About Electrical - EARTHING

Calculate the correct number of earth electrode.

1 : Calculate Number of Plate Earthing.
R=/A(3.14/A)
Where:
= Resistivity of Soil ( Meter),
A = Area of both side of Plate (m2),
Example:
Calculate Number of CI Earthing Plate of 600600 mm,
System has Fault current 65KA for 1 Sec and
Soil Resistivity is 100 -Meters.
Current Density At The Surface of Earth Electrode (As per IS 3043):
Max. Allowable Current Density I = 7.571000/(xt) A/m2
Max. Allowable Current Density = 7.57 1000/(100X1)=757 A/m2
Surface area of both side of single 600600 mm Plate= 2 x lxw=2 x 0.060.06 = 0.72
m2
Max. current dissipated by one Earthing Plate = Current Density x Surface area
of electrode
Max. current dissipated by one Earthing Plate = 7570.72 = 545.04 Amps
Resistance of Earthing Plate ( Isolated ) ( R ) = / A ( 3.14/A ).
Resistance of Earthing Plate ( Isolated ) ( R ) = 100/0.72 x ( 3.14/.072 ) = 290.14
Number of Earthing Plate required =Fault Current / Max.current dissipated.

Number of Earthing Plate required = 65000 / 545.04 = 119 Nos.

Total Number of Earthing Plate required = 119 Nos.
Overall resistance of 119 No of Earthing Plate = 290.14/119 = 2.438 .
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2 : Calculation for earth resistance of buried Strip.
The Earth Resistance of Single Strip of Rod buried in ground is:
R = /Px3.14xL (loge (2xLxL/Wxh)+Q)
Where:
= Resistivity of Soil ( Meter),
h = Depth of Electrode (Meter),
w = Width of Strip or Diameter of Conductor (Meter)
L = Length of Strip or Conductor (Meter)
P and Q are Koefficients
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3 : Calculation for earth resistance of buried Strip.
he Earth Resistance of Single Strip of Rod buried in ground is:
R=100x/23.14xL (loge (2xLxL/Wxt))
Where:
= Resistivity of Soil ( Meter),
L = Length of Strip or Conductor (cm)
w = Width of Strip or Diameter of Conductor (cm)
t = Depth of burial (cm)
Example: Calculate Earthing Resistance of Earthing strip / wire of 36mm Diameter,
262 meter long buried at 500 mm depth in ground, soil Resistivity is 65 Meter.

Here:
R = Resistance of earth rod in W.
r = Resistivity of soil ( Meter) = 65 Meter
l = length of the rod (cm) = 262m = 26200 cm
d = internal diameter of rod(cm) = 36mm = 3.6cm
h = Depth of the buried strip/rod (cm)= 500mm = 50cm.

Resistance of Earthing Strip / Conductor (R) = /23.14xL (loge (2xLxL/Wt))

Resistance of Earthing Strip / Conductor
(R)=65/23.14x26200xln(2x26200x26200/3.650)
Resistance of Earthing Strip / Conductor (R)== 1.7
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4 : Calculate Min. Cross Section area of Earthing Conductor.
Cross Section Area of Earthing Conductor As per IS 3043
(A) = ( If xt ) / K
Where:
t = Fault current Time ( Second ).
K = Material Constant.
Example: Calculate Cross Section Area of GI Earthing Conductor for System has
50KA Fault Current for 1 second. Corrosion will be 1.0 % Per Year and No of Year
for Replacement is 20 Years.
Cross Section Area of Earthing Conductor (A) = ( If xt ) / K

Here:
If = 50000 Amp
T = 1 Second
K = 80 (Material Constant, For GI=80, copper K=205, Aluminium K=126).
Cross Section Area of Earthing Conductor (A) = (500001)/80
Cross Section Area of GI Earthing Conductor (A) = 625 Sq.mm
Allowance for Corrosion = 1.0 % Per Year & Number of Year before replacement say
= 20 Years
Total allowance = 20 x 1.0% = 20%
Safety factor = 1.5.

Required Earthing Conductor size = Cross sectional area x Total allowance x Safety
factor
Required Earthing Conductor size = 1125 Sq.mm say 1200 Sq.mm
Hence, Considered 1Nox12x100 mm GI Strip or 2Nox6 x 100 mm GI Strips.
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5 : Calculate Number of Earthing Rod.
The approximate earth resistance of the Rod/Pipe electrodes can be calculated by:
Earth Resistance of the Rod / Pipe electrodes :
R= K x /L
Where:
= Resistivity of earth in Ohm-Meter
L = Length of the electrode in Meter.
d = Diameter of the electrode in Meter.
K = 0.75 if 25< L/d < 100.
K = 1 if 100 < L/d < 600
K = 1.2 o/L if 600 < L/d < 300
Number of Electrode if find out by Equation of R (d) = (1.5/N) x R

Where:
R(d) = Desired earth resistance
R = Resistance of single electrode
N = No. of electrodes installed in parallel at a distance of 3 to 4 Meter interval.
Example: Calculate Earthing Pipe Resistance and Number of Electrode for
getting Earthing Resistance of 1 ,Soil Resistivity of =40, Length = 2.5 Meter,
Diameter of Pipe = 38 mm.
Here:
L/d = 2.5/0.038=65.78 so K = 0.75
The Earth Resistance of the Pipe electrodes R= K x /L = 0.7565.78 = 12
One electrode the earth resistance is 12 .
To get Earth resistance of 1 the total Number of electrodes required = (1.512)/1 =
18 No
Calculating Resistance & Number of Earthing Rod
Reference: As per EHV Transmission Line Reference Book page: 290 and Electrical
Transmission & Distribution Reference Book Westinghouse Electric Corporation,
Section-I Page: 570-590.
Earthing Resistance of Single Rods:
R = x[ln (2L/a)-1]/(23.14xL)
Earthing Resistance of Parallel Rods:
R = x[ln (2L/A]/ (23.14xL)
Where:
L = length of rod in ground Meter,
a = radius of rod Meter
= ground resistivity, ohm-Meter
A = (axS)
S = Rod separation Meter
Earthing rod arrangements

Earthing rod arrangements

Factor affects on Ground resistance
The NEC code requires a minimum ground electrode length of 2.5 meters (8.0 feet) to
be in contact with the soil. But, there are some factor that affect the ground resistance
of a ground system:
Length / Depth of the ground electrode: double the length, reduce ground
resistance by up to 40%.
Diameter of the ground electrode: double the diameter, lower ground resistance by
only 10%.
Number of ground electrodes: for increased effectiveness, space additional electrodes
at least equal to the depth of the ground electrodes.
Ground system design: single ground rod to ground plate.

The GI earthing conductor sizes for various equipment

1 No Equipment Earth strip size
2 HT switchgear, structures, cable trays & fence, rails, gate and steel column
55 X 6 mm (GI)
3 Lighting Arrestor 25 X 3 mm (Copper)
4 PLC Panel 25 X 3 mm (Copper)
5 DG & Transformer Neutral 50X6 mm (Copper)
6 Transformer Body 506 mm (GI)
7 Control & Relay Panel 25 X 6 mm (GI)
8 Lighting Panel & Local Panel 25 X 6 mm (GI)
9 Distribution Board 25 X 6 mm (GI)
10 Motor up to 5.5 kw 4 mm2 (GI)
11 Motor 5.5 kw to 55 kw 25 X 6 mm (GI)
12 Motor 22 kw to 55 kw 40 X 6 mm (GI)
13 Motor Above 55 kw 55 X 6 mm (GI)

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6 : Selection of Earthing System:
Installations/Isc Capacity IR Value Required Soil Type/Resistivity Earth System
House hold earthing/3kA 8 ohm Normal Soil/ up to 50 ohm-meter Single Electrode

Sandy Soil/ between 50 to 2000 ohm-meter Single Electrode

Rocky Soil/ More than 2000 ohm-meter Multiple Electrodes
Commercial premises,Office / 5kA 2 ohm Normal Soil/ up to 50 ohm-meter Single
Electrode
Sandy Soil/ between 50 to 2000 ohm-meter Multiple Electrodes
Rocky Soil/ More than 2000 ohm-meter Multiple Electrodes
Transformers, substation earthing, LT line equipment/ 15kA less than 1 ohm Normal
Soil/ up to 50 ohm-meter Single Electrode
Sandy Soil/ between 50 to 2000 ohm-meter Multiple Electrodes
Rocky Soil/ More than 2000 ohm-meter Multiple Electrodes
LA, High current Equipment./ 50kA less than 1 ohm Normal Soil/ up to 50 ohmmeter Single Electrode
Sandy Soil/ between 50 to 2000 ohm-meter Multiple Electrodes
Rocky Soil/ More than 2000 ohm-meter Multiple Electrodes
PRS, UTS, RTUs, Data processing centre etc./5KA less than 0.5 ohm Normal Soil/ up
to 50 ohm-meter Single Electrode
Sandy Soil/ between 50 to 2000 ohm-meter Multiple Electrodes
Rocky Soil/ More than 2000 ohm-meter Multiple Electrodes
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7: Size of Earthing Conductor
Ref IS 3043 and Handbook on BS 7671: The Lee Wiring Regulations by Trevor E.
Marks.
Size of Earthing Conductor

Area of Phase Conductor S (mm2) Area of Earthing conductor (mm2)

When It is Same Material as Phase Conductor Area of Earthing conductor (mm2)
When It is Not Same Material as Phase Conductor
S < 16 mm2 S S X (k1/k2)
16 mm2 < S < 35 mm2 16 mm2 16X(k1/k2)
S > 35 mm2 S/2 S X (k1/2k2)
K1 is value of Phase conductor,k2 is value of earthing conductor
Value of K for GI=80, Alu=126,Cu=205 for 1 Sec.
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8 : GI Earthing Strip:
Size (mm2) Weight
20 x 3 500 gm Per meter
25 x 3 600 gm Per meter
25 x 6 1/200 Kg Per meter
32 x 6 1/600 Kg Per meter
40 x 6 2 Kg Per meter
50 x 6 2/400 Kg Per meter
65 x 10 5/200 Kg Per meter
75 x 12 7/200 Kg Per meter.
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9 : GI Earthing Plate
Plate Weight
600 x 600 x 3 mm 10 Kg App.
600 x 600 x 4 mm 12 Kg App.
600 x 600 x 5 mm 15 Kg App.
600 x 600 x 6 mm 18 Kg App.
600 x 600 x 12 mm 36 Kg App.
1200 x 1200 x 6 mm 70 Kg App.
1200 x 1200 x 12 mm 140 Kg App.
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10 : G I Earthing Pipe
Pipe Weight
3 meter Long BISE 5 Kg App.
3 meter r Long BISE 9 Kg App.
4.5 meter (15 Long BISE) 5 Kg App.
4.5 meter (15 Long BISE) 9 Kg App.
4.5 meter (15 Long BISE) 14 Kg App
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11 : GI Earthing Wire.

Plate Weight
6 Swg 5 meter in 1 Kg
8 Swg 9 meter in 1 Kg
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Also See...

Resistance Grounding.
Reactance Grounding.

Resonant Grounding.

Pipe Earthing.

Earthing Grid.

Ground Mat.

Space require between two earth pit.

How to improve ground resistance.

Switchyard fence earthing.

Earthing cable.

What is earth pit.

Ground potential rise.

Step potential.

Touch potential.

Soil resistivity.

Measurement of ground resistance.

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