Blaine

Ryan Blaine
Karen Tucker
ENC 2135
18 July 2016
Section 1:
My research question for this research paper is Why do people sleep? There is a very
long list of reasons as to why this topic interests me. Most of them were basic, before starting
research. Such as, why do people sleep? Why do we need it? Why do we get tired and sleep?
How does sleep help us? And things like that. Now, since Ive started research on the topic, my
questions arent so superficial anymore, now they are more along the lines of, what is a
circadian rhythm and what does is have it do with humans and sleep? Im honestly just hoping
to learn more about why people sleep as well as factors relating to sleep and why it can be
beneficial.

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Section 2:
Works Cited
Cheri D. Mah, MS, et al. "Effects of Sleep Extension on the Athletic Performance of Collegiate
Basketball Players." SLEEP 34.07 (2011): 943-950. Web.
A study done at the Stanford Sleep Disorders Clinic and Research Laboratory was done to
investigate the effects of sleep extension on collegiate basketball players exactly how it
sounds, extending the time an individual sleeps over multiple weeks to measure athletic
performance, reaction time, mood, and if the individuals felt sluggish or sleepy during the
day. Eleven healthy varsity basketball players at Stanford University maintained their
normal habitual sleep-wake schedule for a 2-4 week baseline by a 5-7 week extension
period. Sleep extension trials were meant as a minimum 10 hours of sleep each night. The
results showed that subjects demonstrated a faster timed spring following sleep extension, as
well as shooting accuracy being improved, free throw percentage increasing by 9% average
and 3 point percentages increasing 9.2% on average. In addition to that, the fatigue
subscales were decreased, meaning that the athlete didnt get fatigued as quickly, along with
physical and mental well-being during practices and games.
Dobing, Selina, et al. "Sleep Quality and Factors Influencing Self-Reported Sleep Duration and
Quality in the General Internal Medicine Inpatient Population." PLoS ONE 11.6 (2016): 1-6.
Web.
This study was conducted by the Department of Medicine at the University of Alberta,
Canada. General Internal Medicine patients at a quaternary center in Edmonton completed a
survey to characterize their previous nights sleep within 48 hours prior to discharge.

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Through these surveys, the data showed that patients reported significantly worse nighttime
sleep duration in hospitals compared with sleep at home. Sleep quality was considered poor
via the Verran-Snyder Halpern questionnaire which measures disturbance, effectiveness and
supplementation subscales. This article shows how hospitals, known to make and help
people get better, are actually hindering their natural ability to sleep and naturally heal.
HajSalem, Mohamed, et al. "Effects of Partial Sleep Deprivation at the End of the Night on
Anaerobic Performances in Judokas." Biological Rhythm Research 44.5 (2013): 815-21.
Web.
This article discusses the effect of partial sleep deprivation at the end of the night (PDSE) on
anaerobic performance during the Wingate test which measures peak and mean power
outputs and the hand grip test in judokas. The order of participants was randomized and
each individual performed two sessions after a normal nights sleep or a PSDE. The tests
were conducted before and after a judo match to test perceived and actual exertion. The
results show that strength in peak power and mean power output were significantly
decreased, but during the handgrip test, results were not significantly affected.
Hirschie Johnson, Carl, Jeffrey A. Elliott, and Russell Foster. "Entrainment of Circadian
Programs." Chronobiology International 20.5 (2003): 741-74. Web.
This article discusses what entrainment is and how it is the big three property that is most
essential to our key function; a clock providing an internal estimate of external local time.
The human body is able to estimate local time, because the internal timekeeper must be
entrained, or synchronized, to the 24-hour environmental cycle. This article helps to shed

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tons of information into the circadian rhythms, how they work, how they become entrained,
and the factors that entrain them.
Huang, Vivian, et al. "Subjective Sleep Quality as a Possible Mediator in the Relationship
between Personality Traits and Depressive Symptoms in Middle-Aged Adults." PLoS ONE
11.6 (2016): 1-18. Web.
This article discusses a study exploring the mediating role of sleep in the relationship
between personality traits and depressive symptoms in a group of community dwelling men
and women. Participants completed the short form NEO Five Factor Inventory PSQ and
CES-D scale. Overall, the sample reported low sleep impairment and only24 participants
reported sleep apnea and 15-reported restless leg syndrome. This article is relevant because
it shows how sleep can combat depression as well as bring out positive personality traits and
suppress negative traits.
Libman, Eva, et al. "Refreshing Sleep and Sleep Continuity Determine Perceived Sleep Quality."
Sleep Disorders (2016): 1-10. Web.
This article discusses the findings of the two studies and how they show remarkable
consistency in appraisals of sleep quality across the samples. The most important
components in all cases were feeling refreshed in the morning and good sleep continuity,
which characterized perceived good sleep quality, and feeling unrefreshed in the morning
characterized poor sleep quality. This article gives great insight into how people feel when
they wake and how it equates to how well they actually slept.

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Lopez, Nadia, et al. "Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Cognitive Performance by United States
Air Force Pilots." Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition 1.1 (2012): 27-33.
Web.
This study examined the effects of 35 hours of continuous sleep deprivation on performance
in a variety of cognitive tasks as well as a simulated flight. This test took 10 United States
Air Force pilots, had them complete the MATB, PVT and OSPAN along with simulated
flights at 3 hour intervals up to 35 hours. Performance declined on all tests after about 18-20
hours. This article gives great insight into the effects of sleep deprivation on cognitive
performance.
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. "Brain Basics: Understanding Sleep."
July 25, 2014 2014. Web. National Institute of Health.
<http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/brain_basics/understanding_sleep.htm>.
This web site is published by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, so
it is a reputable source. This website discusses how sleep is a dynamic activity, how much
sleep is generally needed, what sleep does for the human body, dreaming and REM sleep,
sleep and circadian rhythms, sleep and disease, sleep disorders, as well as tips for a good
nights sleep.
National Sleep Foundation. "Sleep Disorders Problems." 2016. Web. Sleep.org.
<https://sleepfoundation.org/sleep-disorders-problems>.
This web page is published by the National Sleep Foundation and has information that can
be backed up and referenced with science. The article discusses nightmares and sleep, REM

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sleep behavior disorder, sleep talking and walking, disorders with circadian rhythms,
delayed phase sleep disorder, and a bunch of sleep disorders and problems can arise like
narcolepsy.
Sara G. Miller. "The Spooky Effects of Sleep Deprivation." October 27, 2015 2015. Web.
<http://www.livescience.com/52592-spooky-effects-sleep-deprivation.html>.
This article is published on livescience.com and is a semi scientific website, known for
having a more watered down approach to science. This website references David Dinges, a
professor of psychology and director of the Unit for Experimental Psychiatry at the
University of Pennsylvania. The article talks about how emotions can change and how it is
unethical to coercively deprive someone of sleep. Studies show that just a single night of
sleep deprivation lead a person to have micro-sleeps the next day, which is a mini snooze
session, and the person stops processing information and is essentially blind and deaf,
uncontrollably.

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Section 3:
My research is pretty thorough in my opinion, I have a pretty well detailed annotated
bibliography, which will definitely help me to find information and write my paper in an
organized and relatively quick fashion. I dont see any gaps in my research because I was
able to find information and studies in all facets of the topic that I was looking for,
thankfully. All across the subject whether it be the different types of sleep to dreaming to
how sleep effects the body cognitive and physical performance wise. I am confident that I
will have a solid and well-researched paper.