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Distribution Systems
Thiago Martins de Morais
I. INTRODUCTION
Since the proliferation of electronic loads has increased in
a surprisingly rhythm, many changes to the network where
these loads are present have come along, including losses and
phenomena due to the high harmonic flow. To understand
these phenomena, different modeling methods have been
presented in the past years which differ in data acquisition,
modeling complexity, problems formulation and solution
algorithms. In addition, two basic modeling methods have
been used, probabilistic and deterministic, this last one in a
wide way due to its accuracy in representing the system
components and loads, and also because it permits
simulations in the frequency or time domain.
Most papers published until now have used single-phase
diagram representing the system [1 until 3], which brings
along the necessity of rough considerations such as balanced
phases, and in case of non-linear loads, they are considered
with the same harmonic spectrum (amplitudes and phase
angle). It is known that this situation does not represent the
system properly since the loads connected to them are
completely different and, consequently, so do the phase
currents.
1266
SE
VA
P1
P2
P3
P4
P5
P6
P7
VB
VC
a b c
a b c
a b c
S2
a b c
S1
a b c
a b c
S0
a b c
TABLE I
BASE VALUES USED FOR P.U. VALUES CONVERSION
Side
Primary
Secondary
Side
Primary
(SE P7)
Secondary
(S0 S2)
Segment
SE P1
P1 P2
P2 P3
P3 P4
P4 P5
P5 P6
P6 P7
Line
S0 S1
Neutral
Line
S1 S2
Neutral
Parameter
R [p.u.]
L [p.u.]
0.075m
0.403
0.208m
1.044
0.202m
1.015
0.035m
0.176
0.136m
0.684
0.102m
0.513
0.090m
0.452
0.178
0.793m
0.283
0.764m
0.406
1.808m
0.646
1.742m
TABLE III
LINEAR LOAD PARAMETERS CONNECTED TO PRIMARY SIDE
Parameter
R [p.u.]
L [p.u.]
20.04
25.75m
3.30
4.24m
0.51
0.85m
1.23
2.02m
4.05
6.65m
28.75
47.26m
Point
P1
P2
P3
P4
P5
P6
P7
a b c
TABLE IV
LINEAR LOAD PARAMETERS CONNECTED TO SECONDARY SIDE
Point
t
S0
S1
vn
S2
iTotal
iTotal
a
Vb [kV]
13.8
0.22
TABLE II
LINE PARAMETERS
Sb [MVA]
1
1
"x"
...
iTotal
t
n
I1
vr
I2
...
In
vs
vt
Line r
Line s
Line t
Line r
Line s
Line t
Line r
Line s
Line t
Parameter
R [p.u.]
L [p.u.]
59.20
73.22m
80.40
37.60m
107.22
50.14m
157.74
112.12m
153.44
148.16m
74.00
91.54m
85.24
82.30m
148.00
183.06m
157.74
112.12m
vn
1267
TABLE V
NON-LINEAR LOAD PARAMETERS CONNECTED TO SECONDARY SIDE
Load
Concentration
Point
Harmonic
Order
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
S0 and S1
S2
Phase r
Amplitude
Phase angle
[p.u.]
[ ]
0.016248
0
0.012627
162
0.008275
-15
0.003415
152
0.002560
-29
0.001596
146
0.000479
-66
0.000448
85
0.032497
0
0.025255
162
0.016553
-15
0.006832
152
0.005122
-29
0.003194
146
0.000958
-66
0.000897
85
Phase s
Amplitude
Phase angle
[p.u.]
[ ]
0.015398
120
0.011787
172
0.007342
236
0.003682
-68
0.002300
-9
0.001621
49
0.000946
90
0.000749
53
0.030798
120
0.023575
172
0.014686
236
0.007366
-68
0.004602
-9
0.003243
49
0.001893
90
0.001497
53
vpa
Phase t
Amplitude
Phase angle
[p.u.]
[ ]
0.015249
240
0.011881
158
0.008221
98
0.004721
20
0.003304
-59
0.001800
230
0.000408
127
0.000447
61
0.030499
240
0.023764
158
0.016444
98
0.009441
20
0.006611
-59
0.003602
230
0.000816
127
0.000894
61
V
prim
prim
i sec
vpb
Vsense
b
Vsec
vpc
E
t
n
F
RN
vsn
1268
A11
N1
N2
A21
A12
A22
N1
N3
An1
An2
TABLE VI
SATURABLE TRANSFORMER INPUT DATA
[p.u.]
1,0
Electrical parameters
Power
Vprim
112.5 MVA
13.8 KVA
Vsec
220/127 V
0,5
Rm
529 k
Magnetizing branch
Flux
0.238 mWb
Imag
0.0471 A
Winding data
Primary
R
11.87
R
3.02 m
L
18.27 H
-1,0
0
Saturable curve
VRMS (V)
120
140
160
180
200
220
A TP
Phase t
Phase s
-0,5
Secondary
L
71.88 mH
Pspice
Phase r
IRMS (A)
0.42
0.49
0.58
0.72
1.11
2.95
3 /2
/2
[p.u.]
0,2
0
-0,1
-0,2
/2
3 /2
Fig. 8 Primary currents in Pspice simulation.
[p.u.]
0,2
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
ATP
c
0
-0,1
-0,2
0
/2
3/2
Phase s
Pspice
ATP
Amp.
%
Amp.
%
[p.u]
Fund.
[p.u]
Fund.
0.805
100
0.8021
100
0.0361
4.48
0.0275
3.43
0.0386
4.79
0.028
3.49
0.0268
3.33
0.0194
2.42
0.0208
2.58
0.0154
1.91
0.0186
2.31
0.0132
1.64
0.0127
1.58
0.0089
1.11
0.0114
1.41
0.0084
1.05
1269
0,1
TABLE VII
VOLTAGE HARMONIC CONTENT AT SECONDARY TRANSFORMER SIDE
Phase r
Pspice
ATP
Amp.
%
Amp.
%
[p.u]
Fund.
[p.u]
Fund.
0.8036
100
0.8000
100
0.0381
4.74
0.0284
3.55
0.0426
5.30
0.0307
3.84
0.0251
3.12
0.0177
2.21
0.0223
2.78
0.0169
2.11
0.0177
2.20
0.0129
1.61
0.0067
0.83
0.0046
0.57
0.0064
0.80
0.0049
0.61
Pspice
c
0,1
Harmonic
order
Phase t
Pspice
ATP
Amp.
%
Amp.
%
[p.u]
Fund.
[p.u]
Fund.
0.8046
100
0.802
100
0.036
4.48
0.0271
3.38
0.0429
5.33
0.0303
3.78
0.034
4.22
0.0245
3.06
0.0297
3.69
0.022
2.74
0.0203
2.53
0.0145
1.81
0.0053
0.65
0.0041
0.51
0.0065
0.80
0.0048
0.60
TABLE VIII
CURRENT HARMONIC CONTENT AT PRIMARY TRANSFORMER SIDE
Harmonic
order
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
Phase a
Pspice
ATP
Amp.
%
Amp.
%
[p.u]
Fund.
[p.u]
Fund.
0.0859
100
0.0867
100
0.0053
6.20
0.0050
5.81
0.0284
33.1
0.0287
33.1
0.0149
17.4
0.0149
17.2
0.0019
2.21
0.0019
2.21
0.0053
6.21
0.0054
6.2
0.0031
3.65
0.0030
3.49
0.0010
1.17
0.0011
1.21
Phase b
Pspice
ATP
Amp.
%
Amp.
%
[p.u]
Fund.
[p.u]
Fund.
0.0813
100
0.0822
100
0.0068
8.38
0.0068
8.22
0.0326
40.1
0.0328
40.0
0.0131
16.1
0.0132
16.0
0.0056
6.91
0.0057
6.95
0.0076
9.35
0.0076
9.25
0.0015
1.87
0.0014
1.73
0.0007
0.89
0.0008
0.91
TABLE X
RC LOAD VALUES
Load
Phase r
Phase s
Phase t
3-Phase Rectifier
Single-Phase
Rectifiers
TRANSFORMER
IA prim
VB
IB prim
VC
IC prim
Phase c
Pspice
ATP
Amp.
%
Amp.
%
[p.u]
Fund.
[p.u]
Fund.
0.0860
100
0.0865
100
0.0022
2.58
0.0026
3.02
0.0307
35.7
0.0308
35.6
0.0166
19.3
0.0167
19.3
0.0037
4.35
0.0039
4.46
0.0050
5.85
0.005
5.83
0.0020
2.26
0.002
2.31
0.0004
0.48
0.0005
0.53
Parameter
R
C
150
220F
100
100F
50
150F
100
330F
Pspice
b
c
5,0
0
-5,0
-10,0
Ir sec
Issec
/2
3 /2
2
0
Fig. 11 Primary transformer currents in Pspice simulation.
It sec
In
10 ,0
[A ]
M ea sur em en t
a
b
c
5,0
TABLE IX
LINE IMPEDANCE VALUES
Line
Line r
Line s
Line t
-5 ,0
Parameter
R
15
24
27.5
L
120.7mH
116.7mH
118.0mH
-10,0
0
1270
3 /2
/2
TABLE XI
CURRENT HARMONIC CONTENT AT PRIMARY TRANSFORMER SIDE
Harmonic
order
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Phase a
Pspice
Measurement
Amp.
%
Amp.
%
[p.u]
Fund.
[p.u]
Fund.
3.617
100
3.622
100
1.894
52.4
1.898
52.4
0.455
12.6
0.442
12.2
0.582
16.1
0.489
13.5
0.316
8.73
0.480
13.2
0.181
5.00
0.125
3.46
0.296
8.19
0.296
8.17
0.060
1.67
0.084
2.33
0.136
3.77
0.138
3.81
0.067
1.86
0.060
1.65
0.032
0.88
0.029
0.79
0.054
1.49
0.057
1.58
0.042
1.16
0.045
1.24
0.009
0.25
0.008
0.22
0.036
1.01
0.032
0.88
Phase b
Pspice
Measurement
Amp.
%
Amp.
%
[p.u]
Fund.
[p.u]
Fund.
2.112
100
2.467
100
1.866
88.4
1.728
70.0
0.433
20.5
0.616
25.0
0.850
40.2
0.862
35.0
0.320
15.1
0.415
16.8
0.388
18.3
0.369
15.0
0.265
12.5
0.200
8.12
0.056
2.66
0.080
3.25
0.129
6.09
0.144
5.82
0.068
3.20
0.060
2.43
0.038
1.78
0.047
1.91
0.081
3.82
0.085
3.45
0.028
1.35
0.030
1.21
0.035
1.68
0.039
1.57
0.034
1.60
0.031
1.24
REFERENCES
[l]
V. CONCLUSIONS
This paper presented the new three-phase Pspice
transformer modeling performance compared to ATP and
also to a real transformer, with unbalanced and non-linear
loads, presenting currents with high harmonic contents.
The results compared were in agreement even with ATP
transformer modeling, which includes the magnetic
characteristics, as with a real transformer used in a laboratory
experience. The waveforms of voltages (and of currents)
presented similar shapes and consequently similar amplitude
values, validating the new Pspice transformer modeling.
Therefore, the new proposed modeling becomes a
powerful tool for three-phase network simulations due to its
simplicity and accuracy, able to simulate and analyze
harmonic flow in three-phase systems under balanced and
unbalanced conditions.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to thank to CNPq and CAPES for
supporting this work.
Phase c
Pspice
Measurement
Amp.
%
Amp.
%
[p.u]
Fund.
[p.u]
Fund.
3.125
100
3.359
100
2.191
70.1
2.417
72.0
0.203
6.50
0.217
6.45
0.988
31.6
1.026
30.5
0.561
17.9
0.666
19.8
0.327
10.5
0.358
10.6
0.194
6.22
0.221
6.59
0.050
1.59
0.065
1.93
0.098
3.13
0.081
2.42
0.128
4.08
0.106
3.17
0.076
2.43
0.073
2.16
0.029
0.92
0.017
0.52
0.047
1.50
0.044
1.31
0.038
1.22
0.048
1.41
0.020
0.63
0.030
0.91
1271