Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
12 Antibodies (cont.)
Nature of Antibodies
a.Gamma globulins
(immunoglobulins
b.MW between 170,000
and 970,000 c.Make up
20% of all the plasma
proteins d.Consist of
heavy and light
polypeptide chains
e.Have variable and
constant regions
13 Antibodies (cont.)
Fig. 34.4 Structure of
the typical IgG antibody
14 Antibodies (cont.)
Specificity of
Antibodies-each
antibody is specific for
a particular antigen K a
is the affinity constant
and a measure of how
tightly the antibody
binds to the antigen
15 Antibodies (cont.)
Classes of Antibodies
ClassStructureLocation
MWHalf-Life In Serum
Function IgG
MonomerBlood, Lymph,
Intestine 170,00023
days Phagocytosis,
neutralization, crosses
placenta IgM
PentamerBlood, Lymph,
B cell surface 970,0005
days Primary response,
phagocytosis,
agglutination IgA
DimerSecretions405,00
06 days Mucosal ab IgD
MonomerB cell surface
175,0003 days Surface
Ig on B cells IgE
MonomerCell bound to
mast cells and
basophils 190,0002
days Allergic
Reactions,para sitic
reactions
16 Antibodies (cont.)
Mechanism of Action of
Antibodies (Direct)
a.Agglutination
b.Precipitation
c.Neutralization d.Lysis
17 Antibodies (cont.)
Mechanism of Action of
Antibodies (Indirect)the Complement
System Fig. 34.6
18 Antibodies (cont.)
Classic Pathway
a.Opsonization and
phagocytosis b.Lysis
c.Agglutination
d.Neutralization of
viruses e.Chemostaxis
f.Activation of mast
cells and basophils
g.Inflammatory effects
19 Activated T Cells
and Cell-Mediated
Immunity Release of
Activated T Cells From
Lymphoid Tissue and
Formation of Memory
Cells APCs, MHC
Proteins, and Antigen
Receptors on T
lymphocytes
20 Activated T Cells
and CMI (cont.) Fig.
34.7 Activation of T
cells requires
interaction of T cell
receptors with an
antigen that is
transported to the
surface of the APC by a
MHC protein.
21 Types of T Cells
Helper T CellsRole in
Overall Regulation of
Immunity a.Production
of lymphokines (i.e.
interleukins 2,3,4,5,6
and gamma interferon)
b.Specific regulatory
functions of the
lymphokines
c.Stimulation of growth
and proliferation of
cytotoxic T cells and
suppressor T cells
d.Stimulation of B cell
growth and
differentiation to form
plasma cells and
antibodies
22 Types of T Cells
(cont.) Helper T Cells
Role in Overall
Regulation of Immunity
(cont.) e. Activation of
the macrophage
system f. Feedback
stimulatory effect on
the helper cells
themselves
23 Types of T Cells
(cont.) Fig. 34.8
Regulation of the
immune system
24 Types of T Cells
(cont.) Cytotoxic T Cells
are Killer Cells Fig.
34.9 Direct destruction
of an invading cell by
sensitize T cytotoxic
cells
25 Types of T Cells
(cont.) Suppressor T
Cells a.Can suppress
the functions of both T
helper and T cytotoxic
cells b.Regulatory cells
prevent excessive
immune reactions that
might be damaging to
the host
26 Tolerance Tolerance
to Ones Own Tissues
Results from Clone
Selection During
Preprocessing Failure
Leads to Autoimmune
Diseases a.Rheumatic
fever
b.Glomerulonephritis
c.Myasthenia gravis
d.Systemic lupus
erythematosus (SLE)
27 Immunization
Active Immunity
a.Artificially acquired
b.Naturally acquired
Passive Immunity
a.Artificially acquired
b.Naturally acquired
28 Allergy and
Hypersensitivity Type I
Hypersensitivity (IgE
antibody mediated)
a.Anaphylaxis
b.Urticaria c.Hay fever
d.Mast cell involvement
and histamine Type II
Hypersensitivity
(Cytotoxic reactions)
Type III Hypersensitivity
(Immune complex)
Type IV Hypersensitivity
(Delayed cell mediated)