Heat and Mass Transfer

Heat Transfer Formula Sheet and Tables

Heat Transfer from Extended Surfaces (Fins)
Case I: very long fin

Case II: fin with a finite length, L, and the end is insulated

Case III: fin with a finite length, L, and losses heat by convection from its end

Fin Efficiency:

Convection
Dimensionless numbers
1. Reynolds number

Re D

um Dh 4m

Dh

2. Nusselt number

Pr

3. Prandtl number

C p

4. Grashof number
5. Rayleigh number

Ra = GrPr

Correlations used in External Forced Convection

1. Flat plate in parallel flow
For laminar flow,

Tf

Ts :T
2

Nu x

hx x
0.664 Re1x/ 2 Pr1/ 3 , Pr 0.6
k

Nu x

hx x
0.565Re1x/ 2 Pr1 / 2 , Pr 0.05
k

For Turbulent flow.

Tf

Ts : T
2

Nu x 0.0296 Re 4x / 5 Pr1/ 3 , 0.6 Pr 60

2. Cross flow around cylinders:
a. Circular shapes
hD
0.62 Re 0.5 Pr1/ 3
Nu
0 .3
2 / 3 1/ 4
k
1 0.4 / Pr

Re 5 / 8

1
282,000

4/5

It correlates available data well for Re Pr > 0.2. The fluid properties are evaluated at the mean film
temperature
Ts T

Tf

b. Non-circular shapes

1/ 3
Nu D C Re m
D Pr

Where C and m are listed in the following table:

3. Cross flow around spheres:

Nu D

2 (0.4 Re1D/ 2 0.06 Re 2D/ 3 ) Pr 0.4

1/ 4

where properties are evaluated at T , except s which is evaluated at Ts

4. Flow across tube banks:

Where Nusult no:

Nu D 1.13C1 Re mD ,max Pr1/ 3 C2

2000 Re D ,max 4 104

valid for :

Pr 0.7

Where: C1 and m are obtained from the following table:

C2 = 1 For N L 10
C2 = from the following table if N L 10

Re D,max
Where: Vmax

Vmax

Vmax D

ST
For case (a) Aligned

V
ST D
ST

V For case (b) staggered and

2( S D D)

SD

ST D
2

Correlations used in Internal Forced Convection

Tref Tm

1 Ti To

Ts

2 2

For turbulent flow

Re D

um Dh
2300

Dh

4 Ac
P

For uniform constant surface temperature:

PL
Ts Tm ,o
exp
h
m C
Ts Tm ,i
p

To include the contributions due to convection at the tube inner and outer surfaces, and due to
conduction across the tube wall:

U As
To T Tm ,o

exp
m c
Ti T Tm ,i
p

Nusselt Number for fully developed laminar flow in tubes of various cross sections

Nusselt Number for fully developed Turbulent flow

hDh
Nu
0.023Re 0.8 Pr n
k
where n= 0.4 for heating and 0.3 for cooling of the fluid flowing through the tube.
The fluid properties are evaluated at the bulk mean fluid temperature Tb= (Ti + Te)/2.

Natural Convection:
Geometry
1. Vertical plates

Recommended Equation

0.387 Ra1L/ 6

Nu L 0.825

1 (0.492 / Pr)9 / 16

2. Inclined
plates,
(cold surface up or
hot surface down)

4/9

0.387 Ra1L/ 6
Nu L 0.825

1 (0.492 / Pr)9 / 16

4/9

Where: g g cos
3. Horizontal
plates
(Hot surface up or
cold surface down)
4. Horizontal
plates
(Cold surface up or
hot surface down)
5. Horizontal
cylinder

Nu L 0.54 Ra1L/ 4

(104 Ra L 107 )

Nu L 0.15 Ra1L/ 3

(107 Ra L 1011 )

Nu L 0.27 Ra1L/ 4

(105 Ra L 1010 )

Ra D 1012

0.387 Ra1D/ 6

Nu D 0.60
8
/
27
9 / 16

1 (0.559 / Pr)

Ra D 1011

6. Sphere

Pr 0.7

0.589 Ra1D/ 4
Nu D 2
1 (0.469 / Pr)9 / 16

1/ 4

4/9

Heat Exchangers
Log mean Temperature Difference

Tlm

T2 T1
T
ln 2
T1

For parallel flow:

Tlm LMTD

For counter flow:

Tlm LMTD

(Th,o Tc ,o ) (Th,i Tc ,i )
ln[(Th,o Tc ,o ) /(Th,i Tc ,i )]
(Th,o Tc ,i ) (Th,i Tc ,o )
ln[(Th,o Tc ,i ) /(Th,i Tc ,o )]

Cross-flow & Multi-pass (shell & tube):

Tlm LMTD F

(Th,o Tc ,i ) (Th,i Tc ,o )
ln[(Th,o Tc ,i ) /(Th,i Tc ,o )]

Where: F = correction factor which can be obtained from the following figures:
5

Correction factor F charts for common shell-and-tube and cross-flow heat exchangers.
6

Heat Exchanger Effectiveness, :

The heat capacity ratio:

Cr

qact
qmax

0 1

Cmin
Cmax

The Number of Transfer Units (NTU):

NTU

UA
Cmin

Effectiveness for heat exchangers

7