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Binary Fission
The simplest form of asexual reproduction, in
which a parent organism divides into 2 equal
cells.
Usual method of reproduction among unicellular
organisms such as bacteria, algae, and protists.
Involves 2 distinct phases:
i) duplication of genetic material. In cells with a
nucleus, the nucleus divides by mitosis.
ii) division of the cytoplasm into 2 equal parts.
Budding
A type of asexual reproduction in which the
parent organism divides into 2 unequal parts.
New organisms develop as small outgrowths or
buds on the parent organism.
The buds may break off and live independently
or remain attached forming a colony.
Budding occurs in yeast, hydra, sponges and
some worms.
Budding Hydra
Sponge Colony
Spore Formation
Spores are single specialized cells
produced by certain organisms that when
released, germinate and grow to form new
individuals.
Spores are usually tiny special cells with a
hard protective wall around them. Other
spores lack walls and may be flagellated.
Spores may be formed asexually or
sexually.
Fragmentation
A new organism grows from a fragment of
the parent.
Each fragment develops into a mature,
fully grown individual.
Fragmentation is seen in many organisms
such as animals (some worms, and sea
stars), fungi, and plants.
Regeneration
Regeneration is the ability of an organism to re-grow lost
body parts.
Simple animals when cut into 2 or more parts have the
ability to regenerate each part into a complete organism
Starfish can be cut into several pieces and if each piece
gets enough of the central disk, they will all develop into
new individuals.
Powers of regeneration decrease as animals become
more complex.
Lobsters and crabs can re-grow a lost claw but cannot
generate a whole animal from a small piece.
Vegetative Propagation/
Reproduction
Vegetative reproduction is a type of asexual
reproduction found in plants where new
individuals are formed without the production of
seeds or spores by meiosis
It includes the processes in which
undifferentiated plant cells divide by mitosis and
then differentiate to form an independent plant.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asexual_reproductio
n.
Vegetative Propagation
A root or leaf is used to develop a new
plant.
May occur naturally or by artificial means.
There are different types of natural
vegetative propagation. We will study
bulbs, tubers, runners and rhizomes.
1. Bulbs
Short underground stem surrounded by
thick fleshy leaves that contain stored food
When placed in earth a bulb will produce a
new plant.
Tulips, onions, and lilies reproduce by
bulbs
2. Tubers
An enlarged portion of an underground
stem that contains stored food.
White potatoes are tubers
Potato eyes are buds that if planted will
grow into a potato plant
3. Runners
Horizontal stems with buds that grow close
to the ground
When buds from the runners touch the
ground, roots and leaves develop to form
new plants
E.g. strawberries, many grasses
4. Rhizomes
Stems that grow horizontally underground
Thick and fleshy and contain stored food
Nodes are enlarged portions along the
side of the rhizomes, which produce buds
The buds develop roots from the lower
surface and leaf bearing branches from
the upper surface.
Ginger, ferns, irises, cattails, and
waterlillies reproduce by rhizomes.
Ginger
2. Layering
A stem is bent over so that it is covered in
soil
- After the covered part forms roots, the
new plant may be cut from the parent plant
- Layering is used to reproduce raspberries,
roses, and honeysuckles.
3. Grafting
a stem or bud removed from one plant and
joined permanently to the stem of a closely
related plant.
- The plant providing the roots is called the
stock
- The added piece is called the scion