2 GENERAL TYPES OF PAVEMENT

RIGID PAVEMENT
A rigid pavement is constructed from cement concrete or
reinforced concrete slabs. Grouted concrete roads are in
the category of semi-rigid pavements.
The design of rigid pavement is based on providing a
structural cement concrete slab of sufficient strength to
resists the loads from traffic. The rigid pavement has rigidity and high modulus of elasticity to distribute the load over
a relatively wide area of soil.

FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
Flexible pavement can be defined as the one consisting of
a mixture of asphaltic or bituminous material and aggregates placed on a bed of compacted granular material of
appropriate quality in layers over the subgrade. Water
bound macadam roads and stabilized soil roads with or
without asphaltic toppings are examples of flexible pavements.

The design of flexible pavement is based on the principle

that for a load of any magnitude, the intensity of a load diminishes as the load is transmitted downwards from the
surface by virtue of spreading over an increasingly larger
area, by carrying it deep enough into the ground through
successive layers of granular material.

Difference between Flexible Pavements and

Rigid Pavements:
Flexible Pavement

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It consists of a series of layers with the

highest quality materials at or near the surface of pavement.
It reflects the deformations of sub grade
and subsequent layers on the surface.
Its stability depends upon the aggregate
interlock, particle friction and cohesion.
Pavement design is greatly influenced by
the sub grade strength.
It functions by a way of load distribution
through the component layers
Temperature variations due to change in
atmospheric conditions do not produce
stresses in flexible pavements.
Flexible pavements have self healing properties due to heavier wheel loads are recoverable due to some extent.

Rigid Pavement
It consists of one layer Portland cement concrete
slab or relatively high flexural strength.
It is able to bridge over localized failures and area
of inadequate support.
Its structural strength is provided by the pavement slab itself by its beam action.
Flexural strength of concrete is a major factor for
design.
It distributes load over a wide area of sub grade
because of its rigidity and high modulus of elasticity.
Temperature changes induce heavy stresses in
rigid pavements.
Any excessive deformations occurring due to
heavier wheel loads are not recoverable, i.e. settlements are permanent.

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS NEEDED FOR HIGHWAY

Air-truck drill
A drilling machine for quarry or opencast blasting,
equipped with tracks and operated by independent air
motors.

Chip Spreader
A chip spreader lays down the aggregate on top of a bituminous binder which is then rolled by a compactor.

Cold Planer
Is a machine used to remove bituminous pavement or asphalt concrete from roadways, resulting in a somewhat
rough, even surface that can be immediately opened to
traffic.

Vibratory Steel Drum compactor

Vibratory roller compactor is used to compact soil, gravel,
concrete, or asphalt in the construction of roads and foundations. It is widely used to compress the surface being
rolled to ensure a smooth, even surface. Vibratory rollers
are widely used for compacting asphalt pavements because they achieve the required densities faster.

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS NEEDED FOR HIGHWAY

Pneumatic tired roller

Pneumatic tire compactors are used on small to medium
size compaction jobs, primarily on bladed, granular base
materials. Pneumatics are not suited for high production,
thick lift embankment compaction projects.

Padded Drum Compactor

Is usually applied to compact soil, gravel, concrete, or asphalt in the construction of roads and foundations. The
pads are involute to walk out of the lift without fluffing the
soil and tapered to help clean themselves.

Concrete Plant
A plant that combines various ingredients to form concrete. Some of these inputs include sand, water, aggregate
(rocks, gravel, etc.), fly ash, potash, and cement.

Curb Machine
It takes concrete and creates a continuous curb and gutter.

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS NEEDED FOR HIGHWAY

Cone Crusher
It breaks rock by squeezing the rock between an eccentrically gyrating spindle which is covered by a wear resistant
mantle. As rock enters the top, it becomes wedged and
squeezed between the mantle and the bowl. Large pieces
are broken once, and then fall to a lower position where
they are broken again.

Jaw or toggle crusher

Consists of a set of vertical jaws, one jaw being fixed and
the other being moved back and forth relative to it by a
cam or pitman mechanism. The jaws are farther apart at
the top than at the bottom, forming a tapered chute so
that the material is crushed progressively smaller and
smaller as it travels downward until it is small enough to
escape from the bottom opening.

Motor grader
Is a machine with a long blade used to create a flat surface. Graders are commonly used in the construction and
maintenance of dirt roads and gravel roads. In the construction of paved roads they are used to prepare the base
course to create a wide flat surface for the asphalt to be
placed on.

Paver
Is a machine used to lay asphalt on roadways. It is normally fed by a dump truck which brings hot asphalt.