Poverty - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

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For other uses, see Poverty (disambiguation).

Poverty is general scarcity or dearth, or the state of one who lacks a certain
amount of material possessions or money.[1] Absolute poverty or destitution
refers to the deprivation of basic human needs, which commonly includes
food, water, sanitation, clothing, shelter, health care and education. Relative
poverty is defined contextually as economic inequality in the location or
society in which people live.[2][3]
After the industrial revolution, mass production in factories made production
goods increasingly less expensive and more accessible. Of more importance
An example of urban poverty in this
is the modernization of agriculture, such as fertilizers, to provide enough yield
slum in Jakarta, Indonesia
to feed the population.[4] Responding to basic needs can be restricted by
constraints on government's ability to deliver services, such as corruption, tax
avoidance, debt and loan conditionalities and by the brain drain of health care and educational professionals.
Strategies of increasing income to make basic needs more affordable typically include welfare, economic freedoms,
and providing financial services.
Poverty reduction is a major goal and issue for many international organizations such as the United Nations and the
World Bank. The World Bank estimated 1.29 billion people were living in absolute poverty in 2008. Of these, about
400 million people in absolute poverty lived in India and 173 million people in China. In terms of percentage of
regional populations, sub-Saharan Africa at 47% had the highest incidence rate of absolute poverty in 2008. Between
1990 and 2010, about 663 million people moved above the absolute poverty level. Still, extreme poverty is a global
challenge; it is observed in all parts of the world, including developed economies.[5][6] UNICEF estimates half the
worlds children (or 1.1 billion) live in poverty.[7]
Contents [hide]
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1 Etymology
2 Measuring poverty
2.1 Definitions
2.2 Absolute poverty
2.3 Relative poverty
2.4 Other aspects
3 Characteristics
3.1 Health
3.2 Hunger
3.3 Education
3.4 Housing
3.5 Utilities
3.6 Violence
4 Poverty reduction
4.1 Increasing the supply of basic needs
4.1.1 Food and other goods
4.1.2 Health care and education
4.1.3 Removing constraints on government services
4.1.4 Reversing brain drain
4.1.5 Controlling overpopulation
4.2 Increasing personal income
4.2.1 Income grants
4.2.2 Economic freedoms
4.2.3 Financial services
4.2.4 Cultural factors to productivity
5 Climate change
6 Voluntary
7 Notes
8 See also
8.1 Nations
Latina
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Latina
Latvieu
Ltzebuergesch
Lietuvi
Lojban
Lumbaart
Magyar
Bahasa Melayu
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/tatara
Trke
Ting Vit
Yorb
Edit links
7/28/2014
8.2 Theology
8.3 Organizations and campaigns
8.4 In documentary photography and film
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links
Etymology
[edit]
The word poverty comes from old French povert (Modern French: pauvret), from Latin pauperts, from pauper
(poor).[8]
The English word "poverty" via Anglo-Norman povert.[citation needed] There are several definitions of poverty
depending on the context of the situation it is placed in, and the views of the person giving the definition.
Measuring poverty
[edit]
See also: List of countries by percentage of population living in poverty and Poverty threshold
Definitions [edit]
United Nations: Fundamentally, poverty is the inability of getting choices and
opportunities, a violation of human dignity. It means lack of basic capacity to
participate effectively in society. It means not having enough to feed and
clothe a family, not having a school or clinic to go to, not having the land on
which to grow ones food or a job to earn ones living, not having access to
credit. It means insecurity, powerlessness and exclusion of individuals,
households and communities. It means susceptibility to violence, and it often
implies living in marginal or fragile environments, without access to clean
water or sanitation.[9]
World Bank: Poverty is pronounced deprivation in well-being, and comprises
many dimensions. It includes low incomes and the inability to acquire the basic
goods and services necessary for survival with dignity. Poverty also
encompasses low levels of health and education, poor access to clean water
and sanitation, inadequate physical security, lack of voice, and insufficient
capacity and opportunity to better ones life. [10]
Copenhagen Declaration: Absolute poverty is a condition characterized by
severe deprivation of basic human needs, including food, safe drinking water,
sanitation facilities, health, shelter, education and information. It depends not
only on income but also on access to social services.[11] The term 'absolute
poverty' is sometimes synonymously referred to as 'extreme poverty.'[12]
Percentage of population living on

less than $1.25 per day, per UN data
from 2000-2006.
Percentage of population suffering

from hunger, World Food Programme,
2008
Poverty is usually measured as either absolute or relative (the latter being

actually an index of income inequality).
Absolute poverty [edit]
Life expectancy, 2008.
See also: Extreme poverty

Absolute poverty refers to a set standard which is consistent over time and
between countries. First introduced in 1990, the dollar a day poverty line
measured absolute poverty by the standards of the worlds poorest countries.
The World Bank defined the new international poverty line as $1.25 a day for
2005 (equivalent to $1.00 a day in 1996 US prices).[13] but have recently
The Human Development Index,
2006
been updated to be $1.25 and $2.50 per day.[14] Absolute poverty, extreme
poverty, or abject poverty is "a condition characterized by severe deprivation
of basic human needs, including food, safe drinking water, sanitation facilities,
health, shelter, education and information. It depends not only on income but
also on access to services." [15] The term 'absolute poverty', when used in this
fashion, is usually synonymous with 'extreme poverty': Robert McNamara, the
former President of the World Bank, described absolute or extreme poverty
as, "...a condition so limited by malnutrition, illiteracy, disease, squalid
The Gini coefficient, a measure of
surroundings, high infant mortality, and low life expectancy as to be beneath
income inequality, 2014.
any reasonable definition of human decency".[16][notes 1][17] Australia is one of
the world's wealthier nations. In his article published in Australian Policy
Online, Robert Tanton notes that, "While this amount is appropriate for third world countries, in Australia, the amount
2 / 19
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required to meet these basic needs will naturally be much higher because prices of these basic necessities are
higher."
However as the amount of wealth required for survival is not the same in all places and time periods, particularly in
highly developed countries where few people would fall below the World Bank's poverty lines, countries often develop
their own National poverty lines.
An absolute poverty line was calculated in Australia for the Henderson poverty inquiry in 1973. It was $62.70 a week,
which was the disposable income required to support the basic needs of a family of two adults and two dependent
children at the time. This poverty line has been updated regularly by the Melbourne Institute according to increases in
average incomes; for a single employed person it was $391.85 per week (including housing costs) in March 2009.[18]
In Australia the OECD poverty would equate to a "disposable income of less than $358 per week for a single adult
(higher for larger households to take account of their greater costs).[19]
For a few years starting 1990, The World Bank anchored absolute poverty line as $1 per day. This was revised in
1993, and through 2005, absolute poverty was $1.08 a day for all countries on a purchasing power parity basis, after
adjusting for inflation to the 1993 U.S. dollar. In 2005, after extensive studies of cost of living across the world, The
World Bank raised the measure for global poverty line to reflect the observed higher cost of living.[20] Now, the World
Bank defines extreme poverty as living on less than US$1.25 (PPP) per day, and moderate poverty[citation needed] as
less than $2 or $5 a day (but note that a person or family with access to subsistence resources, e.g. subsistence
farmers, may have a low cash income without a correspondingly low standard of living they are not living "on" their
cash income but using it as a top up). It estimates that "in 2001, 1.1 billion people had consumption levels below $1 a
day and 2.7 billion lived on less than $2 a day."[21] A dollar a day, in nations that do not use the U.S. dollar as
currency, does not translate to living a day on the equivalent amount of local currency as determined by the
exchange rate.[22] Rather, it is determined by the purchasing power parity rate, which would look at how much local
currency is needed to buy the same things that a dollar could buy in the United States.[22] Usually, this would translate
to less local currency than the exchange rate in poorer countries as the United States is a relatively more expensive
country.[22]
The poverty line threshold of $1.25 per day, as set by The World Bank, is controversial. Each nation has its own
threshold for absolute poverty line; in the United States, for example, the absolute poverty line was US$15.15 per day
in 2010 (US$22,000 per year for a family of four),[23] while in India it was US$ 1.0 per day[24] and in China the
absolute poverty line was US$ 0.55 per day, each on PPP basis in 2010.[25] These different poverty lines make data
comparison between each nation's official reports qualitatively difficult. Some scholars argue that The World Bank
method sets the bar too high, others argue it is low. Still others suggest that poverty line misleads as it measures
everyone below the poverty line the same, when in reality someone living on $1.2 per day is in a different state of
poverty than someone living on $0.2 per day. In other words, the depth and intensity of poverty varies across the
world and in any regional populations, and $1.25 per day poverty line and head counts are inadequate
measures.[24][26][27]
The proportion of the developing world's population living in extreme economic poverty fell from 28 percent in 1990 to
21 percent in 2001.[21] Most of this improvement has occurred in East and South Asia.[28] In East Asia the World Bank
reported that "The poverty headcount rate at the $2-a-day level is estimated to have fallen to about 27 percent [in
2007], down from 29.5 percent in 2006 and 69 percent in 1990."[29] In Sub-Saharan Africa extreme poverty went up
from 41 percent in 1981 to 46 percent in 2001,[30] which combined with growing population increased the number of
people living in extreme poverty from 231 million to 318 million.[31]
In the early 1990s some of the transition economies of Central and Eastern Europe and Central Asia experienced a
sharp drop in income.[32] The collapse of the Soviet Union resulted in large declines in GDP per capita, of about 30 to
35% between 1990 and the trough year of 1998 (when it was at its minimum). As a result poverty rates also increased
although in subsequent years as per capita incomes recovered the poverty rate dropped from 31.4% of the
population to 19.6%.[33][34]
World Bank data shows that the percentage of the population living in households with consumption or income per
person below the poverty line has decreased in each region of the world since 1990:[35][36]
1990
2004
1981
2008
East Asia and Pacific
15.40% 12.33% 9.07%
77.2%
14.3%
Europe and Central Asia
3.60% 1.28% 0.95%
1.9%
0.5%
Latin America and the Caribbean 9.62% 9.08% 8.64%
11.9%
6.5%
Middle East and North Africa
2.08% 1.69% 1.47%
9.6%
2.7%
South Asia
35.04% 33.44% 30.84% 61.1%
36%
Sub-Saharan Africa
46.07% 42.63% 41.09% 51.5%
47.5%
World
$1.25 per day[37]
$1 per day
Region
2002
52.2%
22.4%
3 / 19
According to Chen and Ravallion, about 1.76 billion people in developing

world lived above $1.25 per day and 1.9 billion people lived below $1.25 per
day in 1981. The world's population increased over the next 25 years. In
2005, about 4.09 billion people in developing world lived above $1.25 per day
and 1.4 billion people lived below $1.25 per day (both 1981 and 2005 data
are on inflation adjusted basis).[38][39] Some scholars caution that these
trends are subject to various assumptions, and not certain. Additionally, they
note that the poverty reduction is not uniform across the world; economically
prospering countries such as China, India and Brazil have made more
progress in absolute poverty reduction than countries in other regions of the
world.[40]
7/28/2014
Life expectancy has been

increasing and converging for most of
the world. Sub-Saharan Africa has
recently seen a decline, partly related to
the AIDS epidemic. Graph shows the
years 19502005.
The absolute poverty measure trends noted above are supported by human
development indicators, which have also been improving. Life expectancy has
greatly increased in the developing world since World War II and is starting to
close the gap to the developed world.[citation needed] Child mortality has decreased in every developing region of the
world.[41] The proportion of the world's population living in countries where per-capita food supplies are less than
2,200 calories (9,200 kilojoules) per day decreased from 56% in the mid-1960s to below 10% by the 1990s. Similar
trends can be observed for literacy, access to clean water and electricity and basic consumer items.[42]
Relative poverty [edit]

Relative poverty views poverty as socially defined and dependent on social
context, hence relative poverty is a measure of income inequality. Usually,
relative poverty is measured as the percentage of population with income less
than some fixed proportion of median income. There are several other
different income inequality metrics, for example the Gini coefficient or the Theil
Index.
Relative poverty is the "most useful measure for ascertaining poverty rates in
wealthy developed nations."[43][44][45][46][47] Relative poverty measure is used
by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), the United Nations
Childrens Fund (UNICEF), the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and
Development (OECD) and Canadian poverty researchers.[43][44][45][46][47] In
the European Union, the "relative poverty measure is the most prominent and
mostquoted of the EU social inclusion indicators."[48]
This graph shows the proportion of

world population in extreme poverty
19812008 according to the World
Bank.
"Relative poverty reflects better the cost of social inclusion and equality of
opportunity in a specific time and space."[49]
"Once economic development has progressed beyond a certain minimum level, the rub of the poverty problem from
the point of view of both the poor individual and of the societies in which they live is not so much the effects of
poverty in any absolute form but the effects of the contrast, daily perceived, between the lives of the poor and the
lives of those around them. For practical purposes, the problem of poverty in the industrialized nations today is a
problem of relative poverty (page 9)."[49][50]
In 1776 Adam Smith in the Wealth of Nations argued that poverty is the inability to afford, "not only the commodities
which are indispensably necessary for the support of life, but whatever the custom of the country renders it indecent
for creditable people, even of the lowest order, to be without."[51][52]
In 1958 J. K. Galbraith argued that, "People are poverty stricken when their income, even if adequate for survival, falls
markedly behind that of their community."[52][53]
In 1964 in a joint committee economic President's report in the United States, Republicans endorsed the concept of
relative poverty. No objective definition of poverty exists... The definition varies from place to place and time to time.
In America as our standard of living rises, so does our idea of what is substandard."[52][54]
In 1965 Rose Friedman argued for the use of relative poverty claiming that
the definition of poverty changes with general living standards. Those labelled
as poor in 1995, would have had "a higher standard of living than many
labelled not poor" in 1965.[52][55]
In 1979, British sociologist, Peter Townsend published his famous definition,
"individuals [...] can be said to be in poverty when they lack the resources to
obtain the types of diet, participate in the activities and have the living
conditions and amenities which are customary, or are at least widely
encouraged or approved, in the societies to which they belong (page 31)."[56]
Children of the Depression-era

migrant workers, Arizona, 1937
Brian Nolan and Christopher T. Whelan of the Economic and Social Research
4 / 19
7/28/2014
Institute (ESRI) in Ireland explained that, "[P]overty has to be seen in terms of

the standard of living of the society in question."[57]
Relative poverty measures are used as official poverty rates by the European Union, UNICEF and the OEDC. The
main poverty line used in the OECD and the European Union is based on "economic distance", a level of income set
at 60% of the median household income.[58]
Other aspects [edit]

Economic aspects of poverty focus on material needs, typically including the necessities of daily living, such as food,
clothing, shelter, or safe drinking water. Poverty in this sense may be understood as a condition in which a person or
community is lacking in the basic needs for a minimum standard of well-being and life, particularly as a result of a
persistent lack of income.
Analysis of social aspects of poverty links conditions of scarcity to aspects of the distribution of resources and power
in a society and recognizes that poverty may be a function of the diminished "capability" of people to live the kinds of
lives they value. The social aspects of poverty may include lack of access to information, education, health care, or
political power.[59][60]
Poverty levels are snapshot picture in time that omits the transitional dynamics between levels. Mobility statistics
supply additional information about the fraction who leave the poverty level. For example, one study finds that in a
sixteen-year period (1975 to 1991 in the U.S.) only 5% of those in the lower fifth of the income level were still in that
level, while 95% transitioned to a higher income category.[61] Poverty levels can remain the same while those who rise
out of poverty are replaced by others. The transient poor and chronic poor differ in each society. In a nine-year
period ending in 2005 for the U.S., 50% of the poorest quintile transitioned to a higher quintile.[62]
Poverty may also be understood as an aspect of unequal social status and inequitable social relationships,
experienced as social exclusion, dependency, and diminished capacity to participate, or to develop meaningful
connections with other people in society.[63][64][65] Such social exclusion can be minimized through strengthened
connections with the mainstream, such as through the provision of relational care to those who are experiencing
poverty.
The World Bank's "Voices of the Poor," based on research with over 20,000
poor people in 23 countries, identifies a range of factors which poor people
identify as part of poverty. These include:
Abuse by those in power
Dis-empowering institutions
Excluded locations
Gender relationships
Lack of security
Limited capabilities
Physical limitations
Precarious livelihoods
Problems in social relationships
Weak community organizations
An early morning outside the Opera

Tavern in Stockholm, with a gang of
beggars waiting for delivery of the
scraps from the previous day. Sweden,
1868.
David Moore, in his book The World Bank, argues that some analysis of poverty reflect pejorative, sometimes racial,
stereotypes of impoverished people as powerless victims and passive recipients of aid programs.[66]
Ultra-poverty, a term apparently coined by Michael Lipton,[67] connotes being amongst poorest of the poor in lowincome countries. Lipton defined ultra-poverty as receiving less than 80 percent of minimum caloric intake whilst
spending more than 80% of income on food. Alternatively a 2007 report issued by International Food Policy Research
Institute defined ultra-poverty as living on less than 54 cents per day.[68]
Asset poverty is an economic and social condition that is more persistent and prevalent than income poverty.[69] It
can be defined as a households inability to access wealth resources that are sufficient enough to provide for basic
needs for a period of three months. Basic needs refer to the minimum standards for consumption and acceptable
needs.[1] Wealth resources consist of home ownership, other real estate (second home, rented properties, etc.), net
value of farm and business assets, stocks, checking and savings accounts, and other savings (money in savings
bonds, life insurance policy cash values, etc.).[2] Wealth is measured in three forms: net worth, net worth minus home
equity, and liquid assets. Net worth consists of all the aspects mentioned above. Net worth minus home equity is the
same except it does not include home ownership in asset calculations. Liquid assets are resources that are readily
available such as cash, checking and savings accounts, stocks, and other sources of savings.[2] There are two types
of assets: tangible and intangible. Tangible assets most closely resemble liquid assets in that they include stocks,
bonds, property, natural resources, and hard assets not in the form of real estate. Intangible assets are simply the
access to credit, social capital, cultural capital, political capital, and human capital.[3]
5 / 19
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Characteristics
[edit]
The effects of poverty may also be causes, as listed above, thus creating a "poverty cycle" operating across multiple
levels, individual, local, national and global.
Health [edit]
Main articles: Diseases of poverty and Disability and poverty
This section's factual
accuracy is disputed. (August
2012)
One third of deaths some 18 million people a year or 50,000 per day are
due to poverty-related causes: in total 270 million people, most of them
women and children, have died as a result of poverty since
1990.[70][not in citation given] Those living in poverty suffer disproportionately
from hunger or even starvation and disease.[71][not in citation given] Those living
in poverty suffer lower life expectancy. According to the World Health
Organization, hunger and malnutrition are the single gravest threats to the
world's public health and malnutrition is by far the biggest contributor to child
mortality, present in half of all cases.[72] Almost 90% of maternal deaths
during childbirth occur in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, compared to less than
1% in the developed world.[73][relevant? discuss]
A Somali boy receiving treatment for

malnourishment at a health facility.
Those who live in poverty have also been shown to have a far greater likelihood of having or incurring a disability
within their lifetime.[74] Infectious diseases such as malaria and tuberculosis can perpetuate poverty by diverting
health and economic resources from investment and productivity; malaria decreases GDP growth by up to 1.3% in
some developing nations and AIDS decreases African growth by 0.31.5% annually.[75][76][77]
A pair of studies of the influence of poverty on the ability to reason about complicated issues requiring an immediate
solution found that poverty directly impedes cognitive function. Financial worries appear to put a severe burden on
one's mental resources so that they are no longer fully available for solving complicated problems. The reduced
capability for problem solving can lead to suboptimal decisions and further perpetuate poverty.[78]
Hunger [edit]
See also: Malnutrition
Rises in the costs of living making
poor people less able to afford items.
Poor people spend a greater portion
of their budgets on food than richer
people. As a result, poor households
and those near the poverty threshold
can be particularly vulnerable to
People who earn their living by
collecting and sorting garbage and
increases in food prices. For example,
selling them for recycling, Payatas,
in late 2007 increases in the price of
A poor woman in India.
Manila, Philippines.
grains[79] led to food riots in some
countries.[80][81][82] The World Bank
warned that 100 million people were at risk of sinking deeper into poverty.[83] Threats to the supply of food may also
be caused by drought and the water crisis.[84] Intensive farming often leads to a vicious cycle of exhaustion of soil
fertility and decline of agricultural yields.[85] Approximately 40% of the world's agricultural land is seriously
degraded.[86][87] In Africa, if current trends of soil degradation continue, the continent might be able to feed just 25%
of its population by 2025, according to United Nations University's Ghana-based Institute for Natural Resources in
Africa.[88] Every year nearly 11 million children living in poverty die before their fifth birthday. 1.02 billion people go to
bed hungry every night.[89]
According to the Global Hunger Index, Sub-Saharan Africa had the highest child malnutrition rate of the world's
regions over the 2001-2006 period.[90]
Education [edit]
See also: Impact of health on intelligence
Research has found that there is a high risk of educational underachievement for children who are from low-income
housing circumstances. This is often a process that begins in primary school for some less fortunate children.
Instruction in the US educational system, as well as in most other countries, tends to be geared towards those
students who come from more advantaged backgrounds. As a result, children in poverty are at a higher risk than
advantaged children for retention in their grade, special deleterious placements during the school's hours and even
not completing their high school education.[91] There are indeed many explanations for why students tend to drop out
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of school. One is the conditions of which they attend school. Schools in poverty-stricken areas have conditions that
hinder children from learning in a safe environment. Researchers have developed a name for areas like this: an
urban war zone is a poor, crime-laden district in which deteriorated, violent, even war-like conditions and
underfunded, largely ineffective schools promote inferior academic performance, including irregular attendance and
disruptive or non-compliant classroom behavior.[92] For children with low resources, the risk factors are similar to
others such as juvenile delinquency rates, higher levels of teenage pregnancy, and the economic dependency upon
their low income parent or parents.[91] Families and society who submit low levels of investment in the education and
development of less fortunate children end up with less favorable results for the children who see a life of parental
employment reduction and low wages. Higher rates of early childbearing with all the connected risks to family, health
and well-being are major important issues to address since education from preschool to high school are both
identifiably meaningful in a life.[91]
Poverty often drastically affects children's success in school. A child's "home activities, preferences, mannerisms"
must align with the world and in the cases that they do not these students are at a disadvantage in the school and
most importantly the classroom.[93] Therefore, it is safe to state that children who live at or below the poverty level will
have far less success educationally than children who live above the poverty line. Poor children have a great deal
less healthcare and this ultimately results in many absences from the academic year. Additionally, poor children are
much more likely to suffer from hunger, fatigue, irritability, headaches, ear infections, flu, and colds.[93] These
illnesses could potentially restrict a child or student's focus and concentration.
[94] for a child to grow up emotionally healthy children under three need A strong, reliable primary caregiver who
provides consistent and unconditional love, guidance, and support. Safe, predictable, stable environments. Ten to 20
hours each week of harmonious, reciprocal interactions. This process, known as attunement, is most crucial during
the first 624 months of infants' lives and helps them develop a wider range of healthy emotions, including gratitude,
forgiveness, and empathy. Enrichment through personalized, increasingly complex activities
Harmful spending habits mean that the poor typically spend about 2 percent of their income educating their children
but larger percentages on alcohol and tobacco (For example, 6 percent in Indonesia and 8 percent in Mexico).[95]
Housing [edit]
See also: Slums, Street children and
Orphanages
Poverty increases the risk of
homelessness.[100] Slum-dwellers,
who make up a third of the world's
urban population, live in a poverty no
better, if not worse, than rural people,
Street child in Bangladesh.
who are the traditional focus of the
poverty in the developing world,
according to a report by the United Nations.[101]
There are over 100 million street children worldwide.[102] Most of the children
living in institutions around the world have a surviving parent or close relative,
and they most commonly entered orphanages because of poverty.[103]
Experts and child advocates maintain that orphanages are expensive and
often harm children's development by separating them from their families.[103]
It is speculated that, flush with money, orphanages are increasing and push
for children to join even though demographic data show that even the poorest
extended families usually take in children whose parents have died.[103]
Homeless children in the US grew

from 1.2 million in 2007 to 1.6 million in
2010. The United States defines
homelessness per McKinneyVento
Homeless Assistance Act.[96] The
number of homeless children reached
record highs in 2011,[97] 2012,[98] and
2013[99] at about three times their
number in 1983.[98]
Utilities [edit]
Water utility subsidies tend to subsidize water consumption by those connected to the supply grid, which typically
skewed towards the richer and urban segment of the population and those outside informal housing. As a result of
heavy consumption subsidies, the price of water decreases to the extent that only 30%, on average, of the supplying
costs in developing countries is covered.[104] This results in a lack of incentive to maintain delivery systems, leading
to losses from leaks annually that is enough for 200 million people.[105] This also leads to a lack of incentive to invest
in expanding the network, resulting in much of the poor population being unconnected to the network. Instead, the
poor buy water from water vendors for, on average, about five to 16 times the metered price.[106] However, subsidies
for laying new connections to the network rather than for consumption has shown more promise for the poor.[104]
Similarly, the poorest fifth receive 0.1% of the worlds lighting but pay a fifth of total spending on light, accounting for
25 to 30 percent of their income.[107] Indoor air pollution from burning fuels kills 2 million, with almost half the deaths
from pneumonia in children under 5.[108] Fuel from Bamboo burns more cleanly and also matures much faster than
wood, thus also reducing deforestation.[108] Additionally, using solar panels is promoted as being cheaper over the
products' lifetime even if upfront costs are higher.[107]
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Violence [edit]
See also: Slavery and Human trafficking
According to experts, many women become victims of trafficking, the most common form of which is prostitution, as a
means of survival and economic desperation.[109] Deterioration of living conditions can often compel children to
abandon school to contribute to the family income, putting them at risk of being exploited.[110] For example, in
Zimbabwe, a number of girls are turning to sex in return for food to survive because of the increasing poverty.[111]
In one survey, 67% of children from disadvantaged inner cities said they had witnessed a serious assault, and 33%
reported witnessing a homicide.[112] 51% of fifth graders from New Orleans (median income for a household:
$27,133) have been found to be victims of violence, compared to 32% in Washington, DC (mean income for a
household: $40,127).[113]
Poverty reduction
[edit]
Main article: Poverty reduction

See also: Aid and Development aid
Various poverty reduction strategies are broadly categorized here based on whether they make more of the basic
human needs available or whether they increase the disposable income needed to purchase those needs. Some
strategies such as building roads can both bring access to various basic needs, such as fertilizer or healthcare from
urban areas, as well as increase incomes, by bringing better access to urban markets.
Increasing the supply of basic needs [edit]

Food and other goods [edit]
Agricultural technologies such as nitrogen fertilizers, pesticides, new seed varieties and new irrigation methods have
dramatically reduced food shortages in modern times by boosting yields past previous constraints.[114]
Before the Industrial Revolution, poverty had been mostly accepted as inevitable as economies produced little,
making wealth scarce.[115] Geoffrey Parker wrote that "In Antwerp and Lyon, two of the largest cities in western
Europe, by 1600 three-quarters of the total population were too poor to pay taxes, and therefore likely to need relief
in times of crisis."[116] The initial industrial revolution led to high economic growth and eliminated mass absolute
poverty in what is now considered the developed world.[115] Mass production of goods in places such as rapidly
industrializing China has made what were once considered luxuries, such as vehicles and computers, inexpensive and
thus accessible to many who were otherwise too poor to afford them.[117][118]
Even with new products, such as better seeds, or greater volumes of them, such as industrial production, the poor still
require access to these products. Improving road and transportation infrastructure helps solve this major bottleneck.
In Africa, it costs more to move fertilizer from an African seaport 60 miles inland than to ship it from the United States
to Africa because of sparse, low quality roads, leading to fertilizer costs two to six times the world average.[119]
Microfranchising models such as door to door distributors who earn commission-based income are used to sell basic
needs to remote areas for below market prices.[120][121]
Health care and education [edit]
See also: Health care system and Primary education
Nations do not necessarily need wealth to gain health.[122] For example, Sri
Lanka had a maternal mortality rate of 2% in the 1930s, higher than any
nation today.[123] It reduced it to 0.50.6% in the 1950s and to .06% today
while spending less each year on maternal health because it learned what
worked and what did not.[123] Cheap water filters and promoting hand washing
are some of the most cost effective health interventions and can cut deaths
from diarrhea and pneumonia.[124][125] Knowledge on the cost effectiveness
of healthcare interventions can be elusive and educational measures have
been made to disseminate what works, such as the Copenhagen
Consensus.[122]
Hardwood surgical tables are

commonplace in rural Nigerian clinics.
Strategies to provide education cost effectively include deworming children, which costs about 50 cents per child per
year and reduces non-attendance from anemia, illness and malnutrition, while being only a twenty-fifth as expensive
as increasing school attendance by constructing schools.[126] Schoolgirl absenteeism could be cut in half by simply
providing free sanitary towels.[127]
Desirable actions such as enrolling children in school or receiving vaccinations can be encouraged by a form of aid
known as conditional cash transfers.[128] In Mexico, for example, dropout rates of 16- to 19-year-olds in rural area
dropped by 20% and children gained half an inch in height.[129] Initial fears that the program would encourage
families to stay at home rather than work to collect benefits have proven to be unfounded. Instead, there is less
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excuse for neglectful behavior as, for example, children stopped begging on the streets instead of going to school
because it could result in suspension from the program.[129]
Removing constraints on government services [edit]
See also: Political corruption, Tax havens, Developing countries' debt, Debt relief and Conditionality
Government revenue can be diverted away from basic services by
corruption.[130][131] Funds from aid and natural resources are often sent by
government individuals for money laundering to overseas banks which insist
on bank secrecy, instead of spending on the poor.[132] A Global Witness
report asked for more action from Western banks as they have proved
capable of stanching the flow of funds linked to terrorism.[132]
Illicit capital flight from the developing world is estimated at ten times the size
of aid it receives and twice the debt service it pays.[133] About 60 per cent of
illicit capital flight from Africa is from transfer mispricing, where a subsidiary in
a developing nation sells to another subsidiary or shell company in a tax
haven at an artificially low price to pay less tax.[134] An African Union report
estimates that about 30% of sub-Saharan Africa's GDP has been moved to
tax havens.[135] Solutions include corporate country-by-country reporting
where corporations disclose activities in each country and thereby prohibit the use of tax havens where no effective
economic activity occurs.[134]
Local citizens from the Jana bi
Village wait their turn to gather goods
from the Sons of Iraq (Abna al-Iraq) in a
military operation conducted in
Yusufiyah, Iraq.
Developing countries' debt service to banks and governments from richer countries can constrain government
spending on the poor.[136] For example, Zambia spent 40% of its total budget to repay foreign debt, and only 7% for
basic state services in 1997.[137] One of the proposed ways to help poor countries has been debt relief. Zambia
began offering services, such as free health care even while overwhelming the health care infrastructure, because of
savings that resulted from a 2005 round of debt relief.[138]
The World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, as primary holders of developing countries' debt, attach
structural adjustment conditionalities in return for loans which generally include the elimination of state subsidies and
the privatization of state services. For example, the World Bank presses poor nations to eliminate subsidies for
fertilizer even while many farmers cannot afford them at market prices.[139] In Malawi, almost five million of its 13
million people used to need emergency food aid but after the government changed policy and subsidies for fertilizer
and seed were introduced, farmers produced record-breaking corn harvests in 2006 and 2007 as Malawi became a
major food exporter.[139]
A major proportion of aid from donor nations is tied, mandating that a receiving nation spend on products and
expertise originating only from the donor country. [140] US law requires food aid be spent on buying food at home,
instead of where the hungry live, and, as a result, half of what is spent is used on transport.[141]
Reversing brain drain [edit]
Main articles: Reverse brain drain and Human capital flight
The loss of basic needs providers emigrating from impoverished countries has
a damaging effect.[142] As of 2004, there were more Ethiopia-trained doctors
living in Chicago than in Ethiopia.[143] Proposals to mitigate the problem by
the World Health Organization include compulsory government service for
graduates of public medical and nursing schools and creating careeradvancing programs to retain personnel.[142]
A family planning placard in
Ethiopia. It shows some negative
effects of having too many children.
Controlling overpopulation [edit]
Some argue that overpopulation and lack of access to birth control leads to
population increase to exceed food production and other
resources.[31][144][145] Better education for both men and women, and more control of their lives, reduces population
growth due to family planning.[146]
Increasing personal income [edit]

The following are strategies used or proposed to increase personal incomes among the poor. Raising farm incomes is
described as the core of the antipoverty effort as three quarters of the poor today are farmers.[147] Estimates show
that growth in the agricultural productivity of small farmers is, on average, at least twice as effective in benefiting the
poorest half of a countrys population as growth generated in nonagricultural sectors.[148]
Income grants [edit]
Main articles: Guaranteed minimum income, Social security and Welfare
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Main articles: Guaranteed minimum income, Social security and Welfare

A guaranteed minimum income ensures that every citizen will live be able to
purchase a desired level of basic needs. A basic income (or negative income
tax) is a system of social security, that periodically provides each citizen, rich
or poor, with a sum of money that is sufficient to live on. Studies of large cashtransfer programs in Ethiopia, Kenya, and Malawi show that the programs can
be effective in increasing consumption, schooling, and nutrition, whether they
Afghan girl begging in Kabul.
are tied to such conditions or not.[149][150][151] Proponents argue that a basic
income is more economically efficient than a minimum wage and
unemployment benefits, as the minimum wage effectively imposes a high marginal tax on employers, causing losses in
efficiency. In 1968, Paul Samuelson, John Kenneth Galbraith and another 1,200 economists signed a document
calling for the US Congress to introduce a system of income guarantees.[152] Winners of the Nobel Prize in
Economics, with often diverse political convictions, who support a basic income include Herbert A. Simon,[153]
Friedrich Hayek,[154] Robert Solow,[153] Milton Friedman,[155] Jan Tinbergen,[153] James Tobin[156][157][158] and
James Meade.[153]
Income grants are argued to be vastly more efficient in extending basic needs to the poor than subsidizing supplies.
Its effectiveness in poverty alleviation is diluted by the non-poor who enjoy the same subsidized prices.[159] In some
countries, fuel subsidies are a larger part of the budget than health and education.[160][161] A 2008 study concluded
that the money spent on in-kind transfers in India in a year could lift all Indias poor out of poverty for that year if
transferred directly.[162] The primary obstacle argued against direct cash transfers is the impractically for poor
countries of such large and direct transfers. In practice, payments determined by complex iris scanning are used by
war-torn Congo and Afghanistan,[163] while India is phasing out its fuel subsidies in favor of direct transfers.[164]
Additionally, in aid models, the famine relief model increasing used by aid groups calls for giving cash or cash
vouchers to the hungry to pay local farmers instead of buying food from donor countries, often required by law, as it
wastes money on transport costs.[165][166]
Economic freedoms [edit]
See also: Economic freedom and Red tape
In Canada, it takes two days, two registration procedures, and $280 to open a business,[167] while an entrepreneur in
Bolivia must pay $2,696 in fees, wait 82 business days, and go through 20 procedures to do the same. Such costly
barriers favor big firms at the expense of small enterprises, where most jobs are created.[168] Often, businesses have
to bribe government officials even for routine activities, which is, in effect, a tax on business.[169] Noted reductions in
poverty in recent decades has occurred in China and India mostly as a result of the abandonment of collective
farming in China and the ending of the central planning model known as the License Raj in India.[170][171][172] The
World Bank concludes that governments and feudal elites extending to the poor the right to the land that they live and
use is the key to reducing poverty citing that land rights greatly increase poor peoples wealth, in some cases
doubling it.[173] Although approaches varied, the World Bank said the key issues were security of tenure and
ensuring land transactions costs were low.[173]
Greater access to markets brings more income to the poor. Road infrastructure has a direct impact on
poverty.[174][175] Additionally, migration from poorer countries resulted in $328 billion sent from richer to poorer
countries in 2010, more than double the $120 billion in official aid flows from OECD members. In 2011, India got $52
billion from its diaspora, more than it took in foreign direct investment.[176]
Financial services [edit]
See also: Microfinance and Microcredit
Microloans, made famous by the Grameen Bank, is where small amounts of
money are loaned to farmers or villages, mostly women, who can then obtain
physical capital to increase their economic rewards. However, microlending
has been criticized for making hyperprofits off the poor even from its founder,
Muhammad Yunus, and in India, which has seen a growing wave of defaults
and suicides.[177][178][179] Indian political activist Arundhati Roy asserts that
some 250,000 debt-ridden farmers have been driven to suicide.[180]
Those in poverty place overwhelming importance on having a safe place to
Information and communication
save money, much more so than receiving loans.[181] Additionally, a large part
technologies for development help to
of microfinance loans are spent not on investments but on products that would
fight poverty.
usually be paid by a checking or savings account.[181] Microsavings are
designs to make savings products available for the poor, who make small
deposits. Mobile banking utilizes the wide availability of mobile phones to address the problem of the heavy regulation
and costly maintenance of saving accounts.[181] This usually involves a network of agents of mostly shopkeepers,
instead of bank branches, would take deposits in cash and translate these onto a virtual account on customers'
phones. Cash transfers can be done between phones and issued back in cash with a small commission, making
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remittances safer.[182]
Cultural factors to productivity [edit]
A beggar in the streets of Beijing,

China in 2005. Disability discrimination
is a major cause of extreme
poverty.[183]
Cultural factors, such as discrimination of various kinds, can negatively affect

productivity such as age discrimination, stereotyping,[184] discrimination
against people with physical disability,[183] gender discrimination, racial
discrimination, and caste discrimination. Max Weber and the modernization
theory suggest that cultural values could affect economic success.[185][186]
However, researchers[who?] have gathered evidence that suggest that values
are not as deeply ingrained and that changing economic opportunities explain
most of the movement into and out of poverty, as opposed to shifts in
values.[187]
Climate change
[edit]
See also: Effects of global warming

A report published in 2013 by the World Bank, with support from the Climate & Development Knowledge Network,
found that climate change was likely to hinder future attempts to reduce poverty. The report presented the likely
impacts of present day, 2 C and 4 C warming on agricultural production, water resources, coastal ecosystems and
cities across Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia and South East Asia. The impacts of a temperature rise of 2 C
included: regular food shortages in Sub-Saharan Africa; shifting rain patterns in South Asia leaving some parts under
water and others without enough water for power generation, irrigation or drinking; degradation and loss of reefs in
South East Asia, resulting in reduced fish stocks; and coastal communities and cities more vulnerable to increasingly
violent storms.[188]
Voluntary
[edit]
See also: Simple living and Evangelical counsels

Among some individuals, poverty is considered a necessary or desirable
condition, which must be embraced to reach certain spiritual, moral, or
intellectual states. Poverty is often understood to be an essential element of
renunciation in religions such as Buddhism (only for monks, not for lay
persons) and Jainism, whilst in Roman Catholicism it is one of the evangelical
counsels. The main aim of giving up materialistic world is to withdraw oneself
from sensual pleasures (as they are fake and temporary in some religions).
This self-invited poverty (or giving up pleasures) is different from the one
caused by economic imbalance.
Benedict XVI distinguishes poverty chosen (the poverty of spirit proposed by
Jesus), and poverty to be fought (unjust and imposed poverty). He considers
that the moderation implied in the former favors solidarity, and is a necessary
condition so as to fight effectively to eradicate the abuse of the latter.[189]
Notes
St. Francis of Assisi renounces his

worldly goods in a painting attributed to
Giotto di Bondone.
[edit]
1. ^ In his book entitled The End of Poverty Jeffrey Sachs argued that extreme global poverty could be eliminated by 2025 if
the wealthy countries of the world were to increase their combined foreign aid budgets to between $135 billion and $195
billion from 2005 to 2015. In 2004, 1.1 billion people lived in extreme poverty on less than a dollar a day.
See also
[edit]
This "see also" section may contain an excessive number of suggestions.
Please ensure that only the most relevant suggestions are given and that they
are not red links, and consider integrating suggestions into the article itself.
(September 2013)
Accumulation by
dispossession
Bottom of the pyramid
Causes of poverty
Climate change and
poverty
Cycle of poverty
Depression (economics)
Feminization of poverty
Financial exclusion
Food security
Food vs fuel
Fuel poverty
Full employment
Green Revolution
Growth elasticity of
International inequality
Juvenilization of poverty
Life expectancy
Literacy
Migrant worker
Minimum wage
Multidimensional Poverty
Index
Poverty trap
Precaria (country)
Rural ghetto
Shanty town
Social exclusion
Street children
Structural adjustment
Subsidized housing
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Development state
Diseases of poverty
Distribution of wealth
Economic development
Economic inequality
Economic migrant
Economic Vulnerability
Index
poverty
Hunger
Immiserizing growth
Income deficit
Income disparity
International
Development
Neo-imperialism
Neoliberalism
Poor Law
Poverty reduction
Poverty threshold
Theories of poverty
Underclass
Welfare
Working poor
20072008 world food
price crisis
Sustainable
development portal
Nations [edit]
Countries by GDP (PPP)
Countries by poverty rate
Least developed country
Poverty by country
Category:Poverty by country
Theology [edit]
Charity (virtue)
Sadaqah
Tzedakah
Zakat
Organizations and campaigns [edit]

Abahlali baseMjondolo South African Shack dwellers'
organisation
Appropedia
Brooks World Poverty Institute
Catholic Charities USA[190]
Center for Global Development
Compassion International
Eurodad
Free the Children
Global Call to Action Against Poverty (GCAP)
Grameen Bank A micro lending bank for the poor.
Habitat for Humanity International
Homeless International[191]
IFAD Vietnam
17 October: UN International Day for the Eradication of
Poverty (White Band Day 4)
International Food Policy Research Institute
International Fund for Agricultural Development

International Water Management Institute
Islamic Development Bank
Islamic Relief
The Make Poverty History campaign
Microgiving (Direct charitable giving)
ONE campaign[192]
Organization for Economic Cooperation and
Development
United Nations Millennium Campaign[193][194]
U.S. Agency for International Development
World Bank
World Congress of Muslim Philanthropists
World Food Day
World Food Program
World Vision
In documentary photography and film [edit]

Authors with significant work
Diane Arbus
Richard Avedon
Jim Goldberg
Dorothea Lange
Manuel Rivera-Ortiz
John Pilger
Sebastio Salgado
Tom Stone
References
Significant titles
Born into Brothels (2004)
Harlan County, USA (1976)
Streetwise (1984)
[edit]
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Further reading
[edit]
Adato, Michelle & Meinzen-Dick, Ruth, eds. Agricultural Research, Livelihoods, and Poverty: Studies of Economic
and Social Impacts in Six Countries (2007), Johns Hopkins University Press,
[http://www.ifpri.org/publication/agricultural-research-livelihoods-and-poverty International Food Policy Research
Institute
Anzia, Lys "Educate a Woman, You Educate a Nation" South Africa Aims to Improve its Education for Girls
WNN Women News Network. 28 Aug. 2007.
Atkinson, Anthony. Poverty in Europe 1998
Babb, Sarah (2009). Behind the Development Banks: Washington Politics, World Poverty, and the Wealth of
Nations. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-03365-5.
Banerjee, Abhijit & Esther Duflo, Poor Economics: A Radical Rethinking of the Way to Fight Global Poverty (New
York: PublicAffairs, 2011)
Bergmann, Barbara. "Deciding Who's Poor" , Dollars & Sense, March/April 2000
Betson, David M. & Warlick, Jennifer L. "Alternative Historical Trends in Poverty." American Economic Review
88:34851. 1998. in JSTOR
Brady, David "Rethinking the Sociological Measurement of Poverty" Social Forces 81#3 2003, pp. 715751 Online
in Project Muse. Abstract: Reviews shortcomings of the official U.S. measure; examines several theoretical and methodological
advances in poverty measurement. Argues that ideal measures of poverty should: (1) measure comparative historical variation
effectively; (2) be relative rather than absolute; (3) conceptualize poverty as social exclusion; (4) assess the impact of taxes,
transfers, and state benefits; and (5) integrate the depth of poverty and the inequality among the poor. Next, this article evaluates
sociological studies published since 1990 for their consideration of these criteria. This article advocates for three alternative poverty
indices: the interval measure, the ordinal measure, and the sum of ordinals measure. Finally, using the Luxembourg Income Study,
it examines the empirical patterns with these three measures, across advanced capitalist democracies from 1967 to 1997.
Estimates of these poverty indices are made available.
Buhmann, Brigitte, et al. 1988. "Equivalence Scales, Well-Being, Inequality, and Poverty: Sensitivity Estimates
Across Ten Countries Using the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS) Database." Review of Income and Wealth
34:11542.
Cox, W. Michael & Alm, Richard. Myths of Rich and Poor 1999
Danziger, Sheldon H. & Weinberg, Daniel H. "The Historical Record: Trends in Family Income, Inequality, and
Poverty." Pp. 1850 in Confronting Poverty: Prescriptions for Change, edited by Sheldon H. Danziger, Gary D.
Sandefur, and Daniel. H. Weinberg. Russell Sage Foundation. 1994.
Firebaugh, Glenn. "Empirics of World Income Inequality." American Journal of Sociology (2000) 104:15971630.
in JSTOR
Frank, Ellen, Dr. Dollar: How Is Poverty Defined in Government Statistics? Dollars & Sense, January/February
2006
Gans, Herbert J., "The Uses of Poverty: The Poor Pay All" , Social Policy, July/August 1971: pp. 2024
George, Abraham, Wharton Business School Publications Why the Fight Against Poverty is Failing: a contrarian
view
Gordon, David M. Theories of Poverty and Underemployment: Orthodox, Radical, and Dual Labor Market
17 / 19
7/28/2014
Perspectives. 1972.
Haveman, Robert H. Poverty Policy and Poverty Research. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press 1987 ISBN 0299-11150-4
Iceland, John Poverty in America: a handbook University of California Press, 2003
McEwan, Joanne, and Pamela Sharpe, eds. Accommodating Poverty: The Housing and Living Arrangements of the
English Poor, c. 16001850 (Palgrave Macmillan; 2010) 292 pages; scholarly studies of rural and urban poor, as
well as vagrants, unmarried mothers, and almshouse dwellers.
O'Connor, Alice "Poverty Research and Policy for the Post-Welfare Era" Annual Review of Sociology, 2000
Osberg, Lars & Xu, Kuan. "International Comparisons of Poverty Intensity: index decomposition and bootstrap
inference." The Journal of Human Resources 2000. 35:5181.
Paugam, Serge. "Poverty and Social Exclusion: a sociological view." Pp. 4162 in The Future of European
Welfare, edited by Martin Rhodes and Yves Meny, 1998.
Philippou, Lambros (2010) "Public Space, Enlarged Mentality and Being-In-Poverty", Philosophical Inquiry, Vol. 32,
No. 12 pp. 103115.
Pressman, Steven, Poverty in America: an annotated bibliography. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press, 1994 ISBN 08108-2833-2
Rothman, David J., (editor). The Almshouse Experience (Poverty U.S.A.: the Historical Record). New York: Arno
Press, 1971. ISBN 0-405-03092-4Reprint of Report of the committee appointed by the Board of Guardians of the Poor of the
City and Districts of Philadelphia to visit the cities of Baltimore, New York, Providence, Boston, and Salem (published in
Philadelphia, 1827); Report of the Massachusetts General Court's Committee on Pauper Laws (published in [Boston?], 1821); and
the 1824 Report of the New York Secretary of State on the relief and settlement of the poor (from the 24th annual report of the New
York State Board of Charities, 1901).
Sen, Amartya Poverty and Famines: an essay on entitlement and deprivation. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981
Sen, Amartya. Development as Freedom. New York: Knopf, 1999
Smeeding, Timothy M., O'Higgins, Michael & Rainwater, Lee. Poverty, Inequality and Income Distribution in
Comparative Perspective. Urban Institute Press 1990.
Smith, Stephen C., Ending Global Poverty: a guide to what works, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005
Triest, Robert K. "Has Poverty Gotten Worse?" Journal of Economic Perspectives 1998. 12:97114.
Wilson, Richard & Pickett, Kate. The Spirit Level, London: Allen Lane, 2009
World Bank: "Can South Asia End Poverty in a Generation?"
World Bank, "World Development Report 2004: Making Services Work For Poor People" , 2004.
External links
[edit]
Reducing Global Poverty from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs
Wikimedia Commons has
Digital Archives
media related to Poverty.
Data visualizations of the long-run development of poverty and list of data
Look up poverty in
sources on poverty on 'Our World in Data'.
Wiktionary, the free
Disease control priorities project Studies the cost effectiveness of health
dictionary.
care interventions
Wikiquote has a collection of
Islamic Development Bank
quotations related to: Poverty
Luxembourg Income Study Contains a wealth of data on income
inequality and poverty, and hundreds of its sponsored research papers
using this data.
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Contains reports on economic development as well as
relations between rich and poor nations.
OPHI Oxford Poverty & Human Development Initiative (OPHI)] Research to advance the human development
approach to poverty reduction.
Transparency International Tracks issues of government and corporate corruption around the world.
United Nations Hundreds of free reports related to economic development and standards of living in countries
around the world, such as the annual Human Development Report.
European Commissioner: There is a tendency to evict the poor
U.S. Agency for International Development USAID is the primary U.S. government agency with the mission for aid
to developing countries.
World Bank Contains hundreds of reports which can be downloaded for free, such as the annual World
Development Report.
World Food Program Associated with the United Nations, the World Food Program compiles hundreds of reports
on hunger and food security around the world.
Why poverty Documentary films about poverty broadcast on television around the world in November 2012, then
will be available online.
Annual income of richest 100 people enough to end global poverty four times over . Oxfam International, 19
18 / 19
7/28/2014
January 2013.
Contains estimates on the number of people living in poverty in selected countries from 1973 to 1985
2.2 Billion People Are Poor . Truthdig, 23 July 2014.
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