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cos 2 ( x) + sin 2 ( x) = 1
1 + tan 2 ( x) = sec 2 ( x)
cot 2 ( x) + 1 = csc 2 ( x)
tan( x y ) =
tan( x) tan( y )
1 tan( x) tan( y )
cos 2 ( x) sin 2 ( x)
cos(2 x) = 2 cos 2 ( x) 1
1 2 sin 2 ( x)
2 tan( x)
tan(2 x) =
1 tan 2 ( x)
1 cos(2 x)
2
+
1
cos(
2 x)
cos 2 ( x) =
2
1
cos(
2 x)
tan 2 ( x) =
1 + cos(2 x)
sin 2 ( x) =
c 2 = a 2 + b 2 2ab cos(C )
sin( A) sin( B ) sin(C )
=
=
a
b
c
1 + cos( x)
x
cos =
2
2
1 cos( x)
x
sin =
2
2
1 cos( x)
x
tan =
1 + cos( x)
2
cos
2 2
x y x+ y
sin( x) sin( y ) = 2 sin
cos
2 2
x+ y x y
cos( x) + cos( y ) = 2 cos
cos
2 2
x+ y x y
cos( x) cos( y ) = 2 sin
sin
2 2
For two vectors A and B, AB = ||A||||B||cos()
o
h
a
h
o
a
o
a
Important values:
0
sin
0
cos
300 =
1
2
450 =
600 =
900 =
2
2
2
2
3
2
1
2
undefined
3
2
1
3
undefined
3
2
3
2
3
undefined
1
3
1
tan
csc
sec
cot
undefined
sin(n x) = [ ? ]sin x, cos(n x) = [ ? ]cos x, tan(n x) = [ ? ]tan x , the sign ? is for plus or minus
depending on the position of the terminal side. One may remember the four-quadrant rule: (All
Students Take Calculus: A = all, S = sine, T = tan, C = cosine)
sine
all
tan
cosine
Example: Find the value of sin 3000 . We may write sin 3000 = sin(2 1800 600 ) = []sin 600 = -
3
,
2
in this case the terminal side is in quadrant four where sine is negative.
In the following diagram, each point on the unit circle is labeled first with its coordinates (exact
values), then with the angle in degrees, then with the angle in radians. Points in the lower hemisphere
have both positive and negative angles marked.