustenitephasemustbecooledrapidly.
26.Whatisanortographicdrawing?
Orthographicprojectionsareviewsofa3Dobject,showing3facesofit.The3drawingsare
alignedsothatifthepagewerefolded,itwouldcreatepartoftheshape.Itisalsocalled
multiviewprojections.
The3facesofanobjectconsistofitsplanview,frontviewandsideview.Thereare2types
oforthographicprojection,whichare1stangleprojectionand3rdangleprojection.
27.Whatisrepresentativeelementaryvolume?
Smallestvolumeoverwhichmeasurementscanbemadethatwillyieldarepresentativeof
thewhole.
28.WhyareLNGpipescurved?
LNGpipesarecurvedbecauseLNGiscondensedgas(164degcel)soitcanexpandthe
pipesthatiswhatengineersdesignedtheLNGpipesarecurvetype.
29.Whatdoesangularmomentummean?
Angularmomentumisanexpressionofanobjectsmassandrotationalspeed.
Momentumisthevelocityofanobjecttimesitismass,orhowfastsomethingismoving
howmuchitweigh.Therefore,angularmomentumistheobjectsmasstimestheangular
velocitywhereangularvelocityishowfastsomethingisrotatingexpressedintermslike
revolutionsperminuteorradianspersecondordegreespersecond.
30.Canyouusemotoroilinahydraulicsystem?
Hydraulicfluidhastopassadifferentsetofstandardsthanmotoroil.Motoroilhas
tackifiers,lowersulfurcontent,andotheringredientsthatcouldproveharmfultotheseals
andothercomponentsinahydraulicsystem.Ifitisanemergencyonlyshouldyoudoit.
31.Whatcauseswhitesmokeintwostrokelocomotiveengines?
Thatistheenginerunningtoolean(lackoffuel).Thisconditionwillleadtooverheatingand
failureoftheengine.
32.Whatistheroleofnitrogeninwelding?
Nitrogenisusedtopreventporosityintheweldingmemberbypreventingoxygenandair
fromenteringthemoltenmetalduringtheweldingprocess.Othergasesarealsousedfor
thispurposesuchasArgon,Helium,CarbonDioxide,andthegasesgivenoffwhentheflux
burnsawayduringSMAW(stick)welding.
33.WhatdoesGreenfieldprojectmean?
Greenfieldprojectsarethoseprojects,whichdonotcreateanyenvironmentalnuisance
(pollution),followsenvironmentalmanagementsystemandEIA(environmentimpact
assessment).Theseprojectsareusuallyofbigmagnitude.
34.Isitthestressthat,producesstrainorstrainproducesstress?
AForceappliedtoanobjectwillcauseadisplacement.Strainiseffectivelyameasureofthis
displacement(changeinlengthdividedbyoriginallength).
StressistheForceapplieddividedbytheareaitisapplied.(E.g.poundspersquareinch)
Therefore,toanswerthequestion,theappliedforceproducesboth
StressandStrain
.
Stress
andStrain
arelinkedtogetherbyvariousmaterialpropertiessuchasPoisson'sratioand
Young'sModulus.
35.Howdoesironoreturnintosteel?
TomakeSteel,IronOreisrefinedintoironandallthecarbonisburnedawayusingvery
highheat(Bessemer).ApercentageofCarbon(andothertraceelements)areaddedback
tomakesteel.36.Whatisknurling?
Knurlingisamachiningprocessnormallycarriedouronacentrelathe.TheactofKnurling
createsaraisedcrisscrosspatternonasmoothroundbarthatcouldbeusedasahandleor
somethingthatrequiresextragrip.
37.Whatisthemechanicaladvantageofadoublepulley?
Itonlytakeshalftheefforttomoveanobjectbuttwicethedistance.
38.Whatisextruedaluminum?
Extrusionistheprocesswhereametalorametalbarispulledthroughamandrelto
elongateitand/orgiveitafinalshape.
ExtrudedAluminumisacommonformofmakingsmallaluminumwire,barsorbeamsand
manyvarietiesofsmallnonstructural,decorativepieces.
39.WhatisaNewtonianfluid?
ANewtonianfluidpossessesalinearstressstrainrelationshipcurveanditpassesthrough
theorigin.ThefluidpropertiesofaNewtonianfluiddonotchangewhenanyforceactsupon
it.
40.Whatarethepointsinthestressstraincurveforsteel?
Proportionallimit,elasticlimitoryieldpoint,ultimatestressandstressatfailure.