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Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
____

1. Which of the following factors contributed to economic globalization during the twentieth century?
A) Increased labor migration during the Great Depression
B) Technological advances that lowered transportation costs dramatically
C) The elimination of tariffs in the two decades following World War I
D) The rejection by Western powers of the Bretton Woods system

____

2. What effect did the Bretton Woods system have on globalization after World War II?
A) It established rules for commercial and financial dealings among major capitalist

countries.
B) It placed political controls on the economic activity of countries within the

communist bloc.
C) It created processes that made the globalized economy subject to public

accountability.
D) It restricted the global movement of capital, increased tariffs, and subsidized state-

run enterprises.
____

3. Which of the following reflects a neo-liberal approach to economic development?

A) Government regulation of the economy
B) Promotion of global equality
C) Privatization of state-run companies
D) Increase in tariffs and taxes

____

4. Beginning in the 1960s, which of the following were identified as key issues in Western feminism by

women of color?
Gaining the right to vote
Promoting cultural imperialism
Challenging patriarchal domination
Ending racism and poverty

A)
B)
C)
D)
____

5. Which of the following has been a contentious issue between the Global North and the Global South

since 1945?
The shrinking of the middle class
The violations of human rights
The demands of international feminism
The availability of and terms for foreign aid

A)
B)
C)
D)
____

6. Which of the following represents a pattern of global migration since the 1960s?
A) The movement of people from developing countries to the industrialized world
B) The movement of people from the Global North to the Global South
C) The movement of people from Latin America and the Caribbean to Europe
D) The movement of people from Europe and North America to Asia and Africa

____

7. Which of the following describes the effect of economic globalization on wealthy nations like the

United States?
A) New opportunities in the global economy contributed to the expansion of the

middle class.
B) Jobs in the low-wage service sector declined and jobs in manufacturing increased.
C) A shifting global division of labor resulted in the loss of many manufacturing jobs.
D) The increase in total world output diminished income disparities and created

economic equality.
____

8. What do those who speak of an American Empire point to in support of their opinion?
A) American control of the International Criminal Court
B) American control of the United Nations
C) American economic, military, and cultural influence around the world
D) American territorial possessions in the Caribbean and South Pacific

____

9. In contrast to feminists who fought for equal rights, feminists who assumed the task of womens

liberation
demanded more rights for women than men.
challenged patriarchy through direct action.
emphasized employment and education.
preferred political lobbying and legislative reform.

A)
B)
C)
D)

____ 10. Which of the following reflects a response of African feminists to Western feminism in the 1970s

and beyond?
They used Western feminism as a weapon to combat colonialism.
They incorporated the Western feminist emphasis on individualism.
They shared Western feminists goal of ending female circumcision.
They criticized Western feminism as a form of cultural imperialism.

A)
B)
C)
D)

____ 11. Which of the following characterizes the response of religious fundamentalism to global modernity?
A) A selective rejection of certain aspects of modernity
B) A wholesale rejection of all aspects of modernity
C) A wholesale embrace of all aspects of modernity
D) A unified movement to destroy all aspects of modernity
____ 12. Which of the following has been a goal of Islamic fundamentalist groups in the Muslim world since

the 1970s?
To create a distinctly Islamic modernity not dependent on Western ideas
To seek an advantage in an American-led economic globalization
To introduce innovations in Islamic religious practice
To achieve political independence using non-violent protest tactics

A)
B)
C)
D)

____ 13. What factor led Osama bin Laden and the leaders of al-Qaeda to declare the United States as their

enemy?
U.S. opposition to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979
U.S. military presence in Saudi Arabia after the defeat of Iraq in 1991
U.S. efforts to spread Christianity and Western civilization
U.S. isolationist policies and retreat from the global economy

A)
B)
C)
D)

____ 14. Which of the following was a more central issue in environmental movements in developing

countries than those in the industrial West?

Controlling air pollution
Securing food supplies
Protecting wilderness areas
Stopping global warming

A)
B)
C)
D)

____ 15. Which of the following was a distinctive feature of environmental movements in the Global South?
A) The role of large national organizations
B) The predominance of the middle class
C) The emphasis on the rights of nature
D) The involvement of poor people
____ 16. Which of the following highlights the global mobility of capital in the world since 1945?
A) Global justice movement
B) Import substitution industrialization
C) Foreign direct investment
D) Reverse development aid
____ 17. In the permissive economic climate of recent decades, transnational corporations frequently relocate

their facilities in search of

the least restrictive environmental regulations.
a highly skilled and university-trained workforce.
markets subsidized by the International Monetary Fund.
tightening credit markets and inflated housing markets.

A)
B)
C)
D)

____ 18. Which of the following opposed neo-liberal globalization and offered an alternative approach

expressed in the slogan, Another world is possible?

New international economic order
Bretton Woods system
World Trade Organization
World Social Forum

A)
B)
C)
D)

____ 19. Refer to Map 23.2 in the textbook. The map showing the global distribution of McDonalds

highlights which aspect of the so-called American empire?

Counterculture
Soft power
Cultural revolution
Grassroots democracy

A)
B)
C)
D)

____ 20. Which of the following was the original meaning of the phrase third world?
A) A global attempt to create socialism with a human face
B) A universal struggle for liberation through guerrilla warfare
C) An alternative to Western capitalism and Soviet communism
D) A movement for global justice and equality
____ 21. Which of the following issues was more central to womens movements in the Global South than in

the industrial West?

A) Economic survival

B) Intellectual freedom
C) Universal suffrage
D) Reproductive rights
____ 22. Which of the following is considered a success of the international womens movement?
A) Unity and consensus among those working within global feminism
B) Universal protection of womens reproductive rights
C) Global extension of equal inheritance rights for women
D) International recognition that womens rights are human rights
____ 23. How have modernity, science, and globalization been affected by the worlds religions since 1945?
A) Religion contributed to the scientific and secular focus of global modernity.
B) Religion offered a means to oppose elements of a secular and global modernity.
C) Religion was widely criticized for fostering superstition and ignorance.
D) Religions experienced sharp declines in membership and conversions.
____ 24. Which of the following is a feature of religious fundamentalism?
A) Militant piety
B) Human rights
C) Political liberalism
D) Secular humanism
____ 25. Which of the following represents the use of religion as a basis to fight for social justice, human

rights, and the end of poverty?

Militant revolutionary fundamentalism
The religious edict issued by al-Qaeda
Liberation theology
Salafi Islam

A)
B)
C)
D)

____ 26. What do the Gulen movement in Turkey and the Amman Message issued in Jordan in 2005 share in

common?
Both emphasized a literal and dogmatic interpretation of the Quran.
Both affirmed violent jihad as a legitimate part of Islamic life.
Both defined those who disagreed with them as non-Muslims.
Both sought to encourage cross-cultural and inter-religious dialogue.

A)
B)
C)
D)

____ 27. Describing the current era since the Industrial Revolution as the Anthropocene Era calls attention to

the
A)
B)
C)
D)

psychological trauma caused by wars.

lasting impact of human activity on the planet.
temporary solutions during times of scarcity.
social inequalities generated by economic development.

____ 28. Which of the following has contributed to the environmental changes of the twentieth century?
A) The explosive increase in the world population
B) The resurgence of fundamentalism as a response to modernity
C) The expansion of the service industry in the industrial West
D) The emergence of alternative models of globalization

____ 29. What did nineteenth-century strands of environmentalism share in common?

A) They all provoked a global response.
B) They all opposed nuclear energy.
C) None of them had a mass following.
D) None of them criticized industrialization.
____ 30. Which movement in the world today has come to symbolize one-world thinking?
A) International feminism
B) Economic development
C) Global modernity
D) Global environmentalism

Visual and Document Source Questions

Choose the letter of the best answer.
____ 31. According to the Russian feminist Alexandra Kollontai, responsibility for childcare should be left to
A) women.
B) men.
C) society.
D) nature.
____ 32. Which of the following reflects the American writer Andrea Dworkins view of the agenda for

Western feminism?
A) I have to ask youto destroy the power men have over womenand to do

whatever is necessary, despite its cost to you, to change it.

B) Eliminating racism in the white women's movement iswork for white women to

do, but we will continue to speak to and demand accountability.

C) Women, regardless of their race, creed, color or political affiliation, have the right
to participate in the revolutionary struggle.
D) We struggle together with Black men against racism, while we also struggle with
Black men about sexism.
____ 33. The following goal is associated with which strand of feminism? [W]e are actively committed to

struggling against racial, sexual, heterosexual, and class oppressionbased upon the fact that the
major systems of oppression are interlocking.
A) Communist feminism
B) Western feminism
C) Black American feminism
D) Islamic feminism
____ 34. What does the prime minister of Pakistan, Benazir Bhutto, blame for the inequality of women in

many Muslim societies?

The role of the Prophets wife
The scriptures of the Quran
The religion of Islam
The laws created by men

A)
B)
C)
D)

____ 35. Which of the following reflects a central concern of Mexican Zapatista feminists?

A)
B)
C)
D)

The freedom to express their sexuality

The means to provide for their children
The abolition of the family unit
The destruction of patriarchy

____ 36. Which of the following details in the photograph in Visual Source 23.1 highlights the globalized

nature of the world economy?

The blue jeans
The fluorescent lights
The workers clothing
The work tables

A)
B)
C)
D)

____ 37. The poster in Visual Source 23.2 illustrates what aspect of Chinese culture in the late twentieth and

early twenty-first centuries?

Its spirituality
Its frugality
Its materialism
Its traditionalism

A)
B)
C)
D)

____ 38. The message conveyed in Visual Source 23.3 criticizes what aspect of the World Trade

Organizations handling of the global economy?

The lack of controls on global spending
The lack of regulations on corporations
The conditions placed on foreign loans
The restrictions placed on global commerce

A)
B)
C)
D)

____ 39. The photograph in Visual Source 23.4 suggests a connection between electricity and the
A) flow of capital investment.
B) pattern of human migration.
C) degree of environmental protection.
D) level of economic development.
____ 40. What did globalization mean for the people photographed in Visual Source 23.1?
A) Employment
B) Consumerism
C) Materialism
D) Liberation
Short Answer
1. What is meant when critics accuse the United States of maintaining an informal empire? How

exactly has the United States asserted its influence informally?

2. What specific issues defined the feminist movement in the industrial West after the Second World

War?
3. What were the major manifestations of what the text terms the globalization of liberation in the

world after 1945?

4. What factors drove economic globalization after World War II?

5. What criticisms have been made by those who oppose the neo-liberal model of globalization?
6. Compare and contrast the feminist movements of the nineteenth century and the second half of the

twentieth century.
7. How have the worlds religions responded to the secular challenges of global modernity?
8. What environmental problems have emerged as a result of human activity?
Essay

Essay
Answer each of the following questions in a few paragraphs. Include specific examples to support
your thesis and conclusions.
1. How has the world since 1945 been bound together more tightly but also more contentiously?
2. Historical Comparison: Compare the feminist and environmentalist movements in the twentieth

century.
3. Personal Reflection: Do you feel that the greatest divide in the world at the opening of the twenty-

first century lay between the Global North and the Global South? If not, what other divide(s) do you
see as more important?
Big Picture Questions
Answer each of the following questions in a few sentences. Include specific examples to support your
thesis and conclusions.
4. In what ways did the Global North/South divide find expression in the past century?
5. What have been the benefits and drawbacks of globalization since 1945?
6. Do the years since 1914 confirm or undermine Enlightenment predictions about the future of

humankind?
7. The most recent century marks the end of the era of Western dominance in world history. What

evidence might support this statement? What evidence might contradict it?
8. To what extent did the various liberation movements of the past centurycommunism, nationalism,

democracy, feminism, internationalismachieve their goals?

9. Looking Back: To what extent did the processes discussed in this chapter (globalization, feminism,

fundamentalism, environmentalism) have roots in the more distant past? In what respects did they
represent something new in the past century?
Seeking the Main Point Question
Answer each of the following questions in a few sentences. Include specific examples to support your
thesis and conclusions.
10. To what extent has globalization fostered converging values and common interests among the

worlds peoples? In what ways has it generated new conflicts among them?
Margin Review Questions
Answer each of the following questions in a few sentences. Include specific examples to support your
thesis and conclusions.
11. What factors contributed to economic globalization in the second half of the twentieth century?
12. In what ways has economic globalization more closely linked the worlds peoples?
13. What new or sharper divisions has economic globalization generated?
14. What distinguished feminism in the industrialized countries from that in the Global South?
15. In what respect did the various religious fundamentalisms of the twentieth century express hostility

to global modernity?
16. From what sources did Islamic renewal movements derive?
17. In what different ways did Islamic renewal express itself?
18. Summing Up So Far: How might you compare feminism and fundamentalism as global

movements? In what ways did they challenge earlier values and expectations? To what extent were
they in conflict with one another?
19. How can we explain the dramatic increase in the human impact on the environment in the twentieth

century?
20. What differences emerged between environmentalism in the Global North and that in the Global

South?
Portrait Question
Answer the following question in a few sentences. Include specific examples to support your thesis
and conclusions.
21. In what larger contexts might we understand Rachel Carson and the book that gained her such

attention?

Headnote Questions
Answer each of the following questions in a few sentences. Include specific examples to support your
thesis and conclusions.
Document 23.1: Communist Feminism
22. Why does Kollontai believe that the individual family is both oppressive and doomed?
23. How does she imagine the future of marriage and family life under communism?
24. To whom might such a vision appeal and who might be deeply offended by it?
25. What useful elements might later Western feminists have seen in Kollontais ideas?

Document 23.2: Western Feminism

26. How does Dworkins feminist agenda compare with that of Kollontai?
27. How does it compare with the ideas of Elizabeth Cady Stanton in Document 16.4, pp. 81819?
28. Why do you think that issues of sexuality and violence against women have been so prominent in

recent Western feminism?

Document 23.3: Black American Feminism
29. What differences in perspective can you identify between this document and that of Andrea Dworkin

in Document 23.2?
30. What issues divide black and white feminists in the United States?
31. What difficulties have black American feminists experienced in gaining support for their movement?
32. On what basis might this statement generate opposition and controversy?

Document 23.4: Islamic Feminism

33. On what basis does Bhutto argue that Islam provides justice and equality for women?
34. How does she account for the manifest inequality of women in so many Muslim societies?
35. How do you think Kemal Atatrk (Document 22.1, p.1120), the Ayatollah Khomeini (Document

22.2, p. 1122), and Ayaan Hirsi Ali (Document 22.4, p.1126) might respond to Bhuttos ideas?
Document 23.5: Mexican Zapatista Feminists
36. how would you describe the issues that these documents articulate? How do they reflect class,

ethnic, and gender realities of Mexican life?

37. Should these documents be regarded as feminist? Why or why not? Why might Zapatista women be

reluctant to call themselves feminists?

38. Which of these demands might provoke the strongest male resistance? Why?
39. With which of the previous feminist statements might Zapatista women be most sympathetic?

Visual Source 23.1: Globalization and Work

40. Why might China, itself the site of many foreign-owned factories, place such a factory in Africa?

What does this suggest about the changing position of China in the world economy? What is the
significance of the blue jeans for an understanding of contemporary globalization?
41. Does this photograph conform to your image of a sweatshop? Why might many developing countries

accept foreign-owned production facilities, despite the criticisms of the working conditions in them?
42. Why do you think most of the workers in this photo are women? How might you imagine their

motivations for seeking this kind of work? Keep in mind that the unemployment rate in Lesotho in
the early twenty-first century was 45 percent.
43. What differences can you observe between the workers in this assembly factory and those in the

Indian call center shown on page 1140? What similarities might you identify?
Visual Source 23.2: Globalization and Consumerism
44. In what ways might these images be used to illustrate Westernization, modernization, globalization,

and consumerism?
45. How might the young people on the motorcycle understand their own behavior? Do you think they

are conscious of behaving in Western ways or have these ways become Chinese? What is the
significance of a Chinese couple riding a Suzuki motorcycle, a Japanese product probably
manufactured in China under a license agreement?
46. Beyond consumerism, how does this poster reflect changes in relationships between men and women

in China after Mao? Is this yet another face of globalization or does it remain a distinctly Western
phenomenon?
47. How might these images be read as a celebration of Chinese success? How might they be used to

criticize contemporary Chinese society?

Visual Source 23.3: Globalization and Protest
48. How does this image reflect the concerns of globalizations many critics? What political message

does it convey?

49. Why have these criticisms come to focus so heavily on the activities of the World Trade

Organization?
50. To what groups of people might such images be most compelling? How might advocates of

corporate globalization respond to these protesters?

Visual Source 23.4: Globalization: One World or Many?
51. To what extent has your thinking about the earth and its inhabitants been shaped by images such as

this?
52. Based on the electrification evident in this photo, what does this image show about the economic

divisions of the world in the early twenty-first century?

53. Does this image support or contradict the Snapshot on page 1145? What features of this image do

you find surprising?

Using the Evidence Questions
Answer each of the following questions in a few sentences. Include specific examples to support your
thesis and conclusions.
Documents: Voices of Global Feminism
54. Identifying similarities: What common concerns animate these documents?
55. Defining differences: What variations or conflicting feminist perspectives can you identify in these

sources? What accounts for those differences?

56. Considering change over time: How do you think Elizabeth Cady Stanton (see document 16.4, p.

818) and nineteenth-century Western feminists in general would have responded to each of these
twentieth-century statements?
57. Evaluating global feminism: What aspects of global feminism were most revolutionary, liberating,

or threatening to established authorities and ways of living? To what extent do you think the goals of
these varying feminist efforts have been realized?
Visual Sources: Experiencing Globalization
58. Defining differences: Based on these visual sources and the text of Chapter 23, in what different

ways have various groups of people experienced globalization since the end of World War II?
59. Noticing change: Based on these visual sources and those in the text of Chapter 23 as well, in what

respects does contemporary globalization differ from that of earlier times? What continuities might
you observe? Consider in particular the question of who is influencing who. Does recent
globalization represent largely the impact of the West on the rest of the world or is it more of a twoway street?

60. Making assessments: Opinions about contemporary globalization depend heavily on the position of

observerstheir class, gender, or national locations. How might you illustrate this statement from
the visual sources in this chapter?

Seeking further evidence: What additional images might add to this effort to
illustrate visually the various dimensions of globalization? What visual sources do you think might
be added to it fifty or a hundred years from now?
61.

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Answer Section
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
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20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.

ANS:
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B
PTS: 1
TOP: Section: The Transformation of the World Economy
A
PTS: 1
TOP: Section: The Transformation of the World Economy
C
PTS: 1
TOP: Section: The Transformation of the World Economy
D
PTS: 1
Section: The Globalization of Liberation: Focus on Feminism
D
PTS: 1
TOP: Section: The Transformation of the World Economy
A
PTS: 1
TOP: Section: The Transformation of the World Economy
C
PTS: 1
TOP: Section: The Transformation of the World Economy
C
PTS: 1
TOP: Section: The Transformation of the World Economy
B
PTS: 1
Section: The Globalization of Liberation: Focus on Feminism
D
PTS: 1
Section: The Globalization of Liberation: Focus on Feminism
A
PTS: 1
TOP: Section: Religion and Global Modernity
A
PTS: 1
TOP: Section: Religion and Global Modernity
B
PTS: 1
TOP: Section: Religion and Global Modernity
B
PTS: 1
Section: Experiencing the Anthropocene Era: Environment and Environmentalism
D
PTS: 1
Section: Experiencing the Anthropocene Era: Environment and Environmentalism
C
PTS: 1
TOP: Section: The Transformation of the World Economy
A
PTS: 1
TOP: Section: The Transformation of the World Economy
D
PTS: 1
TOP: Section: The Transformation of the World Economy
B
PTS: 1
TOP: Section: The Transformation of the World Economy
C
PTS: 1
Section: The Globalization of Liberation: Focus on Feminism
A
PTS: 1
Section: The Globalization of Liberation: Focus on Feminism
D
PTS: 1
Section: The Globalization of Liberation: Focus on Feminism
B
PTS: 1
TOP: Section: Religion and Global Modernity
A
PTS: 1
TOP: Section: Religion and Global Modernity
C
PTS: 1
TOP: Section: Religion and Global Modernity
D
PTS: 1
TOP: Section: Religion and Global Modernity
B
PTS: 1
Section: Experiencing the Anthropocene Era: Environment and Environmentalism
A
PTS: 1
Section: Experiencing the Anthropocene Era: Environment and Environmentalism
C
PTS: 1

30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.

TOP:
ANS:
TOP:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
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ANS:

Section: Experiencing the Anthropocene Era: Environment and Environmentalism

D
PTS: 1
Section: Experiencing the Anthropocene Era: Environment and Environmentalism
C
PTS: 1
A
PTS: 1
C
PTS: 1
D
PTS: 1
B
PTS: 1
A
PTS: 1
C
PTS: 1
B
PTS: 1
D
PTS: 1
A
PTS: 1

SHORT ANSWER
1. ANS:

A good answer should include the following:

The United States in effect possesses a colonial empire in terms of influence and trade,
although it does not directly administer the empire. In this way, the situation is similar to the
influence that Europeans exercised in China and the Middle East during the nineteenth century.

The United States has sought, through economic penetration, political pressure, and periodic
military action, to create societies and governments compatible with its values and interests, but
without directly governing large populations for long periods of time.

A central means of accomplishing this has been through the use of economic muscle, creating
an empire of production that draws on the United States immense wealth to entice or intimidate
potential collaborators.

Another form of power that critics cite is the soft power of Americas cultural
attractiveness, its political and cultural freedoms, the economic benefits of cooperation, and the
general willingness of many to follow the American lead voluntarily.
PTS: 1
2. ANS:

A good answer should include the following:

One set of issues focused on questions of equal rights, especially in employment and
education.

A second set of issues known as womens liberation took broader aim at patriarchy as a
system of domination.

A third set of issues emerged among women of color and focused on racism and poverty.
PTS: 1
3. ANS:

A good answer should include the following:


The civil rights movement in America

Opposition to communist regimes in Eastern Europe

Liberation movements in the third world that sought to free their societies from decrepit
Western capitalism and a repressive bureaucratic Soviet communism

The various feminist movements around the world

PTS: 1
4. ANS:

A good answer should include the following:

The capitalist victors of World War II were determined to avoid a return to Depression-era
conditions.

The capitalist victors of World War II forged the Bretton Woods system, a set of
agreements and institutions (the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund) that laid the
foundations for postwar globalization.

Technology contributed to the acceleration of economic globalization by dramatically

lowering transportation costs and providing the communication infrastructure for global economic
interaction.

Population growth, especially when tied to growing economies and modernizing societies,
further fueled globalization as dozens of new nations, eager for modern development, entered the
world economy.

From the 1970s on, major capitalist countries such as the United States and Great Britain
abandoned many earlier political controls on economic activity as their leaders and businesspeople
increasingly viewed the entire world as a single market.

Powerful international lending agencies imposed free-market and pro-business conditions on

many poor countries if they were to qualify for much-needed loans.

The collapse of the state-controlled economies of the communist world only furthered such
unrestricted global capitalism.
PTS: 1
5. ANS:

A good answer should include the following:

The emphasis on free trade and market-driven corporate globalization has

o
lowered labor standards.
o
fostered ecological degradation.
o
prevented poor countries from protecting themselves against financial speculation.
o
ignored local cultures.
o
disregarded human rights.
o
exacerbated global inequality.
The interests of large corporations and wealthy countries are prioritized over all else.

PTS: 1
6. ANS:

A good answer should include the following:


Both were international movements, although the twentieth-century movement had a wider
following outside the West than did its nineteenth-century counterpart.

Both movements sought equal rights for women, though in the second half of the twentieth
centurybecause women in the West had already achieved the right to votethe focus of organized
feminism shifted to issues like equal rights in education and employment.

In each period, the feminist movement encompassed a number of smaller movements, though
the feminist movement of the second half of the twentieth century had more submovements than did
the earlier feminist movement, and some of the latter-day submovements, especially those in the
developing world, were not explicitly gender-based.
PTS: 1
7. ANS:

A good answer should include the following:

Rejection of those aspects deemed most threatening to a spiritual life

Use of those aspects of modernity (communications, infrastructure, etc.) to spread their

message

Various expressions of religious fundamentalism that emphasized a return to a purer

religious faith

Violence was sanctioned in some movements, while others emphasized peaceful strategies.
PTS: 1
8. ANS:

A good answer should include the following:

Deforestation and soil erosion

Extinction of certain species of plants and animals
Air and water pollution
Hole in the ozone layer
Global warming

PTS: 1
ESSAY
1. ANS:

A good essay should include the following:

A discussion of the world economy should highlight the international flow of capital, goods,
and people to demonstrate greater global integration.

A discussion of the globalization of liberation should focus on the common goals and agenda
of international feminism.


A discussion of religions should identify the responses of major religions to the secular
challenges of global modernity, with attention to the resurgence of religious fundamentalism around
the world.

A discussion of the environment should emphasize the global impact of human actions.

A discussion of each of the issues above should identify the major divisions and conflicts,
especially between the Global North and the Global South.
PTS: 1
2. ANS:

A good essay should include the following:

Both movements were international in scope.

Both were mass movements with larger followings in more regions of the world than their
nineteenth-century counterparts.

Both were diverse movements with multiple agendas.

Both developed significant internal rifts between the agendas of movements in industrialized
societies and the agendas of movements in third-world societies.

Both have succeeded in securing sustained public attention and some successes for their
causes.

PTS: 1
3. ANS:

By definition, personal reflection essays have no right answer to a. However, a good essay should
include the following:

Identification of the Global North and the Global South

Examination of what separated the Global North and the Global South, especially in light of
the chapters discussion of the rifts in world economics, feminism, and environmentalism

Identification of other possible divides and comparisons to the divide between the Global
North and the Global South
PTS: 1
4. ANS:

Global economic development has increased the divide between a rich North and poor South.

It has resulted in a brain drain from the Global South to the Global North.

It has found expression in differing priorities in otherwise international feminist and

environmentalist movements.
PTS: 1
5. ANS:

Globalization brought economic growth and it put the peoples of the world in closer contact.
However, it left a world deeply divided, made it more unequal, and has led to violence.
Answer:

PTS: 1
6. ANS:

The years since 1914 confirmed some Enlightenment predictions, though these ideas were
taken in new directions. There has been a continued effort by women in feminist movements to make
all humankind equal. The potential of scientific and technological developments continues to prove
important. The idea of self-determination continues to have an impact in the twentieth and twentyfirst centuries.

Nevertheless, these years also undermined Enlightenment predictions as the idea of steady
progress toward a more democratic world was challenged by the emergence of fascism and
communism. Environmental problems and growing disparities between the rich and poor muddied
for some the meaning and perceived positive nature of the Enlightenment concept of progress.
PTS: 1
7. ANS:

To support the statement, students might note the end of European colonial empires and the
emergence of national self-determination; the weakening of European powers because of the two
world wars; the rise of a number of developing nations, including India and China; the reaction
against Western cultural influences, especially in the Islamic world; and the emergence of
communism as a rival system to the Western capitalist model.

Evidence that contradicts the statement includes the continued influence of Europe and the
United States as political and military powers and on the world economy; the continued cultural
influence of Europe and the United States; and the collapse of communist states in the final decades
of the twentieth century.
PTS: 1
8. ANS:

Communism achieved a great deal before the 1970s, but it has since largely disintegrated as a
movement.

Nationalism continues to flourish, with national self-determination still accepted as an idea in

the international community. That said, the rise of globalization decreased the centrality of the
nation-state as an identity.

Democracy has enjoyed mixed results, having an important impact in places like India while
failing, at least initially, elsewhere (such as Africa). However, the democratic movement has gained
in strength, especially over the last several decades with the disintegration of the communist world
and the expansion of democracy in Africa.

Feminism grew as a movement in the twentieth century. In the West, it developed distinctive
new strands, including womens liberation and a movement among women of color. Perhaps more
importantly, feminism moved beyond the Western world, with distinctive strands developing across
the globe.

Internationalism certainly increased alongside globalization, with new organizations like the
United Nations emerging and with new mass organizations that cross borders (like Greenpeace)
taking shape.
PTS: 1
9. ANS:


Economic globalization was a long-term process that began early in human history. It
increased in scope and intensity after 1500 as a new global network anchored in Europe took shape
and industrialization further spurred economic contact between regions. Nonetheless, after a decline
in global trade during the Great Depression, developments after World War IIincluding population
growth, technological advances, and the fostering of global trade by the leading powers of the
capitalist worldhave all led to further rapid economic globalization.

Feminism in the twentieth century had its roots in the ideals of the Atlantic revolutions and
the first feminist movements of the nineteenth century. However, the spread of feminism outside the
Western world and the emergence of the womens liberation movement within the Western world
during the twentieth century mark important new developments.

Fundamentalism at its core was a reaction to the modernity that took shape during the
nineteenth century, and elements of this reaction can be found in that century. Nonetheless,
fundamentalism in the twentieth century became better defined and more widespread than before.

Environmentalism began in the nineteenth century as Romantic poets like William Blake and
William Wordsworth denounced the dark satanic mills of the industrial era, which threatened the
green and pleasant land of an earlier England. The scientific management of nature, both in
industrializing countries and in European colonies, represented another element of emerging
environmental awareness among a few. So did the wilderness idea, which aimed to preserve
untouched areas from human disruption. But none of these movements attracted the mass following
or provoked the global response that the environmental movement of the twentieth century achieved.
PTS: 1
10. ANS:

As more people are drawn into the global economy they share the common interests in
sustaining it.

Global corporations selling their products across the globe have made consumer culture more
homogenous.

Increased contact and stronger communication networks have led to wider and more
sustained cultural exchanges that foster converging values and common interests.

In terms of conflicts, it has led to sharp divisions as to how humans should limit their
environmental impact.

Globalization has led to greater disparities in wealth and access to resources like education
and medical care which has fostered conflict.

Ideological conflict between communism and capitalism led to a global cold war.

Fundamentalist religions that oppose modernity have fought against globalization.

It has created splits between those who support globalization and those who oppose it.
PTS: 1
11. ANS:

The capitalist victors in World War II were determined to avoid a return to Depression-era
conditions.


They forged a set of agreements and institutions (the World Bank and the International
Monetary Fund) that laid the foundations for postwar globalization. This Bretton Woods system
set the rules for commercial and financial dealings among the major capitalist countries, while
promoting relatively free trade, stable currency values linked to the American dollar, and high levels
of capital investment.

Technology also contributed to economic globalization; containerized shipping, huge oil

tankers, and air express services dramatically lowered transportation costs, while fiber optic cables
and later the Internet provided the communication infrastructure for global interaction.

Population growth, especially when tied to growing economies and modernizing societies,
further fueled globalization as dozens of new nations, eager for modern development, entered the
world economy.

In the 1970s and after, major capitalist countries like the United States abandoned many
earlier political controls on economic activity as their leaders and businesspeople increasingly
viewed the entire world as a single market. Powerful international lending agencies imposed similar
free-market and pro-business conditions on many poor countries if they were to qualify for muchneeded loans.

The collapse of the communist world only furthered such unrestricted global capitalism.
PTS: 1
12. ANS:

World trade skyrocketed in the second half of the twentieth century.

Money as well as goods achieved an amazing global mobility through foreign direct
investment, the short-term movement of capital, and the personal funds of individuals.

Companies have become increasingly transnational.

Workers have been on the move more than ever.

PTS: 1
13. ANS:

It has increased the gap between rich and poor in the world.

It has also increased gaps in many other areas, including educational and employment
opportunities and access to medical care and the Internet.

It has created important disparities among developing countries, which are dependent in large
part on their role in the world economy.

It has also generated economic inequalities within individual countries, both rich and poor
ones.

It has created a split between those who support globalization and those who oppose it.
PTS: 1
14. ANS:

In the industrialized countries, feminism focused on questions of equal rights (especially in

employment and education) and womens liberation (which took aim at patriarchy as a system of
domination), and a distinctive strain emerged among women of color that focused on racism and
poverty.


Many feminists in the Global South felt that feminism in the industrialized countries was too
individualistic, overly focused on sexuality, and insufficiently concerned with issues of motherhood,
marriage, and poverty to be of much use.

In the Global South, the feminist movement took up a variety of issues, not all of which were
explicitly gender-based, including the creation in East Africa of small associations of women who
supported one another in a variety of ways. In Morocco, the feminist movement targeted the
changing of the Family Law Code.

The differences between the Northern and Southern movements sometimes surfaced at
international conferences such as the Mexico City gathering in 1975; the United States attempted to
limit the meetings agenda to matters of political and civil rights for women, while delegates from
third-world and communist countries wanted to include issues of economic justice, decolonization,
and disarmament.
PTS: 1
15. ANS:

In the United States, fundamentalists at first sought to separate themselves from the secular
world in their own churches and schools, but from the 1970s on, they entered the political arena as
the religious right, determined to return America to a godly path.

In India in the 1980s, a Hindu fundamentalist movement known as Hindutva entered the
political arena, seeking to counter efforts by secular governments to cater to the interests of Muslims,
Sikhs, and the lower castes.

In the late twentieth century in the Islamic world, fundamentalist Muslims expressed hostility
in a number of ways, including the adoption of more observant forms of Islam, the definition of
those who disagreed with them as non-Muslims, the embracing of violent jihad as a legitimate part
of Islamic life, the foundation of Islamic organizations that operated legally to provide social
services that the state offered inadequately or not at all, violent opposition to foreign powers that
encroached on the Islamic world, and the launching of terrorist attacks on Western interests
defining the enemy not as Christianity itself or even Western civilization but as irreligious Westernstyle modernity, U.S. imperialism, and an American-led economic globalization.
PTS: 1
16. ANS:

There were several factors that gave strength to Islamic activism. Political independence had
given rise to major states such as Egypt, Iran, and Algeria that pursued essentially Western and
secular policies of nationalism, socialism, and economic development, often with only lip service to
an Islamic identity. These policies were not very successful, with many states beset by endemic
problems that ran counter to the great expectations that had accompanied the struggle against
European domination.

Foreign intrusion also played a role. Israel, widely regarded as an outpost of the West, had
been reestablished as a Jewish state in the very center of the Islamic world in 1948. Broader signs of
Western cultural penetration also appeared frequently in the Muslim world.

Islamic alternatives to Western models of modernity provided inspiration; in particular, the

teachings of Mawlana Mawdudi and Sayyid Qutb asserted that the Quran and the sharia provided a
guide for all of life and a blueprint for a distinctly Islamic modernity not dependent on Western
ideas.

PTS: 1
17. ANS:

At the level of personal life, many people became more religiously observant, attending
mosque, praying regularly, and fasting. Substantial numbers of women, many of them young, urban,
and well-educated, adopted modest Islamic dress and the veil quite voluntarily. Participation in Sufi
mystical practices increased.

Many governments sought to anchor themselves in Islamic rhetoric and practice.

Across the Muslim world, renewal movements spawned organizations that operated legally
to provide social services that the state offered inadequately or not at all. Islamic activists took
leadership roles in unions and professional organizations of teachers, journalists, engineers, doctors,
and lawyers. Such people embraced modern science and technology but sought to embed these
elements of modernity within a distinctly Islamic culture.

Some sought the violent overthrow of what they saw as compromised regimes in the Muslim
world, succeeding in both Iran and Afghanistan.

Islamic revolutionaries also took aim at hostile foreign powers, targeting Israel and, after the
Soviet invasion of 1979, Afghanistan.

Others sought to attack Western interests, defining the enemy not as Christianity itself or
even Western civilization but as irreligious Western-style modernity, U.S. imperialism, and an
American-led economic globalization.
PTS: 1
18. ANS:

Both movements are fragmented rather than unified. Feminism is split between Global North
and Global South movements. Within these movements there are also splits, like those between
African American and white feminists in the United States. Similarly, every major world religion has
a fundamentalist wing, but they differ in that they are linked to distinct religious traditions.

Feminists differ from fundamentalists in that they embrace important aspects of the modern
world to assert new roles, new rights, and new statuses for women in society. Fundamentalism
rejects much but not all of modernity, seeking to return to older, divinely sanctioned codes of
behavior.

They do conflict with each other. Fundamentalists see capitalism, industrialization, and
globalization as upsetting customary family and gender relationships that have long been sanctified
by religious traditions. They seek to return to these older traditions. Feminists on the other hand want
to draw on Enlightenment concepts of equality and inalienable rights and the new work and family
opportunities that emerged with industrialization to challenge older patriarchal traditions often
advocated by fundamentalists. Feminists want to use the new realities of modernity to secure a
higher status for women in society and new roles in work and public life for women.
PTS: 1
19. ANS:

The dramatic increase in the human impact on the environment can be attributed to the
explosion in the human population, the new ability of humankind to tap the energy potential of fossil
fuels, and the phenomenal economic growth as modern science and technology immensely increased
the production of goods and services.
PTS: 1

20. ANS:

Both activists and governments in the developing countries have often felt that Northern
initiatives to address atmospheric pollution and global warming would curtail their industrial
development, leaving the North/South gap intact.

Another North/South difference arose over the export of hazardous wastes generated in rich
Northern countries to disposal sites in the developing countries.
PTS: 1
21. ANS:

In the context of modern science and the idea of progress, so central to western culture since
the Enlightenment

In the context of the modern environmental movement

In the context of the Industrial Revolution and humankinds growing impact on the
environment

In the context of humankinds efforts to increase the production of food to sustain the rapidly
growing human population in the twentieth century

In terms of the criticism that she received, in the context of the cold war
PTS: 1
22. ANS:

The universal spread of female wage labor has doomed the institution. Now that women are
wage workers the old system is impossible. A woman cannot work all day without reducing her
responsibilities as a mother and a housekeeper.

Families no longer produce, they only consume. What was formerly produced by the family
is now manufactured on a mass scale.

Tasks traditionally undertaken in the family unit will be done collectively in a communist
society. So if a woman works, others will cook, clean, and do the laundry. This she argues is more
equitable and will redefine the family.
PTS: 1
23. ANS:

Marriage will be a union of two persons who love and trust each other.
It will become the union of two equal members, both of them free and independent.

PTS: 1
24. ANS:

The vision may appeal to those women who have taken the opportunities offered by the new
communist regime and entered full-time employment outside the household.

It would also appeal to women who currently find themselves in abusive relationships.

It would appeal to a woman who staggers under weight of this the triple load, that is work,
housekeeping, and child rearing.

Women who do not wish to work outside the home might be deeply offended by it.

It might offend men and women who are attached to more traditional marriage patterns.

It might not appeal to those who oppose the idea of divorce.

It might also offend those who view the traditional family as central to the social order.

PTS: 1
25. ANS:

The concept of marriage being a union based on affection between two equal members of
society

Her emphasis on the crushing burden that full time work, housekeeping, and child rearing
imposes on women in the traditional family structure

Her assertion that women should have access to divorce so that they can leave abusive
marriages

They may also have approved of many of the services to support working women that
Kollontai identifies.
PTS: 1
26. ANS:

They both would agree that relationships between men and women need to be reconceived,
and that these relationships need to be on an equal footing and consensual.

Women should have the right to leave abusive relationships.

However, Kollontais agenda is focused more on women in the workplace and redefining the
domestic roles of women.

Dworkin, on the other hand, focuses on the problem of sexual violence and how women
should resist such violence to put an end to it.
PTS: 1
27. ANS:

They are similar in that both advocate for women to actively seek to improve their situation,
seizing their rights and refusing to be passive accomplices in the current system.

Both challenge women to secure their independence from men.

Dworkin focus on resistance to sexual violence while Stantons agenda seeks to secure
women the education and freedoms necessary to be independent.
PTS: 1
28. ANS:

The egregious nature of the violence provides a rallying point to oppose patriarchy.

Dworkin notes that sexual violence often leads to other problems, including poverty and
homelessness.

Sexuality is closely associated with the individual, and control over ones sexuality provides
an important basis for independence.

Sexuality lies at the heart of relationships between men and women.

PTS: 1
29. ANS:

This document offers a much more expansive agenda than Dworkin. It identifies an
interlocking set of problems including racial, sexual, heterosexual, and class oppression. Dworkin
focuses only on sexuality and violence.


Unlike Dworkin, this document does not identify the conflict as being strictly between
women and a male-dominated patriarchal system. It identifies a much more complex set of issues
that finds black feminists allied with men on some issues and opposed to white women on others.

It includes a much more overtly economic set of concerns than Dworkin.

PTS: 1
30. ANS:

The black feminist movement opposed racism and asserted that white feminists did not.

The black feminist movements agenda was much broader than that put forward in white
feminist documents in this volume, embracing black liberation, homosexuality, and socialism.
PTS: 1
31. ANS:

They became disillusioned by their participation in the black liberation movements.

They were marginalized by the white male left.

The multi-layered texture of black womens lives has meant that developing their intellects
led to great costs in their social lives.

The document identifies a psychological toll for black women in reaching political
consciousness and doing political work. This has to do with the material conditions of most black
women, which makes it difficult for them to upset both economic and sexual arrangements that seem
to represent some stability in their lives.

They are accused of dividing the black struggle.

PTS: 1
32. ANS:

White feminists may dispute that they are racist.

White men on the left may dispute the claim that they marginalized white women.

Black men may question why black feminists grew disillusioned with their movement.

White female separatists might object to black feminist opposition to their goals.

Their socialist beliefs may have attracted the ire of Americans who supported capitalism.

White men opposed to the feminist movement would undoubtedly object to their agenda.

Those opposed to the black liberation movement would object to their agenda.

Some black women might object to this black feminist critique of the economic and sexual
arrangements that secured stability in their lives.
PTS: 1
33. ANS:

The Quran refers to both men and women, and endows both men and women with the same
attributes.

As creatures of God all humans have certain rights, duties, and obligations.
PTS: 1
34. ANS:

This inequality is a man-made creation that emerged in Islam after the Prophets death.


It reflects the reassertion of the patriarchal society, as religion was used to justify the norms
of tribal society.

This inequality runs counter to the Prophets teachings concerning the umma.

It is not Islam that is averse to women, it is men.

PTS: 1
35. ANS:

Kemal Atatrk would likely support Bhuttos interpretation of Islam because it opposes the
authority of Muslim clerics, makes Islam primarily a religion of private faith, and allows a freer role
for women in society.

The Ayatollah Khomeini may have approved of Bhutto embracing Islam as a guiding force in
her life. He would likely have objected to her rejection of the authority of Muslim clerics. His
support for the role of clerics in interpreting public law would also have put him at odds with Bhutto,
who argues that it is these clerical interpretations that have perverted the teachings of the Prophet.
Her views on the status and role of women in society contradict Khomeinis passages concerning
women.

Ayaan Hirsi Ali would likely argue that Bhuttos vision of Islam bears little resemblance to
her experience of it. While she may find Bhuttos interpretation attractive, she would likely point to
how it worked in practice in her native Somali culture. That said, it is possible that Bhuttos
arguments might provide Hirsi Ali a means to reconcile some aspects of Western culture she finds
attractive with her Islamic heritage.
PTS: 1
36. ANS:

This is a wide ranging set of demands encompassing economic, social, and political issues.

They reflect the struggles to secure the basics needed to live, raise families, become
educated, support oneself through work, serve in public office, and secure the punishment of those
that abuse women.
PTS: 1
37. ANS:

In support of describing these as feminist documents, the demand for protection from male
violence and for control over the number of children they choose to raise are similar to demands
made by Western feminists.

Demands for collectivized resources including kitchens, dining halls, day care centers, and
craft workshops bear some resemblance to the support for working women promoted by feminists in
communist systems.

Demands for the right to participate in public life are also found in other feminist
movements.

In opposition, many of their economic demands are not specific to women and would benefit
the whole community.

Their demands for sufficient food for children need not be framed as feminist in nature.

In terms of why these women might be reluctant to describe themselves as feminists, the term
is too restrictive to describe their whole agenda which includes many demands that cross gender
boundaries or are specifically for the improvement of childrens lives.


They conceive of themselves as part of a wider revolutionary struggle alongside men, rather
than a separate movement with its own agenda.

They might believe that their agenda would receive a better reception without a feminist label
attached to it.
PTS: 1
38. ANS:

While this question involves speculation, it would be reasonable to argue that some men may
object to the ninth demand in the Womens Revolutionary Law that women will be able to occupy
positions of leadership in the revolutionary organization and hold military ranks in the revolutionary
armed forces because these positions might be seen as male positions.

For similar reasons, some might also object to the fourth demand in the Womens
Revolutionary Law which stipulates that women have the right to hold positions of authority in the
community.

Citing tradition and culture, some might object to the right of women to choose their partner
and to decide the number of children they will have and care for.
PTS: 1
39. ANS:

The Zapatista women would support Document 23.1s vision of collectivized resources (like
dining halls and day care centers) supporting women who work, and more equal relationships
between men and women in marriage.

The Zapatista women would support Document 23.2s demands for protection from male
violence, given the eighth point of the Womens Revolutionary Law.

While the Zapatista women have different concerns, they would likely read sympathetically
Document 23.3s assertion that women face complex challenges in multiple interlocking systems
(economic, social, cultural, etc). They would also be sympathetic to the call for a say in the political
system and the anger expressed at being marginalized.

The Zapatista women do not directly deal with the role of religion in their document, so this
document touches less directly on their demands. However, they would likely sympathize with
Document 23.4s interpretation of Muhammads teaching on divorce and marriage as it indirectly
intersects with their own demand that women be allowed to choose their own marriage partner and
not be forced into marriage in the seventh part of the Womens Revolutionary Law. They would also
likely engage approvingly with the powerful role models for women in Islam that Bhutto highlights.
PTS: 1
40. ANS:

A Chinese company might place such a factory in Africa because labor is cheaper, because of
government incentives and proximity to markets, and to avoid tariffs.

As the Chinese economy grows it is changing from an economy that sought foreign
investment to one that invests in foreign economies.

The photo depicts an American product (blue jeans) being produced by a Chinese company
in an African factory, illustrating how the global economy links multiple regions in the same
enterprise.
PTS: 1

41. ANS:

Students could argue that this is a sweatshop by noting that the employees are wearing coats
and hats, implying a cold work environment, and that the workers must work on their feet.

Students could also claim that it is not a sweatshop by comparing the image to Visual Source
17.4. They might note the well-lit and clean working conditions, and the well-ordered working
environment that lacks any obvious workplace dangers.

In terms of why they accept foreign-owned production facilities, the state gains revenues by
taxing the factory.

The enterprise provides work for people who otherwise have few job opportunities.

Developing countries lack the capital and the domestic companies to make these investments.
PTS: 1
42. ANS:

Historically, women are paid less than men, and they often work in the production of
clothing.

Women may seek this sort of work to survive or get ahead, to support their families, or to
earn a cash income to supplement other types of subsistence production in which they engage.
PTS: 1
43. ANS:

These workers shown on page 1140 are engaged in a different type of labor, providing a
service rather than a product. They are in an office rather than a factory, and are dressed differently.

In both images, the people are working in large settings with an open floor plan and are lined
up at tables.
PTS: 1
44. ANS:

Visual Source 23.2 illustrates Westernization by depicting a man dressed in Western attire,
and in the way it associates happiness and success with material goods.

The motor bike is a form of modern transport, illustrating modernization, and manufactured
under license of a Japanese company, illustrating globalization.

The image illustrates consumerism by promoting the purchase of a motorbike; it implies that
happiness and success are wrapped up in the purchase of consumer items.

In the photo on p. 1062, two stacks of paper money are present in the center of the poster,
suggesting an increasing focus on materialism and commercialism. One of the stacks clearly looks
like it is composed of paper money from the United States, which points to a China that is
increasingly involved in globalization.
PTS: 1
45. ANS:

The young people likely see themselves as enjoying the benefits of economic success and
partaking in what the globalized world economy has to offer.

Students could argue that those depicted are not driven by a desire to behave in a Western
manner but by a desire to purchase goods that they believe improve their lives. The young people are
participating in a form of consumption that has been advertised to them in a Chinese context.

The motorcycle represents the global economy and the spread of consumerism.

PTS: 1
46. ANS:

The couple appear in public together without supervision and as relative equals. The woman
appears as confident and outgoing as the communist woman depicted in Visual Source 21.3.

The image may be another face of globalization because China developed a new conception
of women under the Maoist system.
PTS: 1
47. ANS:

China is growing more prosperous, and Chinese citizens have access to more goods and
services than before.

However, China has become too tied to consumerism; it is embracing this destructive feature
of globalization. It is losing its distinctive identity.
PTS: 1
48. ANS:

This visual source reflects the concerns of opponents who believe the global economy is
responsible for the great disparities of wealth in the world; the concerns of those who object to the
terms under which world trade is practiced and development aid distributed; and the concerns of
environmentalists who oppose the new global economy because of its impact on the environment.

The image effectively presents the concern that the World Trade Organization represents the
values and interests of corporations rather than people, and that only direct action will bring change.

It only indirectly represents the concerns of feminist and religious groups that oppose
globalization.
PTS: 1
49. ANS:

The World Trade Organization (WTO) is perceived as representing the values and interests of
corporations rather than people, and therefore has become symbolic of the pro-globalization forces.

The WTO conducts a meeting that provides a focus for protestors.

It potentially possesses the authority to make changes to the system.

PTS: 1
50. ANS:

The image would be compelling to many Westerners and some in the developing world who
oppose world trade and the current trading system and its impact on the developing world, as well as
to those concerned about the impact of globalization on the environment.

Advocates of corporate globalization would point to the benefits in both the developed and
developing world of trade and the growth in overall wealth on the planet. They would object to this
characterization of their activities.
PTS: 1
51. ANS:


A student is likely to react to the introduction, which notes several ways in which such
images help us to conceive of the planet as a whole rather than split into states or other units.

A student might also note how this image reflects the disparities in wealth between regions of
the earth, as reflected in electricity consumption.
PTS: 1
52. ANS:

Developed and rapidly developing countries stand out because they are the most electrified
regions.

Large parts of the world have not been electrified, indicating that economic development is
less pronounced in these regions.

North America, Europe, India, the Middle East, the coast of Brazil, and parts of East Asia
appear to be the most developed regions of the world.
PTS: 1
53. ANS:

The image supports the Snapshot because the lit up regions of the image, which indicate
widespread electrification, correlate well with the Snapshot figures for cell phone, Internet,
computer, and car use.

In terms of contradiction, the relative electrification of China and India in the image may
seem high considering the lower-middle per-capita income category that they fall into in the
Snapshot.

How little of the earth is electrified is surprising. So, too, are the great discrepancies between
regions and the tendency for electrification to be particularly dense along the coasts.

How little of the earth is electrified is surprising. So too are the great discrepancies between
regions and the tendency for electrification to be particularly intense along the coasts.
PTS: 1
54. ANS:

All seek to redefine relationships between men and women in society.

All seek to give women greater independence or self-sufficiency.
All propose changes that give women greater rights and freedoms.

PTS: 1
55. ANS:

Some address economic issues, while others do not.

Documents 23.1 and 23.5 argue for collectivized resources to support working women, a
topic not addressed in the other documents.

Document 23.3 emphasizes race more than the others.

Document 23.4 focuses more on religious underpinnings of patriarchy than the others.

Some argue for public roles for women while others do not.

The differences between these documents reflect the different situations and experiences of
the women who wrote them. In each case the issues that they identify and the changes that they
propose are shaped by their specific circumstances.


Economic concerns appear more prominently in the writings of women from less privileged
backgrounds.
PTS: 1
56. ANS:

Stanton and her contemporaries would have approved of Document 23.1s call for women to
be given the education, societal support, and freedom to work at the heart of Kollontais agenda. This
program would allow women to become completely independent of men, a critical goal for Stanton.
Kollontais understanding of marriage might also have appealed to Stanton and her contemporaries
as it granted women equal status in the relationship.

Stanton and her contemporaries would likely also embrace the message in Document 23.2.
Dworkins efforts to encourage women to resist sexual violence could be understood within the
context of Stantons wider call for women to break free of their bondage to men.

While Stanton and her contemporaries would have undoubtedly supported the rejection of
white male rule and the sexism of black men in Document 23.3, it also includes several issues that
largely lay beyond the agenda of these earlier feminists including a socialist economic program, a
focus on race, and the issue of homosexuality. While one cannot speculate as to how earlier feminists
would have reacted to these issues, they do go beyond the official agenda of these earlier movements
and Stantons arguments in Document 16.4.

Stanton and her contemporaries would undoubtedly have approved of Bhuttos efforts in
Document 23.4 to define a more equal position for women in Muslim society. She might however
have hoped that it would push further for the complete independence of women from men.

Stanton and her contemporaries would have supported the calls of the Zapatista women for
the right to an education, to choose their partner in marriage, to work, and to participate fully in
public life. They likely would have supported other demands, like that for the provision of day care,
that helped women to fully participate in society as independent actors.
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57. ANS:

Freeing women from unequal domestic relationships was a threatening idea to established
authorities because it undermined long-standing patriarchal traditions. There was considerable
progress in many places on this front through new divorce laws and support of family planning
especially in the West and communist worlds. Progress was less dramatic in the parts of the Global
South.

The concept of providing women with support in their child rearing and housekeeping roles
as they took up paid employment outside the home was a liberating development. While the
communist vision of subjugating the family unit to collectivization as envisioned in Document 23.1
was never fully accomplished, some progress has been made on this front in some regions of the
globe. It still remains a challenging issue though for many women.

The liberating of women from abusive relationships featured prominently in several feminist
traditions. Divorce laws and the prosecution of spousal abuse have improved this situation in some
places, but the problem remains far from solved.

Demands by women for the right to vote and to hold public office was a revolutionary
concept that threatened the established order. In many regions women have secured these rights, but
not everywhere.

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58. ANS:

Visual Source 23.1 reflects globalizations impact on the working lives of many people.

Visual Source 23.2 reflects globalizations impact on the material wealth and consumer life
of some people.

Visual Source 23.3 reflects opposition to globalization by a variety of people for many
different reasons.

Visual Source 23.4 reflects the disparities in levels of development across the globe, as
reflected in relative levels of electrification.
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59. ANS:

The scale and pace of globalization has increased, new opponents of globalization have
emerged, and globalization has led to greater disparities in wealth than before.

Certain continuities can be observed. For example, globalization continues to be driven

significantly by trade, to drive the mixing of cultures and ideas, and to lead to the adoption across
cultures of such things as crops and technologies.

As these visual sources reveal, the West has been a driving force in globalization since World
War II and its influence has been felt in many parts of the world.

However, other regions have influenced the West and their influence is growing as
Westerners become more economically dependent on them.

Europe played a less important role in the early stages of globalization, while regions such as
China and India played more important roles.
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60. ANS:

Some Westerners might think Visual Source 23.1 chronicles exploitation, while the workers
in the photo might see themselves as embracing an opportunity.

Visual Source 23.2 illustrates how ones position in the global economic system and ability to
benefit from its production of wealth can shape how one perceives contemporary globalization.

Visual Source 2.3 illustrates how concerns, whether about economic development,
environmentalism, the treatment of workers, or feminism, can impact how a person views and
understands organizations like the WTO.

Visual Source 23.4 illustrates how where one lives can have a huge impact on their access to
the wealth generated by globalization.
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61. ANS:

Visual sources that might add to this feature include images representing religious
alternatives to globalization, the global feminist movement, and American imperialism, and images
that more fully explore environmentalist opposition.

Visual sources that could be added fifty to one hundred years from now include pictures
depicting global warming, images dealing with the scarcity of natural resources, and images
depicting the impact of globalization on the West.

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