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Fp
E
M
pM
Example 6.5. A trivial example of a bundle is the product bundle. Let M and N be
manifolds. Then, the triple (M N, , M), where:
: M N M
(p, q) 7 p
is a bundle since (one can easily check) is a continuous and surjective map. Similarly,
(M N, , N) with the appropriate , is also a bundle.
Example 6.6. In a bundle, different points of the base manifold may have (topologically)
[0, 1] if p > 0
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Example 6.8. The Mbius strip is a fibre bundle E S1 , with fibre F := [0, 1], where
E 6= S1 [0, 1], i.e. the Mbius strip is not a product bundle.
Example 6.9. A C-line bundle over M is the fibre bundle (E, , M) with fibre C. Note
that the product bundle (M C, , M) is a C-line bundle over M, but a C-line bundle
over M need not be a product bundle.
M
pM
Fp
Example 6.10. Let (M F, , M) be a product bundle. Then, a section of this bundle is
a map:
: M M F
p 7 (p, s(p))
where s : M F is any map.
Definition. A subbundle of a bundle (E, , M) is a triple (E 0 , 0 , M 0 ) where E 0 E and
M 0 M are submanifolds and 0 := |E 0 .
Definition. Let (E, , M) be a bundle and let N M be a submanifold. The restricted
bundle (to N) is the triple (E, 0 , N) where:
0 := |preim (N)
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E0
0
M0
i.e. if 0 u = v .
If (u, v) and (u, v 0 ) are both bundle morphisms, then v = v 0 . That is, given u, if there
exists v such that (u, v) is a bundle morphism, then v is unique.
0
E0
u1
v
M0
v1
E 0 M 0 if for all p M there exists a neighbourhood U(p) such that the restricted
bundle:
|preim
(U(p))
preim (U(p))
U(p)
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u:
(m , e) 7 e
This corresponds to the diagram:
u
E0
0
M0
E
M
0
Remark 6.14. Sections on a bundle pull back to the pull-back bundle. Indeed, let E 0
E
0
M0
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Definition. Two charts (U, x) and (V, y) are said to be C0 -compatible if either U V =
or if the map:
y x1 : x(U V) y(U V)
is continuous.
Note that y x1 is a map from a subset of Rd to a subset of Rd .
UV M
y
x(U V) Rd
yx1
y(U V) Rd
Since the maps x and y are homeomorphisms, the composition map y x1 is also a
homeomorphism and hence continuous. Therefore, any two charts on a topological
manifold are C0 -compatible. This definition my thus seem redundant since it applies
to every pair of charts. However, it is just a warm up since we will later refine
this definition and define the differentiability of maps on a manifold in terms of Ck compatibility of charts.
Remark 6.15. The map y x1 (and its inverse x y1 ) is called the co-ordinate change
map or chart transition map.
Definition. A C0 -atlas of a manifold is an atlas of pairwise C0 -compatible charts.
Note that any atlas is also a C0 -atlas.
Definition. A C0 -atlas A is said to be a maximal atlas if for every (U, x) A , we have
(V, y) A for all (V, y) charts that are C0 -compatible with (U, x).
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preim (U) R
UM
yx1
x(U) Rd
At some point you may wish to use a different co-ordinate system to answer a
different question. In this case, you would chose a different chart (U, y) and then
study the map y or its co-ordinate maps. Notice however that some results (e.g. the
continuity of ) obtained in the previous chart (U, x) can be immediately transported
to the new chart (U, y) via the chart transition map y x1 . Moreover, the map y x1
allows us to, intuitively speaking, forget about the inner structure (i.e. U and the maps
, x and x) which, in a sense, is the real world, and only consider preim (U) R and
x(U), y(U) Rd together with the maps between them, which is our representation
of the real world.
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