Chapter 24 HW

1. biological:not applicable for extinct species

morphological:relies on similarites in structure
phylogenetic:based on evolutionary history,
morphological and phylogenetic: accomodates sexual
reproduction, species acceptance criteria can be subjective
morphological, phylogenetic and biological:used by scientists in
classification EvolutionhasproducedacontinuumoflifeonEarth.Toclassifyorganismsat
thespecieslevelwithinthatcontinuum,biologistshaveproposedavarietyofwaystodefine
species.
Species
concept

biological

Criteria
abilityto
create
viable,
fertile
offspring

Advantages Disadvantages
objective
criteria,
mesheswell
withgene
flowconcept

notapplicable
toextinctor
asexual
species

easyto
researchers
similarities apply,works maydisagree
morphological inbody
forasexual onwhich
structures andextinct structuresare
species
important
basedon
actual
common
relationships requiresgood
phylogenetic evolutionar ,worksfor evolutionary
yhistory
asexualand histories
extinct
species
2.

Accordingtothebiologicalspeciesconcept,speciesremainseparatebecausegeneflowdoesnot
occurbetweenthem.Somebarrierstogeneflowpreventmatingorfertilization,whereasothers
ensurethathybrids(theoffspringofamatingbetweenindividualsofdifferentspecies)areunable
toreproduce.
Reproductive
barrier
behavioral
isolation

Prezygotic
or
postzygotic

Description

Example

differentbirdspecies
differencesinmating displayfeathersof
prezygotic
ritualsordisplays
differentcolorsduring
matingdisplay
oneplantspecies
flowersbeforedawn;
arelatedspecies
flowersinthelate
afternoon

temporal
isolation

prezygotic

differencesinthe
timingofmating

habitat
isolation

prezygotic

differencesinhabitat differentticksliveon
occupied
differenthostspecies

mechanical

prezygotic reproductivestructure differentlyshaped

isolation

gametic
isolation

prezygotic

incompatibility

snailshellsprevent
alignmentofgenital
openings

spermandeggare
incompatible

differentcoralspecies
releasegametesinto
thewater,butonly
gametesof
conspecificscanfuse

hybridoffspringare
reducedhybrid
producedbutare
postzygotic
viability
feebleorunableto
competeformates

twospeciesoffish
successfully
interbreed,buttheir
offspringdon'tliveto
maturity

hybridoffspringare
reducedhybrid
postzygotic producedbutare
fertility
sterile

horsescanbemated
withzebras,buttheir
offspringaresterile

3. What is genetic drift?

a.
4.

A change in allele frequencies caused by random

events

WhyarethelargefinchesnowlivingontheGalpagosIslandsdifferentfromtheoriginalsource
populationfromanearbyisland?

a.

Genetic drift occurred in the two populations.

b.

Natural selection favored individuals that were more fit

in the new environment.

c.

The separation of habitats reduced gene flow between

the populations.

d.

All three answers are correct.

5.

Trueorfalse?Thelasticeageproducedmanydifferentspeciesmainlybecausepopulations
dispersedandcolonizednewhabitats.

6.

Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutreinforcementistrue?

7.

Asubsetofapopulationofbirdsleavesitshabitatonthemainlandandcolonizesanearbyisland.
Thebirds,afteraperiodoftime,becomereproductivelyisolated.Theislandsinksandthe
populationofbirdsthatlivedontheislandreturnstoitsoriginalhabitat.Whichofthefollowing
statementsaboutthesebirdpopulationsistrue?

a. False
a.

a.
8.

The populations will not be able to interbreed because

they are different species.

Apopulationofbirdscolonizesanareainwhichtheinsectsuponwhichtheyfeedliveinsidetrees.
Whichofthefollowingeventsaccountsforanobservedincreaseinaveragebeaksizeinthebird
populationovertime?

a.
9.

Reinforcement is a type of natural selection.

Increased fitness of large-beaked birds, leading to

natural selection

Trueorfalse?Afloodthatseparatesapopulationoffrogsontooppositesidesofalakeisan
exampleofavicarianceeventthatmayresultinallopatricspeciation.

a.

True

10. Ofthe59matingsintheexperimentalgroups,howmanywerebetweenlikeadaptedflies(flies
adaptedtothesamemedium)?

a. 42
11. Whichofthefollowingstatementsisbestsupportedbythedataonmatingsintheexperimental
groups?

a.

The starch-adapted flies and maltose-adapted flies are

not different species, but a reproductive barrier is forming
between the populations.

12. Whichofthefollowingstatementsissupportedbythedatafromthecontrolgroupmatings?

a.

Flies were about as likely to mate with flies from

different starch-adapted populations as with flies from their
own starch-adapted population.

13. Asimilarcontrolexperimentwasperformedwithfliesadaptedtomaltose,andsimilarresultswere
obtained.Whatwerethesecontrolexperimentstesting?

a.

These control experiments tested whether flies were

more likely to choose mates from their own population
than from another population adapted to the same
medium.

14. Whathypothesisdidtheresearcherstestinthisstudy?

a.

Reproductive isolation increases with geographic

distance between dusky salamander populations.

15. Identifytheindependentvariableinthisstudy.

a.

the geographic distance between dusky salamander

populations

16. Identifythedependentvariableinthisstudy.

a.

the reproductive isolation values for pairs of dusky

salamander populations

17. Whydidtheresearcherssetupfourpossiblematingsforeachpairofpopulations:femaleA+
maleA;femaleB+maleB;femaleA+maleB;femaleB+maleA?

a.

to compare the proportion of successful matings within

populations to the proportion of successful matings
between populations

18. Calculatethevalueofthereproductiveisolationindexifallofthematingswithinapopulation
weresuccessfulbutnoneofthematingsbetweenpopulationsweresuccessful.

a. 2.0

19. Calculatethevalueofthereproductiveisolationindexifsalamanderswereequallysuccessfulin
matingwithmembersoftheirownpopulationandmembersofanotherpopulation.

a. 0
20.
How do reproductive isolation values change with
geographic distance among pairs of dusky salamander
populations?
a.

Reproductive isolation values increase with geographic

distance.

21. Whatdoesthescatterplotsuggestabouttheprocessofallopatricspeciation?

a.

Reproductive isolation is more likely to occur as

populations become separated by greater distances.

22. Whichhypothesissuggestsapossiblecauseoftherelationshipshowninthescatterplot?

a.

Geographically separated populations of dusky

salamanders gradually diverge, and the divergence
increases with geographic distance.

23. Whichtermisusedtodescribepopulationsthatlivecloseenoughtointerbreed?

a. Sympatry
24. Whatpreventsspeciationfromoccurringinsympatricpopulations?

a.

Gene flow

25. Trueorfalse?Amatingbetweenatetraploidindividualandadiploidindividualproduces
biologicallyfitoffspring.

a. False
26. Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutautopolyploidindividualsistrue?

a.

They contain more than two haploid sets of

chromosomes.

27. Whatwouldbetheploidyoftheviablegametesproducedbyatetraploidindividualif
nondisjunctionofallchromosomesoccurredinmeiosisI?

a. Tetraploid
28. Howcananallopolyploidplantbecomeabiologicallyfitnewspecies?

a.

Nondisjunction event during mitosis

29. Howmanychromosomeswouldbefoundinanallopolyploidplantifitsparentshaddiploid
numbersof2and10,respectively?

a.

Haploid number of 6

30. Featherseitherplayarole,ormayhaveplayedarole,in_____.

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

Gliding
Extend hops
Courtship
Flight
All of these

31. _____israpidspeciationunderconditionsinwhichthereislittlecompetition.
a. Adaptive radiation
32. Massextinctionscreateconditionsthatpromote_____.
a. Adaptive radiation
33. Theappearanceofanevolutionarynoveltypromotes_____.
a. Adaptive radiation
34. ThedifferentfinchspeciesfoundontheGalpagosIslandsprobablyaroseasaresultof_____.
a. Adaptive radiation
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