Human Development

Ovulation
-the release of an ovum or egg cell from a womans
ovaries

Conception
-also known as fertilization, occurs if one of
the millions of sperm penetrates the
ovums outer membrane. After the ovum
has been penetrated by a single sperms,
its outer membrane changes and
becomes impenetrable to the millions of
remaining sperm.

Conception

Conception

Stages of Prenatal Development

Prenatal Period extends from conception
to birth and lasts about 266 days (around
9 months). During the prenatal period, a
single cell will divide and grow to form
200 billion cells

Stages of Prenatal Development

Stage 1: Germinal Stage the first stage of
prenatal development and refers to the
two-week period following conception.

Stages of Prenatal Development

Stage 2: Embryonic Stage
the second stage of
prenatal period and
spans the 2 to 8 weeks
that follow conception;
during this stage, cells
divide and begin to
differentiate into bone
muscle, and body organs

Stages of Prenatal Development

Stage 3: Fetal Stage the third stage in
prenatal development, begins two
months after conception and lasts until
birth (weeks 38 to 42)

Teratogens
- Any agent that can harm a developing
fetus, causing deformities or brain
damage.

Placenta
Placenta - an organ that
connects the blood supply
of the mother to that of
the fetus. It acts like a
filter, allowing oxygen and
nutrients to pass through
while keeping out some
toxic
or
harmful
substances.

Alcohol Drinking
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome- results from a mother
drinking heavily during pregnancy, especially
in the first 12 weeks. It results in physical and
neurological changes such as fewer brain
connections within the brain structure, as well
as
psychological
behavior
such
as
hyperactivity, impulsive behavior, and poor
socialization.

Alcohol Drinking

Welcome to the World!

Genetic Developmental Program

Brain Growth

1-month-old brain

2-year-old brain

Sensory Development
Faces

At 4 months, an infant
can visually distinguish
his mothers face from
a strangers or animal

By 3 or 4 years of age,
an infants visual ability
is equal to those of an
adult.

Sensory Development
Hearing

1-month-old infants have very keen hearing

Sensory Development
Touch

Touch will elicit a number of reflexes, such as

grasping and sucking.

Sensory Development
Smell and Taste

6-week-old infants can smell the difference

between their mother and a stranger

Sensory Development
Depth Perception

At 6 months, infants have developed depth

perception

Sensory Development
Depth Perception
Visual Cliff a glass
tabletop
with
a
checkerboard pattern over
part of its surface; the
remaining surface consists
of clear glass with a
checkerboard
pattern
several feet below, creating
the illusion of a clifflike drop
to the floor

Motor Development

-refers to the stages of motor skills that all

infants pass through as they acquire the
muscular control necessary for making
coordinated movements

Motor Development
Proximodistal Principle parts closer to
the center of the infants body develop
before parts farther away

Motor Development
Cephalocaudal Principle parts closer
to the head develop before parts closer to
the feet

Motor Development
Maturation developmental changes are
genetically or biologically programmed
rather than acquired through learning or
life experiences

Motor Development
Developmental norms the average
ages at which children perform various
kinds of skills or exhibit abilities or
behaviors

Emotional
Development

Emotional Development
refers to the influence and interaction of
genetic factors, brain changes, cognitive
factors, coping abilities, and cultural
factors in the development of emotional
behaviors, expressions, thoughts, and
feelings.

Smiling
(4-6 weeks)

Emotional Development

Anger
Surprise

3-4 months

Sadness

Fear
-7 months)

Emotional Development

Shyness

Shame

6-8 months

Temperament and Emotions

Temperament - refers to relatively stable and long-lasting
individual differences in mood and emotional behavior,
which emerge early in childhood because these
differences are largely influenced by genetic factors

Temperament
1) Easy Baby- generally happy and
cheerful, has regular sleeping and
eating habits and adapts quickly to
new situations
2) Slow-to-warm-up Baby more
withdrawn, moody, and tended to
take longer to adapt to new
situations
3) Difficult Baby fussy, fearful of
new situations, and more intense
in reactions.
4) No-single-category Baby has a
variety of traits and could not be
classified into one of the other
three categories

Attachment
Attachment - a close fundamental emotional bond that
develops between the infant and his/ her parents or
caregiver

Attachment
Separation Anxiety - an infants distress-as indicated by
loud protests, crying and agitation-whenever the infants
parents temporarily leave.

Attachment
1) Secure Attachment - characteristic of infants who
use their parent or caregiver as a safe home base from
which they can wander off and explore their
environments
2) Insecure Attachment characteristic of infants who
avoid or show ambivalence or resistance toward their
parent or caregiver

Cognitive
Development

Cognitive Development
refers to how a person perceives, thinks,
and gains an understanding of his or her
world through the interaction and influence
of genetic and learned factors

Cognitive Development
Jean Piaget studied
how
children
solved
problems in their natural
settings, such as cribs,
sandboxes,
and
playgrounds

Cognitive Development
Assimilation the process by which a
child uses old methods or experiences to
deal with new situations.

Cognitive Development
Accommodation the process by which
a child changes old methods to deal with
or adjust to new situations

Stages Cognitive Development

Piagets
Stages
of
Cognitive
Development refer to four different
stages, each of which is more advanced
than the new reasoning and thinking
abilities

Stages Cognitive Development

Stage
1:
Sensorimotor
(from birth to about 2 years
old) infants interact with and
learn about their environments
by relating their sensory
experiences, such as seeing
and hearing, to their motor
actions like mouthing and
grasping

Stages Cognitive Development

Object Permanence refers to the

understanding that objects or events
continue to exist even if they can no
longer be heard, touch, or seen

Stages Cognitive Development

Stage 2: Preoperational
Stage (from 2 to 7 years
old)children learn to use
symbols, such as words or
mental images, to solve
simple problems and to
think or talk about things
that are not present

Stages Cognitive Development

Conservation the fact that even though the
shape of some object or substance is changed,
the total amount remains the same

Stages Cognitive Development

Stages Cognitive Development

Egocentric Thinking seeing and thinking of
the world only from your own viewpoint and
having difficulty appreciating someone elses
viewpoint

Stages Cognitive Development

Stage 3: Concrete Operations (from 7 to 11
years old) children can perform a number of
logical mental operations on concrete objects

Stages Cognitive Development

Stage 4: Formal Operations
(from 12 years old to
adulthood)
children
can
perform a number of logical
mental
operations
on
concrete objects

Stages Cognitive Development

Egocentric Thinking refers to the tendency of
adolescents to believe that others are always
watching and evaluating them, and the belief that
everyone thinks and cares about the same things
they do.

Stages Cognitive Development

Imaginary Audience the belief adolescents
have that everyone is watching all of their actions

Social
Development

Social Development
refers to how a person develops a sense of
self-identity, develops relationships with others,
and develops the kinds of social skills important
in personal interactions

Psychosexual Stages
of Development
refers to the tendency of adolescents to believe
that others are always watching and evaluating
them, and the belief that everyone thinks and
cares about the same things they do.

Sigmund Freud

Psychosexual Stages
of Development
1) Oral Stage lasts for the first 18 months of life
and is a time when the infants pleasure seeking
is centered in the mouth

Psychosexual Stages
of Development
2) Anal Stage lasts from the age of about 1.5 to
3 years and is a time when the infants pleasure
seeking is centered on the anus and its functions
of elimination

Toilet Training

Psychosexual Stages
of Development
3) Phallic Stage lasts from about age 3 to 6
and is a time when the infants pleasure seeking
is centered on the genitals.

Oedipus Complex
a process in which a child competes with the
parent of the same sex for the affections and
pleasures of the parent of the opposite sex

Psychosexual Stages
of Development
4) Latency Stage lasts from about age 6 to
puberty, is a time when the child represses sexual
thoughts and engages in nonsexual activities,
such as developing social and intellectual skills

Psychosexual Stages
of Development
5) Genital Stage lasts from puberty through
adulthood and is a time when the individual has
renewed sexual desires that he or she seeks to
fulfill through relationships with members of the
opposite sex

Psychosexual Stages
of Development

Psychosocial Stages
of Development

eight developmental periods during which an

individuals primary goal is to satisfy desires
associated with social needs. The eight periods
are associated, respectively, with issues of trust,
autonomy, initiative, industry, identity, intimacy,
generativity, and ego integrity.

Erik Erickson

Psychosocial Stages
of Development
Stage 1: Trust vs Mistrust (infancy to 1 year old)

Psychosocial Stages
of Development
Stage 2: Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt
(late infancy to 3 years)

Psychosocial Stages
of Development
Stage 3: Initiative vs Guilt
(3 to 5 years old)

Psychosocial Stages
of Development
Stage 4: Industry vs Inferiority
(5 to 12 years old)

Psychosocial Stages
of Development
Stage 5: Identity vs Role Confusion
(Adolescence)

Psychosocial Stages
of Development

Psychosocial Stages
of Development

Assignment: Object Permanence

Deadline: July 21, 2016