TEAM 10 out of CIAM:

SOFT URBANISM + NEW BRUTALISM

LA SARRAZ DECLARATION (1928)

1. The idea of modern architecture includes the link between the phenomenon
of architecture and the of the general economic system.

2. The idea of economic efficiency does not imply production furnishing

maximum commercial profit, but production demanding a minimum work
effort.

3. The need for maximum economic efficiency is the inevitable result of the
improvished state of the general economy.

4. The most efficient method of production is that which arises from rationalization
and standardization. Rationalization and standardization act directly on working
methods both in modern architecture (conception) and in the building industry
(realization).

5. Rationalization and standardization react in a threefold manner:

5. Rationalization and standardization react in a threefold manner:

(a) they demand of architecture conceptions leading to simplification of working
methods on site and in the factory;

5. Rationalization and standardization react in a threefold manner:

(a) they demand of architecture conceptions leading to simplification of working
methods on site and in the factory;
(b) they mean for building firms a reduction in skilled labour force; they lead to
the employment of less specialized labour working under the direction of highly
skilled technicians;

5. Rationalization and standardization react in a threefold manner:

(a) they demand of architecture conceptions leading to simplification of working
methods on site and in the factory;
(b) they mean for building firms a reduction in skilled labour force; they lead to
the employment of less specialized labour working under the direction of highly
skilled technicians;
(c) they expect from the consumer (that is to say, the customer who orders the
house in which he will live) a revision of his demands in the direction of a
readjustment to the new conditions of social life. Such a revision will be
manifested in the reduction of certain individual needs henceforth devoid
of real justification; the benefits of this reduction will foster the maximum
satisfaction of the needs of the greatest number, which are at present restricted.

CHARTER OF ATHENS (1933)

CHARTER OF ATHENS (1933)

I. THE CITY IN ITS REGIONAL SETTING points 1-8
II. THE FOUR FUNCTIONS OF THE CITY
A. Dwelling 9-29
B. Recreation 30-40
C. Work 41-50
D. Transportation 51-64
E. Legacy of history 65-70
III. CONCLUSIONS 71-95

FAITH IN FUNCTION?

FAITH IN FUNCTION?
FAITH IN PLANNING?

FAITH IN FUNCTION?
FAITH IN PLANNING?
FAITH IN MODERNISM?

It is those who are now forty years old, born around 1916 during wars and
revolutions, and those unborn, now twenty-five years old, born around 1930
during the preparation for a new war and amidst a profound economic, social,
and political crisis, who thus find themselves in the heart of the present
period the only ones capable of feeling actual problems, personally,
profoundly, the goals to follow, the means to reach them, the pathetic
urgency of the present situation. They are in the know. Their predecessors
no longer are, they are out, they are no longer subject to the direct impact
of the situation.
LE CORBUSIER

4
TEAM X

1.JAAP BAKEMA
2.GEORGES CANDILIS
3.SHADRACH WOODS
4.ALDO VAN EYCK
5.ALISON + PETER SMITHSON

THE DOORN MANIFESTO (1954)

1. It is useless to consider the house except as part of a

community owing to the interaction of these on each other.

2. We should not waste our time codifying the elements of the

house until the other relationship has been crystallized.

3. Habitat is concerned with the particular house in the

particular type of community.

4. Communities are the same everywhere.

(1) Detached house - farm.
(2) Village.
(3) Towns of various sorts (industrial/admin./special).
(4) Cities (multi-functional).

5. They can be shown in relationship to their environment

(habitat) in the Geddes valley section.

6. Any community must be internally convenient - have ease

of circulation; in consequence, whatever type of transport is
available, density must increase as population increases, i.e
(1) is least dense, (4) is most dense.

7. We must therefore study the dwelling and the groupings

that are necessary to produce convenient communities at
various points on the valley section.

8. The appropriateness of any solution may lie in the field

of architectural invention rather than social anthropology.

TEAM 10 REDEFINED THE CITY AS CONTINGENT (ECOLOGICAL?).

TEAM 10 REDEFINED THE CITY AS CONTINGENT (ECOLOGICAL?).

TEAM 10 REDEFINED THE CITY AS BOTH FRAMED AND DEFINED BY HUMAN EVERYDAY LIFE.

TEAM 10 REDEFINED THE CITY AS CONTINGENT (ECOLOGICAL?).

TEAM 10 REDEFINED THE CITY AS BOTH FRAMED AND DEFINED BY HUMAN EVERYDAY LIFE.
TEAM 10 REDEFINED THE CITY AS LIVING ORGANISM

NOT THIS...

WHICH LEADS TO THIS...

DYNAMISM OF A CYCLIST 1913

BUT THIS...

THE CRITICAL TERMS FOR ARCHITECTURE / URBAN DESIGN SOFTEN:

THE CRITICAL TERMS FOR ARCHITECTURE / URBAN DESIGN SOFTEN:

FROM FUNCTION
- USE
FROM CITIZENRY
- COMMUNITY
FROM AUTHORITY
- POWER
FROM HAPPINESS
- PLEASURE
FROM WILL
- WISH
FROM DIALECTIC
- TRI-ALECTIC

4
TEAM X

4.ALDO VAN EYCK

5.ALISON + PETER SMITHSON

IG

BRITISH POP
POST-MODERN IMPULSES

STRUCTURALISM

TEAM 10
CIAM

BRUTALISM

METABOLISM
MEGASTRUCTURE
PARTICIPATORY URBANISM
THIRD WORLD URBANISM
REGIONALISM
NAKED CITY
JANE JACOBS
HERMAN HERTZBERGER
REM KOOLHAAS
MVRDV
ARCHITECTURE W/O ARCHITECTS
SEMIOTICS
SOCIALISM
UTOPIA
ARCHIGRAM
NEW MONUMENTALITY
REGIONALISM

STRUCTURALISM

The aim of art is no longer to reproduce the visible but to make visible.
PAUL KLEE

The culture of particular form is approaching its end.

The culture of determined relations has begun.

PIET MONDRIAN

STRUCTURALISM IS GROUNDED IN NEW THEORIES OF SPACE AND TIME

(RELATIVITY / BERGSON / EINSTEIN).

STRUCTURALISM IS GROUNDED IN NEW THEORIES OF SPACE AND TIME

(RELATIVITY / BERGSON / EINSTEIN).
STRUCTURALISM SEES THE WORLD AS NON-HIERARCHICAL, POLYCENTRIC,
AND COHERENTLY LINKED THROUGH RECIPROCAL RELATIONS.

STRUCTURALISM IS GROUNDED IN NEW THEORIES OF SPACE AND TIME

(RELATIVITY / BERGSON / EINSTEIN).
STRUCTURALISM SEES THE WORLD AS NON-HIERARCHICAL, POLYCENTRIC,
AND COHERENTLY LINKED THROUGH RECIPROCAL RELATIONS.
STRUCTURALISM ATTEMPTS TO RECONCILE THE SPECIFIC (PLACE) AND
THE UNIVERSAL (SPACE).

1.JAAP BAKEMA

TEAM X

2.GEORGES CANDILIS
3.SHADRACH WOODS

TEAM X

VS.
FORM

SPACE

FUNCTION
CITIZENRY
AUTHORITY
HAPPINESS
WILL
DIALECTIC

USE
COMMUNITY
POWER
PLEASURE
WISH
TRI-ALECTIC

SCIENCE
RATIONAL
DOGMATIC

MAGIC
INFORMAL
CONTINGENT

4
TEAM X

4.ALDO VAN EYCK

SOUGHT TO RECONCILE THREE PARADIGMS:

1) THE CLASSICAL
2) THE MODERN
3) THE ARCHAIC

4
TEAM X

4.ALDO VAN EYCK

BRUTALISM

It was, in the beginning, a term of communist abuse, and it was intended

to signify the normal vocabulary of Modern Architecture - flat roofs, glass,
exposed structure - considered as morally reprehensible deviations from
The New Humanism, a phrase which means something different in
Marxist hands...
REYNER BANHAM

It was, in the beginning, a term of communist abuse, and it was intended

to signify the normal vocabulary of Modern Architecture - flat roofs, glass,
exposed structure - considered as morally reprehensible deviations from
The New Humanism, a phrase which means something different in
Marxist hands...
REYNER BANHAM

The term had no sooner got into public circulation than its meaning began
to narrow. Among the non-Marxist grouping there was no particular
unity of programme or intention, but there was a certain community of
interests, a tendency to look toward Le Corbusier, and to be aware of
something called Le Beton Brut...
REYNER BANHAM

5
5.ALISON + PETER SMITHSON

TEAM X

Whatever has been said about honest use of materials, most modern
buildings appear to be made of whitewash or patent glazing, even when
they are made of concrete or steel. Hunstanton appears to be made of
glass, brick, steel and concrete, and is in fact made of glass, brick, steel
and concrete.
REYNER BANHAM