Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
CEFH
Centre for Philosophical and Humanistic Studies
Braga
2016
Cover photograph:
Cars and a truck created by a six-year-old boy, Lahfart (Sidi Ifni), Amazigh,
Morocco, 2005, photo by the author.
Contents
Collection: Saharan and North-African Toy and Play Cultures
Introduction
Map of Morocco
Map of Tunisian Sahara
13
14
15
16
16
20
39
41
43
44
51
Photographers
54
References
54
57
Collection:
Saharan and North African Toy and Play Cultures
Engaged since 1975 in research on games and toys and later on in experiments
in the field of intercultural education based on this research, the idea slowly
matured to create a collection called Saharan and North African Toy and Play
Cultures. A toy and play culture that rightly should be part of the cultural
heritage of humanity, just as the masterpieces of art and architecture.
An attempt to create such a collection for the International Council for
Children's Play was supported by Andr Michelet, director of the Centre
d'Etudes Roland Houdon at Saran, France, with the publication of my book Jeux
et jouets sahariens et nord-africains: poupes - jeux de poupes in 1993. As the
Centre d'Etudes Roland Houdon stopped its publishing activities soon
afterwards, this attempt was prematurely broken off.
In 1999 the Nordic Center for Research on Toys and Educational Media
published on its website the first English and French HTML versions of
Children's dolls and doll play, and of the Commented bibliography on play,
games and toys. A final version of these books and of The animal world in play,
games and toys were published by the Stockholm International Toy Research
Center in 2005.
In 2008 the volume Saharan and North African Toy and Play Cultures.
Domestic life in play, games and toys, and the French version of this book, have
been published on the Internet by the same Centre.
As the Stockholm International Toy Research Center which edited my books
beforehand has been closed in 2011, the book Saharan and North African Toy
and Play Cultures. Technical activities in play, games and toys was edited by
the Centre for Philosophical and Humanistic Studies of the Faculty of
Philosophy of the Catholic University of Portugal.
In January 2015 I began to write a series of catalogs to provide access to
interested researchers and other persons to the about 1250 toys and other
playthings which I donated to museums and socio-cultural associations.
Academia.edu: https://independent.academia.edu/JeanPierreRossie
Scribd: https://www.scribd.com/jean_pierre_rossie
the authors website: http://www.sanatoyplay.org
Childrens dolls and doll play, 2005, 328 p., 163 ill.
The animal world in play, games and toys, 2005, 219 p., 107 ill.
Domestic life in play, games and toys, 2008, 438 p., 410 ill.
Commented bibliography on play, games and toys, 2011, 72 p.
Technical activities in play, games and toys, 2013, 360 p., 350 ill.
Make-believe among children of the Moroccan Anti-Atlas, 2016, anticipated
publication, 284 p., 303 ill.
Donation to Centro per la Cultura Ludica in Turin, 2015, 93 p., 179 ill.
Donation to Muse du Jouet de Moirans-en-Montagne, first part: dolls and
toy animals, 2015, 72 p., 127 ill.
Donation to Muse du Jouet de Moirans-en-Montagne, second part: toys
related to domestic life, 2015, 72 p., 110 ill.
Donation to Muse du Jouet de Moirans-en-Montagne, third part: toys
related to technical activities and games of skill, 2016, 57 p., 76 ill.
Introduction
10
11
12
Even if the conservation of these toys is guaranteed by the museums, those
who want to check my analyzes and interpretations would be obliged to go there
and to work in the reserves, something which quickly becomes expensive
especially when one lives in a foreign country, for example in North Africa
where researchers also find themselves facing visa problems.
Another aspect is related to the ethnographic method based on participatory
research whereby it becomes difficult if not impossible to replicate my research
because of the evolution of children's culture. The evolution of the Moroccan
and Saharan rural communities under the influence of consumerism and
globalization pushes children to abandon the local play and toy tradition and to
turn towards what the toy and entertainment industries offer them.
Moreover, a recent publication How to Make More Published Research True
(Ioannidis 2014) stresses the need to register and share data, protocols,
materials, software and other tools to make more truthful published research. By
publishing on the internet this written and visual documentation of Moroccan
and Saharan children's toys, I hope to participate in this effort.
In the same effort to make available the data and to promote knowledge and
appreciation of these children's cultures, I developed a digitized database of
Saharan, North African and Amazigh toy and play cultures. This database will
facilitate the study and use of this heritage for researchers and interested
persons. It is planned that it will become available in some museums and
research centers worldwide.
This catalog is the last one on the donation to the Muse du Jouet de
Moirans-en-Montagne. It will be followed by a volume on the toys donated to
other museums or sociocultural organizations.
13
The geographical terms are indicated on two maps, a map of Morocco and a
map of the Tunisian Sahara with the habitat of the Ghrib population (p. 14).
14
G.J.M. Claus
15
16
556
422
17
557. Slingshot, 1997, fig. 6, p. 59, Ksar Assaka (Midelt), Amazigh, Morocco.
557
422
558. Folding knife in reed, 1995, fig. 20, p. 70, Midelt, Amazigh, Morocco, L =
25 cm.
559. Folding knife in reed, 1995, fig. 20, p. 70, Midelt, Amazigh, Morocco, L =
25 cm.
560. Cross-guard sword made with the handle of an old brush, 1997, fig. 25, p.
73, Midelt, Amazigh, Morocco, L = 59 cm.
561. Wooden cross-guard sword, 1997, fig. 25, p. 76, Midelt, Amazigh,
Morocco, L = 48 cm.
560
561
18
562. Cross-guard sword in reed, 1997, fig. 26, p. 74, Midelt, Amazigh,
Morocco, L = 47 cm.
562
422
566. rifle in reed for the Fantasia, 2005, fig. 35, p. 79, Igsel, Amazigh,
Morocco, 2005, L = 63 cm.
566
422
19
567. Plastic water revolver (industrial fabrication), 2001, fig. 62, p. 95, Lahfart,
Amazigh, Morocco, L = 17 cm.
567
422
568. Set of plastic weapons to play policeman, imported from China, 2005, fig.
60, p. 94, Tan-Tan, Morocco.
568
422
20
570. Skateboard, 2005, fig. 74-77, p. 105-106, Sidi Ifni, Amazigh, Morocco, L
= 56 cm.
570
422
21
571. Moto-Ramadan, 1995, fig. 98, p. 120, Ksar Assaka, Amazigh, Morocco,
L = 41 cm.
571
422
572. Motorbike with biker, 1999, fig. 99, p. 121, Zada, Amazigh, Morocco,
H = 10 cm, L = 16 cm.
572
422
22
573. Voiture en folioles de palmier, 1992, fig. 193, p. 175, Morocco Central.
573
422
574. Wooden car, 1999, fig. 133, p. 138, Zada, Amazigh, Morocco, L = 13 cm.
574
422
23
575. Car with two wheels and and a steering wheel made with the upper part of
a can of oil, fig. 127, p. 135, Midelt, Morocco, H = 136.
575
422
576-578
422
24
580. Small car with two wheels and a steering wheel, 2001, fig. 174, p. 161,
Lahfart, Amazigh, Morocco, H = 25 cm.
581. Car made with a yoghurt pot and having two wheels, 2001, fig. 174, p.
161, Lahfart, Amazigh, Morocco, H = 4.5 cm.
580
422
581
25
582. Big car with two wheels and a steering wheel, 2001, fig. 175-177, p. 161162, Lahfart, Amazigh, Morocco, H = 148 cm.
582
422
583. Big car with two wheels and a steering wheel, 2005, fig. 134-136, p. 139,
Igsel, Amazigh, Morocco, H = 163 cm.
584. Big car with two wheels and a steering wheel, 2005, fig. 184-186, p. 165,
Sbouya region, Amazigh, Morocco, H+ = 120 cm.
26
583
422
584
422
585. Car with one wheel of tinplate, 1999, fig. 124-125, p. 134, Midelt,
Amazigh, Morocco, L = 130 cm.
586. Car with two rubber wheels, 1999, fig. 129-130, p.137, Tataouine,
Amazigh, Morocco, H = 86 cm.
587. Car with a steering wheel made of iron wire and with two rubber wheels,
1999, fig. 129-130, p.137, Tataouine, Amazigh, Morocco, H = 122 cm.
27
585
422
586
422
587
422
28
588. Car made with a reed and with two wheels of rubber, 1999, fig. 131-132,
p. 137, Tataouine, Amazigh, Morocco, 105 cm.
589. Car made with a reed and with two wheels of rubber, 1999, fig. 131-132,
p. 137, Tataouine, Amazigh, Morocco, H = 104 cm.
588
422
589
422
590. Car with two pieces of cardboard in the plastic box, 1997, Midelt,
Amazigh, Morocco.
591. Car with trailer for luggage, made from two tin cans, 1999, fig. 122-123,
p. 132-133, Midelt, Amazigh, Morocco, L+ car = 19 cm.
592. Car with trailer for luggage, made from two tin cans, 1999, fig. 122-123,
p. 132-133, Midelt, Amazigh, Morocco.
29
591-592
422
593. Car with two white plastic bottles as wheels, 1997, p. 127, Tiddas,
Amazigh, Morocco, L = environ 1.5 m.
594. Car with a steering wheel made of iron wires and steering wheel with a
cross in the circle, 1997, Midelt, Amazigh, Morocco.
595. Tin car made by a girl, 2005, fig. 180, p. 164, Lahfart, Amazigh, Morocco,
L = 13 cm.
595
422
30
596. Car made with a sardines box, 2005, fig. 179, p. 163, Lahfart, Amazigh,
Morocco, L = about 11 cm.
597. Car made with a sardines box, 2005, fig. 179, p. 163, Lahfart, Amazigh.
598. Car made with a sardines box, 2005, fig. 179, p. 163, Lahfart, Amazigh.
596-598
422
599. Car with four seats in polystyrene, 2005, Lahfart, Amazigh, Morocco.
599
422
31
600. Car and caravan, 2005, fig. 151, p. 148, Ikenwn, Amazigh, Morocco,
L+ = 72 cm.
600
422
601. Bus for tourists in polystyrene, 2005, fig. 197, p. 173, Ikenwn, Amazigh,
Morocco, L = 38 cm.
601
422
602. Line shelter modeled in clayish earth, 2001, fig. 198, p. 173, Lahfart,
Amazigh, Morocco, H = 3.8 cm.
602
422
32
603. Truck with a wooden spool used for the front wheels, 1997, fig. 213, p.
184, Midelt, Amazigh, Morocco, H = 108 cm.
603
422
604. Truck with a gray spool used as wheels, 1997, Midelt, Amazigh, Morocco.
605. Truck made with a can of sardines and attached with an iron wire to the
reed, 1999, fig. 214, p. 184, Midelt, Amazigh, Morocco, H = environ 1m.
605
422
33
606. Truck with system to lift loads, 1995, fig. 209-211, p. 181-182, Ksar
Assaka, Amazigh, Morocco.
606
422
607. Trailer truck of tinplate, 1999, fig. 215, p. 185, Midelt, Amazigh,
Morocco, L = 56 cm.
607
422
34
608. Truck made with a large transparent plastic bottle and four rubber pieces
as wheels, 1999, fig. 219, p. 188, Tataouine, Amazigh, Morocco, H = 104
cm, L chassis = 35 cm.
608
422
609. Truck made of a reed, four rubber pieces as wheels and half a can of oil,
1999, fig. 220, p. 188, Tataouine, Amazigh, Morocco, H = 146 cm, L
chassis = 33 cm.
609
422
35
610. Truck made with three cans of sardines superimposed, 2005, fig. 179, p.
163, Lahfart, Amazigh, Morocco, L+ = 11 cm (see fig. 596-598, p. 30).
611. Tanker truck, 2005, Ikenwn, Amazigh, Morocco.
612. Traks (road construction machinery, bulldozer), 2005, fig. 248, p. 210,
Sidi Ifni, Morocco.
612
422
613. Traks (road construction machinery), 2005, fig. 244, p. 206, Ikenwn,
Amazigh, Morocco, L = 8.5 cm.
613
422
36
614. Toy harvester, 2005, fig. 250, p.211, Igsel, Amazigh, Morocco, H = 13
cm.
614
422
615. Paper planes (2), 1996, fig. 270, p. 227, Midelt, Amazigh, Morocco.
615
422
616. Military airplane, 2011, fig. 276, p. 231, Douar Ouaraben, Amazigh,
Morocco, L = 17 cm.
37
616
422
617. Avion militaire, 2011, fig. 277, p. 232, Douar Ouaraben, Amazigh,
Morocco, L = 14 cm.
617
422
38
618. Lacoptr (helicopter), 2005, Sidi Ifni, Morocco.
619. Paper fishing boats (11), 2001, fig. 260, p. 219, Lahfart, Amazigh,
Morocco, L = between 3 cm and 12 cm.
619
422
620. Rocket and catapult, imported from China, Sidi Ifni, Morocco, 2005.
621. Car of the Suret Nationale Marocaine with driver, 2012, Ikenwn,
Amazigh, Morocco.
621
422
39
623. Wooden photo camera, 2005, fig. 305, p. 252, Guelmim, Amazigh,
Morocco, H = 10 cm.
623
422
40
624. Wooden photo camera with recuperated materials, 2005, fig. 306, p. 253,
Igsel, Amazigh, Morocco, L = 9.5 cm.
624
422
625. Cell phone in clayish earth with antenna, 2001, fig. 294, p. 246, Lahfart,
Amazigh, Morocco, H = 8 cm.
625
422
626. Cell phone in clayish earth with antenna, 2001, Lahfart, Amazigh,
Morocco.
41
627. Cell phone in clayish earth, 2005, fig. 296, p. 246, Lahfart, Amazigh,
Morocco, H = 8 cm.
627
422
628. Arrow thrower of reed with a rubber band and a long palm spine, 1975,
fig. 13, p.63, Ghrib, Tunisian Sahara, L = 15 cm.
628
422
42
629. Big truck and trailer made with tin boxes, 1975, Ghrib, Tunisian Sahara.
629
422
630
422
43
44
632. Buzzer or whirligig made with a flattened disc and a thread (9), 1998,
Midelt, Morocco.
632
422
633. Buzzer or whirligig la'ab ou koul (play and eat) and a thread (5), 1999,
Midelt, Morocco.
633
422
45
634. Artisanal wooden spinning top with thread, 1992, Marrakech, Morocco.
634
422
635. Artisanal spinning top with ring and thread, 1994, Rabat, Morocco.
635
422
46
638. Spinning top made with a plastic bottle stopper and a small stick, 1997,
Midelt, Amazigh, Morocco.
638
422
639. Spinning top made with recuperated items (2), 2005, Tan-Tan, Morocco.
639
422
640. Wooden spinning top and red bottle stopper, 2005, Sidi Ifni, Morocco.
641. Plastic spinning top imported from China, 2005, Tan-Tan, Morocco.
47
641
422
642. Toy for creating soap bubbles made with iron wire and a plastic rod, 2000,
Midelt, Morocco.
642
422
643. Plastic set for creating soap bubbles, imported from China, 2005, Tan-Tan,
Morocco.
644. Yoyo made with recuperated items, 2005, Igsel, Amazigh, Morocco.
644
422
48
645. Halters for weight lifting made with clayish earth and a stick, 2001,
Lahfart, Amazigh, Morocco.
645
422
646
422
647. Kite, 2005, Sidi Ifni, Morocco.
648. Paratshi (parachute/kite), 2005, Guelmim, Amazigh, Morocco.
49
648
422
649. Fishing line, 1999, Midelt, Morocco.
650. Plastic packaging Yamuzar for teasing game (inflate, wind up, release),
2000, Midelt, Morocco.
651. Plastic packaging Yamuzar for teasing game (inflate, wind up, release),
2000, Midelt, Morocco.
650
422
651
422
50
654. Set to play the game of sig (eight sticks), 2005, Tan-Tan, Sahrawi,
Morocco.
654
422
51
655
422
656. Sling or pendulum made by the boy's mother (gypsum stone attached to a
braided horsehair or hair thread), 1975, Ghrib, Tunisian Sahara.
656
422
52
657. Tourniquet, 1975, Ghrib, Tunisian Sahara.
657
422
659. Spinning top made of tiny fruit, 1975, Ghrib, Tunisian Sahara.
660. Little mill made with a palm leaf (the spine serving as axle is lacking),
1975, Ghrib, Tunisian Sahara.
661. Little mill made with a palm leaf (the spine serving as axle is lacking),
1975, Ghrib, Tunisian Sahara.
660-661
422
53
662. Oil lamp made with a small box of canned goods and a wick made of a
piece of cloth, 1977, Ghrib, Tunisian Sahara.
662
422
54
Photographers
Khalija Jariaa has taken the photos 616 and 617.
Jean-Pierre Rossie has taken the other photos.
References
The publications of Rossie J-P. (except the one of 2012) are available on:
Academia.edu : https://independent.academia.edu/JeanPierreRossie
Scribd : https://www.scribd.com/jean_pierre_rossie
Sanatoyplay : http://www.sanatoyplay.org (publications)
Claus, G. J. M. (1983). The Pastoral Ghrib of the Northwestern Tunisian
Sahara. Causes and Effects of the Transition from Nomadism to
Sedentariness. In Liber Memorialis Prof. Dr. P.J. Vandenhoute 1913-1978,
Gent : Seminarie voor Etnische Kunst, H.I.K.O, Rijksuniversiteit te Gent,
129-143.
Claus, G. J. M. (1997). Grossesse, naissance et enfance. Us et coutumes chez les
Bdouins Ghrib du Tunisian Sahara. In Conception, naissance et petite
enfance au Maghreb. Les Cahiers de l'IREMAM, 9/10, Aix-en-Provence :
Institut de Recherches et d'Etudes sur le Monde Arabe et Musulman, 181208, ill.
Ioannidis, J. P. A. (2014). How to Make More Published Research True. PLOS
Medicine, Volume 11, Issue 10, p. 1-6, e1001747, doi: 10.1371,
journal.pmed. 1001747 (www.plosmedicine.org) - retrieved on 2015-01-20 from
https://www.academia.edu/s/b2e796fba7e2dd5e44751e9cabbf772c
Magalhes, L. & Rossie J-P. (2014). Children as toy makers and toy users:
Television relevance in Moroccan rural child play. In Childhood Remixed: a
special edition with papers drawn from the international Children and
Childhoods Conference held at UCS, July 2013, Suffolk: Childhood Remixed
Journal, University Campus, February 2014, 112 p., 77-85. Available on:
http://www.ucs.ac.uk/Faculties-and-Centres/Faculty-of-Arts,-Business-and-AppliedSocial-Science/iSEED/Childhood-Remixed-Journal-2014.pdf
Rossie, J-P. (1993). Childrens Play, Generations and Gender with Special
Reference to the Ghrib (Tunisian Sahara). In C. Gougoulis (Ed.), Special
Issue on Childrens Play. Ethnographica, IX, Athens: Peloponnesian Folklore
Foundation, 256, 193-201 (Greek text with the illustrations, 57-69).
55
Rossie, J-P. (2005a). Saharan and North African Toy and Play Cultures.
Children's dolls and doll play. Foreword by Dominique Champault,
Stockholm International Toy Research Centre, Stockholm: Royal Institute of
Technology, 328, 163 ill.
Rossie, J-P. (2005b). Saharan and North African Toy and Play Cultures. The
animal world in play, games and toys. Foreword by Theo van Leeuwen,
Stockholm International Toy Research Centre, Stockholm: Royal Institute of
Technology, 219, 107 ill.
Rossie, J-P. (2006). Feasts and rituals in Moroccan childrens games and
toys. Play & Folklore, 47, Melbourne: Museum Victoria, 3-8, 4 ill. - Review
published on the Internet: http://museumvictoria.com.au/pages/6133/play-andfolklore-issue47-jan2006.pdf
Rossie, J-P. (2008). Saharan and North African Toy and Play Cultures.
Domestic life in play, games and toys. Foreword by Gilles Brougre,
Stockholm International Toy Research Centre, Stockholm: Royal Institute of
Technology, 438 p., 410 ill.
Rossie, J-P. (2011a). Saharan and North African Toy and Play Cultures.
Commented bibliography on play, games and toys. Stockholm International
Toy Research Centre, Stockholm: Royal Institute of Technology, 72.
Rossie, J-P. (2011b). North African and Saharan childrens games of skill.
PowerPoint presentation with 78 slides.
Rossie, J-P. (2012). Material culture in North African childrens play and toy
heritage. In Kate Darian-Smith & Carla Pascoe (eds). Children, Childhood
and Cultural Heritage, Collection: Key Issues in Cultural Heritage, London:
Routledge, 320 p., 270-283, 3 ill.
Rossie, J-P. (2013a). Saharan and North African Toy and Play Cultures.
Technical activities in play, games and toys. Foreword by Sudarshan Khanna,
Braga: Centre for Philosophical and Humanistic Studies, Faculty of
Philosophy, Catholic University of Portugal, 360, 350 ill.
Rossie, J-P. (2013b). Toys, Play, Culture and Society. An anthropological
approach with reference to North Africa and the Sahara. Foreword by Brian
Sutton-Smith, Stockholm International Toy Research Centre, Stockholm:
Royal Institute of Technology, 256, 144 ill. Digitized version of the 2005
edition with the original color photographs.
Rossie, J-P. (2013c). Rves dEnfants. Jeux et Jouets de lAnti-Atlas et du
Sahara : brochure pour lexposition rves denfants Turin. 55, 57 ill.
Rossie, J-P. (2013d). Sand as environment and material in Saharan childrens
play and toy-making activities. Play & Folklore, 60, Victoria, Australia:
Museum Victoria, 4-9, 6 ill. Review published on the Internet:
http://museumvictoria.com.au/pages/50055/play_and_folklore_no60_dec_2013.pdf
56
Rossie, J-P. (2014). Videos on Moroccan childrens play and toys available on
YouTube: References and Notes. 1.12.2014, 33 p. These videos are
available on YouTube channel Sanatoyplay Rossie JP:
https://www.youtube.com/user/sanatoyplay
57
Amazigh
Anti-Atlas
Marrakech
Midelt
Morocco
Sahrawi
Sbouya
Sidi Ifni
Kenitra
Ksar Assaka
Tamri
Tan-Tan
Tataouine
Tiddas
Tiznit
Tunisia
Tunisian Sahara
Lahfart
Zada
Igsel (Iguisel)
Ikenwn