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THE DESIGN
(a) Chemicals
Alum = aluminum sufat (Al2 (SO4)3.14H2O)
Works well between pH 5.5-6.5.
Ferric chloride -> pH 5-9
Ferrous sulfat -> pH > 9
When sufficient alkalinity is not present to neutralize the change of pH due to addition of alum
(sulfuric acid production), the pH may be greatly drop.
Solution: dose in CaCO3 (lime) or Na2CO3 (soda ash) for alkalinity buffer.
Velocity gradient
Mechanism in
coagulation
Adsorption-desorption
G, s-1
Detention time
3000-5000
0.5 s
Sweep coagulation
600-100
1-10 s
Dissolution
(softening)
of
CaO 700
5- 10 min
Mixer:
(i) vertical shaft mixer
(ii) in-line blender
(iii) Static mixer
Allowed range
D/T (radial)
0.14-0.5
D/T (axial)
0.17-0.4
H/D (either)
2-4
H/T (axial)
0.34-1.6
H/T (radial)
0.28-2
B/D (either)
0.7-1.6
D = impeller diameter
T = equivalent tank diameter
H = water depth
B= water depth below impeller
15
7%
10
15%
25%
20-70
30-80
130-200
150-300
Paddle flocculator
Upflow solids-contact
(mixing, flocculation and clarification 3 in 1)