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Abstract.
Key words
Photovoltaic energy, shading studies, solar irradiation, PV arrays,
economic feasibility study.
1. Introduction
At the location where this study was conducted (the city of
Goinia, in the state of Gois, Brazil) electric systems are
found to be saturated in the loading of the circuits,
transformers and energy substations, thus demanding large
investments. As result, in periods of high consumption, as
in the summer months, energy breakdowns are constant,
due to the systems overload. The production of energy in
a decentralized manner can be an option to mitigate the
problem.
This research work presents a case study that analyzed
technical and economical aspects of installing a grid
connected photovoltaic system on the rooftop of a public
building in Goinia.
B. Shading Study
Initially, an analysis was conducted on the potential of
photovoltaic power generation, given the available
installation area and the solar irradiation data. By using an
estimated amount of photovoltaic energy an economic
analysis was conducted, considering the savings obtained
in the buildings energy bill and the investment costs.
PARAMETERS
Module Efficiency - EfSTC
Nominal Maximum Power - Pmax
Dimensions
Nominal Operating Cell Temperature
Short Circuit Current - Isc
Open Circuit Voltage - Voc
Temperature Coefficient (Isc) - KIsc
Temperature Coefficient (Voc) - KVoc
Temperature Coefficient (Pmax) - KPmax
Cell Type
Warranty
DATA
15.54%
250 Wp
1638 x 982 x 40 mm
452 C
8.87 A
37.2 V
0.065 %/C
-0.34 %/C
-0.43 %/C
Poly-crystalline
25 years
Azimuth
Angle
Tilt Angle
Available
Area
Rooftop 1
Rooftop 2
Rooftop 3
Rooftop 4
-26.5 N
153.5 N
-6.5 N
173.5 N
341.22 m
273.33 m
341.24 m
257.12 m
= [
100(| |)
100
Where,
EfNOCT: module efficiency at operating temperature.
EfSTC: module efficiency at STC conditions.
KPmax: temperature coefficient to module power.
(1)
Where,
: solar altitude angle.
s: solar declination.
L: local latitude.
hs: solar hour angle.
D. PV array
In order to calculate the best PV array, two alternatives of
solar panel installation were tested. In the first alternative,
the modules were installed according to the rooftops tilt.
In the second alternative, panels were adjusted to a 16 tilt
in the north direction. For each configuration, the modules
were installed in both horizontal and then vertical
positions, in order to calculate the best use of the available
area.
Fig. 6. Distance between rows for inclined panels [1]
= 15 ( 12)
(3)
(4)
Where,
d: minimum distance between rows.
b: module length.
: module tilt relative to the base.
The minimum distance, d, must be calculated for the
minimum height solar angle (), which is the day of the
year when the sun reaches its lowest height (s) to the
local latitude. This day is the winter solstice in the
southern hemisphere (June 21st), with a solar declination
of -23.45 at local solar hour (ts) at 12 oclock [1].
Equation (3) shows that the solar hour angle, hs, is zero
at ts = 12 oclock. By using equation (2), where L =
16.7, s = -23.45 and hs = 0, the minimum height solar
angle, = 49.85.
(2)
1.85 m
2.04 m
1.10 m
1.22 m
Rooftop 1
Annual average
irradiation
(kWh/m/day)
Rooftop 1
Number of
Modules
Daily production
by panel (kWh)
Total daily
production by
roof (kWh)
Total annual
production by
system (kWh)
Maximum Power
(kW)
Alternative 1
Rooftop 2
Rooftop 3
Rooftop 4
96
86
96
72
1.0949
1.0413
1.0971
1.038
105.119
89.553
105.3251
74.7427
136,780.12
87.5
Rooftop 4
Rooftop 1
Annual average
irradiation
(kWh/m/day)
Alternative 1
Rooftop 2
Rooftop 3
5.2167
4.8508
5.11
Alternative 2
Rooftop 2
Roof 3
5.2167
5.2442
4.835
Rooftop 1
Roof 4
5.2442
Number of
Modules
Daily production
by panel (kWh)
Total daily
production by
roof (kWh)
Total annual
production by
system (kWh)
Maximum Power
(kW)
Alternative 2
Rooftop 2
Rooftop 3
Rooftop 4
96
65
95
56
1.12
1.12
1.1259
1.1259
107.5244
72.803
106.9653
63.0532
127,876.29
78
(5)
3,610,526.00
892,666.30
136,780.12
33,846.79
NPV
MIRR
Payback
Economic Indicator
- 421,584.89
5.09%
Up to 25 years
NPV
MIRR
Payback
190,414.00
9.71%
13.15 years
4. Conclusion
nd
References
[1] COSTA, M. J. A. (2013). [Photovoltaic mini-generation in
school buildings: a case study]. M.A Thesis. University of
Trs-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal. (In
Portuguese)
[2] PINHO, J. T.; GALDINO, M. A. (2014). [Engineering
Manual for Photovoltaic Systems]. CEPEL - CRESESB,
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. (In Portuguese)
[3] MELO, D. F. (2010). [Study of a construction-integrated
photovoltaic system linked to the electric power grid of a
commercial building]. M.A. thesis, Federal University of
Santa Catarina, Florianpolis, Brazil. (In Portuguese)
[4] SALAMONI, I. T. (2004). [A methodology to calculate
photovoltaic power generation in urban areas in
Florianpolis and Belo Horizonte. M. A. thesis, Federal
University of Santa Catarina, Florianpolis, Brazil. (In
Portuguese)