AHMAD HILMAN BIN JUSOH

KEA 130001

DISCUSSION
Spillways are familiar hydraulic structures built across a stream to control the
water level. A spillway is located at the top of the reservoir pool. Dams may also
have bottom outlets with valves or gates which may be operated to release ood
ow, and a few dams lack overow spillways and rely entirely on bottom outlets.
A spillway is a structure used to provide the controlled release of ows from a
dam into a downstream area, typically being the river that was dammed.
Spillways release oods so that the water does not overtop and damage or even
destroy the dam. Except during ood periods, water does not normally ow over
a spillway. Floodgates and fuse plugs may be designed into spillways to regulate
water ow and dam height. Other uses of the term "spillway" include bypasses of
dams or outlets of a channels used during high water, and outlet channels
carved through natural dams such as moraines. As water passes over a spillway
and down the chute, potential energy converts into increasing kinetic energy.
Failure to dissipate the waters energy can lead to scouring and erosion at the
dams toe (base). This can cause spill-way damage and undermine the dams
stability.
In real life, Spillways are safety devices in a dam and it is like safety valve in a
boiler. Many failures of dams have been reported due to inadequate capacity or
improper design of spillway, especially for earthen and rock fill type dams which
are likely to be destroyed, if overtopped ,unlike concrete dams which may not fail
with slight overtopping for a small period of time. In addition to providing
sufficient capacity, the spillways must be hydraulically and structurally sound
and located such that the spillway discharges will not cause objectionable
erosion downstream near the toe of the dam causing the failure of the dam and
other appurtenant structures. Uncontrolled erosion of bed and bank materials
due to faulty design of spillways and energy dissipation devices have caused not
only serious safety problems, heavy maintenance cost are also to be incurred
annually after the monsoon when the spillway is in operation. The spillways
bounding surface must be erosion resistant to withstand the high velocity ow
created due to the drop in water surface from the reservoir level upstream to the
tail water level downstream of the dam. Spillways are to be designed as
transition structures for smooth passage of ow from upstream to downstream of
a storage reservoir without causing any damage to the structure or endangering
the river system.
From the experiment we found that

n=2.229 , log k =1.6383 , k =43.48 , Cd=14.72

Where we got value of n and k from the graph to calculate the Cd.
From the result, we can see that when then height is higher the discharge is
increase.
The result of our experiment may not accurate because error may be done while
conducting the experiment. We found that leakage of the apparatus may happen
and that will make the result not accurate. The precaution step is need to ensure
that experiment was done in correct ways.

AHMAD HILMAN BIN JUSOH

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KEA 130001

We must avoid parallax error by make sure that eye is perpendicular to

the water surface elevation and also the water crest level.
The water level need to be adjusted at correct and precise.
When using the stopwatch, we need to make sure that we dont delay or
too fast, so that the correct water level was recorded.

We take 3 reading to make sure the result will be more accurate by getting the
average values.