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Somebody may ask, why not broadband sensors? The answer is that the broadband
sensors are much more expensive than our sensors and makes the survey inefficient in
price terms. We do not get more information using broad-band sensors of local microearthquakes recording.
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Figure 5. Seismic event frequency spectrum plot from the 40T BB sensor
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Figure 6. Seismic event frequency spectrum plot from the wide-band sensor
The figure 4 shows a typical seismic event recorded from a wide-band and eight
broad-band (Nanometrics Trillium 40T) sensors. Station 19 is the one broad-band
and it could not be recognized from others having a first look at the signal plot. The
frequency spectrum of the BB sensor and the spectrum of the wide-band sensors are
presented in figures 5 and 6 respectively. These spectrum plots represent frequencies
of the recorded signals of the same earthquake.
Why not using simple geophones? Commercial geophones with small dimensions
have usually natural frequency 4.5Hz or 10Hz. Using these kind of geophones, the
lower part of the spectrum of the signal is lost, because the geophone cannot respond
in the low frequency area (below 4.5 Hz), and its sensitivity falls dramatically. There
are also geophones in the market with natural frequency of 2.0Hz or 2.5Hz, but their
dimensions do not allow to be used in small boreholes. Larger boreholes will be
needed increasing the cost of the installation. The price also of a sensor made by
2.0Hz or 2.5Hz is a few times more than the one with 4.5Hz geophone.
Another advantage of the 4.5Hz geophones is their sensitivity over tilt. Usually they
respond perfect within 5 - 10 degrees of tilt. This means that the sensor can be
installed into the borehole without any need of special leveling. An elastic packer is
more than enough to hold the sensor into the borehole. It is leveled according the
casing verticality and it is operational, ranging within its characteristics even there is
some degrees of tilt at the borehole casing.
So, the ideal solution for fast, accurate installation is the wide-band seismometers
consisted of 4.5Hz geophones, with small dimensions and cost, designed according
the force-balance principle. Our wide-band sensors meet all the requirements for local
9. Conclusion
In order to make a successful passive tomography acquisition, the recording
equipment should have the special characteristics. The design of the SRi32 integrates
fifteen years of technology in PST exploration.
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