Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
people based on race. These laws worked primarily to restricted the rights
of African Americans to use certain schools and public facilities, usually
the good ones; to vote; find decent employment and associate with
anyone of their own choosing. These laws did not make life "separate but
equal," but only served to exclude African Americans and others from
exercising their rights as American citizens. In Brown v. Board of Education
of Topeka (1954), the US Supreme Court ruled that Jim Crow laws were
unconstitutional. It took many years and much effort, however, before Jim
Crow laws would be overturned across the country.
W.E.B. DuBois: One of Washington's harshest critics, believing that
Washington's pacifist plan would only perpetuate the second-class-citizen
mindset. He felt that immediate "ceaseless agitation" was the only way to
truly attain equal rights. As editor of the black publication "The Crisis," he
publicized his disdain for Washington and was instrumental in the creation
of the "Niagara Movement," which later became the NAACP (National
Association for the Advancement of Colored People). He eventually grew
weary of the slow pace of racial equality in the United States and
renounced his citizenship and moved to Ghana in 1961, where he died
two years later. Served as important role models for later leaders of the
civil rights movement.
Booker T. Washington: A former slave. Encouraged blacks to keep to
themselves and focus on the daily tasks of survival, rather than leading a
grand uprising. Believed that building a strong economic base was more
critical at that time than planning an uprising or fighting for equal rights.
Washington also stated in his famous "Atlanta Compromise" speech in
1895 that blacks had to accept segregation in the short term as they
focused on economic gain to achieve political equality in the future.
Served as important role models for later leaders of the civil rights
movement
Malcolm X: Minister of the Nation of Islam, urged blacks to claim their
rights by any means necessary, more radical than other civil rights
leaders of the time.
Civil Rights Act of 1964: Wide-ranging legislation assessed by Congress to
outlaw segregation in public facilities and discrimination in employment,
education, and voting; created the Equal Employment Opportunity
Commission
Brown vs. Board of Education: US Supreme Court decision holding that school
segregation is inherently unconstitutional because it violates the
Fourteenth Amendment's guarantee of equal protection
Plessy vs. Ferguson: Supreme Court case that challenged a Louisiana statue
requiring that railroads provide separate accommodations for blacks and
whites. The Court found that separate but equal accommodations did not
violate the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment
Nathan Bedford Forrest: General Forrest may have been one of the most
respected cavalrymen of the Civil War, but his legend is marred by his
racism. Before the Civil War, Forrest was a slave trader, and after the war
he became one of the first Grand Wizards of the Ku Klux Klan.
Voting Rights Act: a federal law that increased government supervision of
local election practices, suspended the use of literacy tests to prevent
people (usually African Americans) from voting, and expanded
government efforts to register voters.
Fair Housing Act: A law enacted as part of civil rights legislation that prohibits
discrimination of home sales, rentals and financing based on race, color, national origin,
religion, sex, familial status or those with disabilities
Redlining: a discriminatory real estate practice in North America in which
members of minority groups are prevented from obtaining money to
purchase homes or property in predominantly white neighborhoods. The
practice derived its name from the red lines depicted on cadastral maps
used by real estate agents and developers. Today, redlining is officially
illegal.
Sundown Town: A sundown town is a town, city, or neighborhood in the
United States that was purposely all-white. after the sun goes down, if you
are not white or live in that community people would generally get
attacked, etc. Primarily in the South.
NOW: founded by Betty Friedan; organization formed to work for
economic and legal rights of women; demanded equality in educational
and job opportunies, wages, and political representation; creation of
childcare facilities; wanted Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
(EEOC) enforce its legal mandate to end sex discrimination
NAACP: National Association for the Advancement of Colored People,
major leader was Du Bois
LULAC: League of United Latin American Citizens; middle-class
organization that campaigned to desegregate schools and public facilities
Mendez vs. Westminister: federal court case that challenged racial segregation
in California schools. In its ruling, the U.S. Court of Appeals held that the
segregation of Mexican and Mexican American students into separate
"Mexican schools" was unconstitutional
U.S. vs. Wong Kim Ark : Wong Kim Ark was an American-born Chinese laborer
whose parents were ineligible for citizenship under the naturalization laws.
On his return to the United States after a visit to China, an attempt was
made to debar him from entry under the Chinese Exclusion Act. Claiming
that his birth in San Francisco, California, conferred citizenship, Wong Kim
Ark secured a writ of habeas corpus. His case eventually reached the
Supreme Court, which upheld his contention, with two justices dissenting.
The principle laid down in this decision also served to protect Asians born
in the United States against discriminatory state legislation
Affirmative Action: policies that take race, ethnicity, physical disabilities,
military career, sex, or social class into consideration in an attempt to
promote equal opportunity or increase ethnic or other forms of diversity.
Emmett Till: Murdered in 1955 for whistling at a white woman by her
husband and his friends. They kidnapped him and brutally killed him. His
death led to the American Civil Rights movement.
Eminent Domain
Double Jeopardy
Being tried twice for the same crime. This is prevented by the 5th
Amendment
Defacto Segregation
Dejure Segregation
Exclusionary Rule
Betty Friedan
Writer, feminist and women's rights activist Betty Friedan wrote The
Feminine Mystique (1963) and co-founded the National Organization for
Women.
White Primary
Blakke v. California
Schenck v. California
Charles Schenck was a socialist arrested for violating the Espionage Act
by distributing pamphlets urging draftees to refuse to serve in World War I
Supreme Court in Schenck v. United States established new standard for
judging which dangerous speech could be restricted
Words that create "a clear and present danger that they will being about...
substantive evils" are not protected by First Amendment
1st amendment does not protect against anti war protest during formal
war, "clear and present danger doctrine"
Texas v. Johnson
in 1989, in texas v. johnson the supreme court ruled that state laws that
prohibited the burning of the American flag as part of a peaceful protest
also violated the freedom of expression protected by the first amendment.
1969 The Court ruled that wearing black arm-bands in protest of the
Vietnam war was "pure speech" or symbolic speech protected by the First
Amendment. , The case that ruled that students do not lose Constitutional
rights when they entered the building but they can be limited if they
cause a disruption
O'Brien v. U.S.
United States v. O'Brien, 391 U.S. 367 (1968),US supreme ct , which ruled
that a criminal prohibition against burning a draft card did not violate the
First Amendment's guarantee of free speech. Though the Court recognized
that O'Brien's conduct was expressive as a protest against the Vietnam
War, it considered the law justified by a significant government interest
that was unrelated to the suppression of speech and was tailored towards
that end.
Miller v. California
Engel v. Vitale
The 1962 Supreme Court decision holding that state officials violated the
First Amendment when they wrote a prayer to be recited by New York's
schoolchildren.
Gideon v. Wainwright
McDonald v. Chicago
Scott v. Sanford
Lemon v. Kurtzman
In 1971, in the Lemon v. Kurtzman, the court ruled that direct state aid
could not be used to subsidize religious instruction.
Nixon v. United States, 506 U.S. 224 (1993),This Supreme Court case
prohibits unqualified executive privileges.
The main purpose of the U.S. Bill of Rights is to define the civil liberties of
American citizens and was originally created to limit only the powers of
the national government.
The incorporation of the Bill of Rights (or incorporation for short) is the
process by which American courts have applied portions of the U.S. Bill of
Rights to the states. Prior to 1925, the Bill of Rights was held only to apply
to the federal government.
housing segregation
Title IX
A Phillip Randolph