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LIMITS
MARIA CZARINA T. LAGURA
NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
July 9, 2016
mctlagura
LIMITS
Limits
Limits
Definition of a Limit
Algebra of Limits
One-Sided Limit
Infinite Limits
Limits at Infinity
Limits of Trigonometric Functions
mctlagura
LIMITS
Limits
Definition of a Limit
Algebra of Limits
One-Sided Limit
Infinite Limits
Limits at Infinity
Limits of Trigonometric Functions
Limits
Definition (1.1. Definition of the Limit of a Function)
Let f be a function defined at every number in some open interval
containing a, except possibly at the number a itself. The limit of
a function f (x) as x approaches a is L, written as
lim f (x) = L, if this statement is true
xa
mctlagura
LIMITS
Limits
Definition of a Limit
Algebra of Limits
One-Sided Limit
Infinite Limits
Limits at Infinity
Limits of Trigonometric Functions
Limits
Definition (1.1. Definition of the Limit of a Function)
Let f be a function defined at every number in some open interval
containing a, except possibly at the number a itself. The limit of
a function f (x) as x approaches a is L, written as
lim f (x) = L, if this statement is true
xa
.
Given any > 0, however small, there exists a > 0 such that if
0 < |x a| < then |f (x) L| < .
mctlagura
LIMITS
Limits
Definition of a Limit
Algebra of Limits
One-Sided Limit
Infinite Limits
Limits at Infinity
Limits of Trigonometric Functions
mctlagura
LIMITS
Limits
Definition of a Limit
Algebra of Limits
One-Sided Limit
Infinite Limits
Limits at Infinity
Limits of Trigonometric Functions
xa
mctlagura
LIMITS
Limits
Definition of a Limit
Algebra of Limits
One-Sided Limit
Infinite Limits
Limits at Infinity
Limits of Trigonometric Functions
xa
xa
mctlagura
LIMITS
Limits
Definition of a Limit
Algebra of Limits
One-Sided Limit
Infinite Limits
Limits at Infinity
Limits of Trigonometric Functions
xa
xa
mctlagura
LIMITS
Limits
Definition of a Limit
Algebra of Limits
One-Sided Limit
Infinite Limits
Limits at Infinity
Limits of Trigonometric Functions
xa
xa
xa
xa
mctlagura
LIMITS
Limits
Definition of a Limit
Algebra of Limits
One-Sided Limit
Infinite Limits
Limits at Infinity
Limits of Trigonometric Functions
xa
xa
xa
xa
xa
mctlagura
LIMITS
Limits
Definition of a Limit
Algebra of Limits
One-Sided Limit
Infinite Limits
Limits at Infinity
Limits of Trigonometric Functions
xa
xa
xa
xa
xa
mctlagura
LIMITS
Limits
Definition of a Limit
Algebra of Limits
One-Sided Limit
Infinite Limits
Limits at Infinity
Limits of Trigonometric Functions
lim [f (x)]n = Ln .
xa
mctlagura
LIMITS
Limits
Definition of a Limit
Algebra of Limits
One-Sided Limit
Infinite Limits
Limits at Infinity
Limits of Trigonometric Functions
xa
lim
xa
f (x)
L
= , if M 6= 0.
g (x)
M
mctlagura
LIMITS
Limits
Definition of a Limit
Algebra of Limits
One-Sided Limit
Infinite Limits
Limits at Infinity
Limits of Trigonometric Functions
xa
lim
xa
f (x)
L
= , if M 6= 0.
g (x)
M
lim
xa
n
n
f (x) = L,
if n is even, L > 0.
mctlagura
LIMITS
Limits
Definition of a Limit
Algebra of Limits
One-Sided Limit
Infinite Limits
Limits at Infinity
Limits of Trigonometric Functions
Theorem (1.12)
If a is any real number except zero, then
lim
xa
mctlagura
1
1
=
x
a
LIMITS
Limits
Definition of a Limit
Algebra of Limits
One-Sided Limit
Infinite Limits
Limits at Infinity
Limits of Trigonometric Functions
Theorem (1.12)
If a is any real number except zero, then
lim
xa
1
1
=
x
a
Theorem (1.13)
If a > 0 and n is a positive integer, or if a 0 and n is an odd
positive integer, then
p
n
lim n f (x) = L
xa
mctlagura
LIMITS
Limits
Definition of a Limit
Algebra of Limits
One-Sided Limit
Infinite Limits
Limits at Infinity
Limits of Trigonometric Functions
Example:
Find the following limit and indicate the limit theorems being
applied:
1
lim x 2 + 7x 5
x3
mctlagura
LIMITS
Limits
Definition of a Limit
Algebra of Limits
One-Sided Limit
Infinite Limits
Limits at Infinity
Limits of Trigonometric Functions
Example:
Find the following limit and indicate the limit theorems being
applied:
1
lim x 2 + 7x 5
x3
q
3
2
lim x x+2x+3
2 +5
x2
mctlagura
LIMITS
Limits
Definition of a Limit
Algebra of Limits
One-Sided Limit
Infinite Limits
Limits at Infinity
Limits of Trigonometric Functions
Example:
Find the following limit and indicate the limit theorems being
applied:
1
lim x 2 + 7x 5
x3
q
3
2
lim x x+2x+3
2 +5
x2
lim (3x 7)
x5
mctlagura
LIMITS
Limits
Definition of a Limit
Algebra of Limits
One-Sided Limit
Infinite Limits
Limits at Infinity
Limits of Trigonometric Functions
Example:
Find the following limit and indicate the limit theorems being
applied:
1
lim x 2 + 7x 5
x3
q
3
2
lim x x+2x+3
2 +5
x2
lim (3x 7)
lim 8r + 1r + 3
x5
4
r 1
mctlagura
LIMITS
Limits
Definition of a Limit
Algebra of Limits
One-Sided Limit
Infinite Limits
Limits at Infinity
Limits of Trigonometric Functions
Example:
Find the following limit and indicate the limit theorems being
applied:
1
lim x 2 + 7x 5
x3
q
3
2
lim x x+2x+3
2 +5
x2
lim (3x 7)
lim 8r + 1r + 3
x5
4
r 1
5
x 2 49
x7 x7
lim
mctlagura
LIMITS
Limits
Definition of a Limit
Algebra of Limits
One-Sided Limit
Infinite Limits
Limits at Infinity
Limits of Trigonometric Functions
Exploration:
x2
Given a function g (x) = x4
. Use a calculator to tabulate to four
decimal places values of g (x) when x is 3, 3.5, 3.9, 3.99, 3.999 and
when x is 5, 4.5, 4.1, 4.01, 4.001. What does g (x) appear to be
approaching as x approaches 4? Confirm the answer analytically by
computing lim g (x) and indicate the limit theorems being applied.
x4
mctlagura
LIMITS
Limits
Definition of a Limit
Algebra of Limits
One-Sided Limit
Infinite Limits
Limits at Infinity
Limits of Trigonometric Functions
if for any > 0, however small, there exists > 0 such that if
0 < x a < then |f (x) L| < .
mctlagura
LIMITS
Limits
Definition of a Limit
Algebra of Limits
One-Sided Limit
Infinite Limits
Limits at Infinity
Limits of Trigonometric Functions
if for any > 0, however small, there exists > 0 such that if
0 < a x < then |f (x) L| < .
Theorem (1.16)
lim f (x) exists and is equal to L if and only if lim f (x) = L and
xa
xa
xa
mctlagura
LIMITS
Limits
Definition of a Limit
Algebra of Limits
One-Sided Limit
Infinite Limits
Limits at Infinity
Limits of Trigonometric Functions
Examples:
Sketch the graph of each function. Find lim g (x) if it exists. (i.e.
x0
x0
(
|x|,
Let g be defined by g (x) =
2,
mctlagura
LIMITS
if x 6= 0,
if x = 0.
Limits
Definition of a Limit
Algebra of Limits
One-Sided Limit
Infinite Limits
Limits at Infinity
Limits of Trigonometric Functions
Examples:
Sketch the graph of each function. Find lim g (x) if it exists. (i.e.
x0
x0
(
|x|, if
Let g be defined by g (x) =
2,
if
(
4 x 2,
Let h be defined by h(x) =
2 + x 2,
mctlagura
LIMITS
x=
6 0,
x = 0.
if x 1,
if 1 < x.
Limits
Definition of a Limit
Algebra of Limits
One-Sided Limit
Infinite Limits
Limits at Infinity
Limits of Trigonometric Functions
Examples:
Sketch the graph of each function. Find lim g (x) if it exists. (i.e.
x0
x0
(
|x|, if
Let g be defined by g (x) =
2,
if
(
4 x 2,
Let h be defined by h(x) =
2 + x 2,
Let f be defined by f (x) =
mctlagura
|x3|
x3 .
LIMITS
x=
6 0,
x = 0.
if x 1,
if 1 < x.
Limits
Definition of a Limit
Algebra of Limits
One-Sided Limit
Infinite Limits
Limits at Infinity
Limits of Trigonometric Functions
Examples:
Sketch the graph of each function. Find lim g (x) if it exists. (i.e.
x0
x0
(
|x|, if
Let g be defined by g (x) =
2,
if
(
4 x 2,
Let h be defined by h(x) =
2 + x 2,
x=
6 0,
x = 0.
|x3|
x3 .
x+ 5,
Let f be defined by f (x) =
9 x 2,
3 x,
mctlagura
if x 1,
if 1 < x.
LIMITS
if x < 3,
if 3 x 3,
if 3 < x.
Limits
Definition of a Limit
Algebra of Limits
One-Sided Limit
Infinite Limits
Limits at Infinity
Limits of Trigonometric Functions
xa
mctlagura
LIMITS
Limits
Definition of a Limit
Algebra of Limits
One-Sided Limit
Infinite Limits
Limits at Infinity
Limits of Trigonometric Functions
xa
mctlagura
LIMITS
Limits
Definition of a Limit
Algebra of Limits
One-Sided Limit
Infinite Limits
Limits at Infinity
Limits of Trigonometric Functions
Theorem (1.19)
If r is any positive integer, then
1
lim 1r
x0+ x
= +
mctlagura
LIMITS
Limits
Definition of a Limit
Algebra of Limits
One-Sided Limit
Infinite Limits
Limits at Infinity
Limits of Trigonometric Functions
Theorem (1.19)
If r is any positive integer, then
1
lim 1r
x0+ x
lim
x0
1
xr
= +
(
,
=
+,
if r is odd,
if r is even.
mctlagura
LIMITS
Limits
Definition of a Limit
Algebra of Limits
One-Sided Limit
Infinite Limits
Limits at Infinity
Limits of Trigonometric Functions
Example
1
f (x) =
1
x 2 +x+2
x 2 2x3
lim f (x)
x3+
2
lim f (x)
x3
mctlagura
LIMITS
Limits
Definition of a Limit
Algebra of Limits
One-Sided Limit
Infinite Limits
Limits at Infinity
Limits of Trigonometric Functions
Example
1
f (x) =
1
x 2 +x+2
x 2 2x3
lim f (x)
x3+
2
lim f (x)
x3
f (x) =
x 2 4
x2 .
mctlagura
LIMITS
Limits
Definition of a Limit
Algebra of Limits
One-Sided Limit
Infinite Limits
Limits at Infinity
Limits of Trigonometric Functions
Example
1
f (x) =
1
x 2 +x+2
x 2 2x3
lim f (x)
x3+
2
lim f (x)
x3
f (x) =
g (x) =
x 2 4
x2 .
4x 2
x2 .
mctlagura
LIMITS
Limits
Definition of a Limit
Algebra of Limits
One-Sided Limit
Infinite Limits
Limits at Infinity
Limits of Trigonometric Functions
x+
if for any > 0, however small, there exists a number N > 0 such
that if x > N then |f (x) L| < .
mctlagura
LIMITS
Limits
Definition of a Limit
Algebra of Limits
One-Sided Limit
Infinite Limits
Limits at Infinity
Limits of Trigonometric Functions
if for any > 0, however small, there exists a number N < 0 such
that if x < N then |f (x) L| < .
mctlagura
LIMITS
Limits
Definition of a Limit
Algebra of Limits
One-Sided Limit
Infinite Limits
Limits at Infinity
Limits of Trigonometric Functions
Theorem (1.22)
If r is any positive integer, then
1
lim 1r
x+ x
=0
mctlagura
LIMITS
Limits
Definition of a Limit
Algebra of Limits
One-Sided Limit
Infinite Limits
Limits at Infinity
Limits of Trigonometric Functions
Theorem (1.22)
If r is any positive integer, then
1
lim 1r
x+ x
lim 1r
x x
=0
=0
mctlagura
LIMITS
Limits
Definition of a Limit
Algebra of Limits
One-Sided Limit
Infinite Limits
Limits at Infinity
Limits of Trigonometric Functions
Examples:
Find the limit lim f (x) then support your answer graphically.
1
f (x) =
f (x) =
g (x) =
x+
4x3
2x+5
2x 2 x+5
4x 3 1
3x+4
2x 2 5
mctlagura
LIMITS
Limits
Definition of a Limit
Algebra of Limits
One-Sided Limit
Infinite Limits
Limits at Infinity
Limits of Trigonometric Functions
Theorem
With angles measured in radians
1
lim
x0
sin x
x
= 1,
mctlagura
LIMITS
Limits
Definition of a Limit
Algebra of Limits
One-Sided Limit
Infinite Limits
Limits at Infinity
Limits of Trigonometric Functions
Theorem
With angles measured in radians
1
x0
lim
sin x
x
lim
1cos x
x
x0
= 1,
= 0,
mctlagura
LIMITS
Limits
Definition of a Limit
Algebra of Limits
One-Sided Limit
Infinite Limits
Limits at Infinity
Limits of Trigonometric Functions
Theorem
With angles measured in radians
1
x0
lim
sin x
x
lim
1cos x
x
x0
3
= 1,
= 0,
x0
mctlagura
LIMITS
Limits
Definition of a Limit
Algebra of Limits
One-Sided Limit
Infinite Limits
Limits at Infinity
Limits of Trigonometric Functions
Theorem
With angles measured in radians
1
x0
lim
sin x
x
lim
1cos x
x
x0
3
= 1,
= 0,
x0
4
lim cos x = 1.
x0
mctlagura
LIMITS
Limits
Definition of a Limit
Algebra of Limits
One-Sided Limit
Infinite Limits
Limits at Infinity
Limits of Trigonometric Functions
Examples:
Find lim
x0
tan x
x .
mctlagura
LIMITS
Limits
Definition of a Limit
Algebra of Limits
One-Sided Limit
Infinite Limits
Limits at Infinity
Limits of Trigonometric Functions
Examples:
tan x
. Solution:
x0 x
lim tanx x = lim sinx x cos1 x
x0
x0
Find lim
=1
mctlagura
1
1
= 1.
LIMITS