International Journal of Agricultural

Science and Research (IJASR)

ISSN(P): 2250-0057; ISSN(E): 2321-0087
Vol. 6, Issue 3, Jun 2016, 377-388
TJPRC Pvt. Ltd

EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND OZONE TREATMENT ON

THE RESPIRATION OF OYSTER MUSHROOM
ARYA K. SALU1, B.K. YADAV2 & A. SANTHAKUMARAN3
1
2

Research Scholar, Indian Institute of Crop Processing Technology, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India

Associate Professor and Head, Indian Institute of Crop Processing Technology, Tamil Nadu, India
3

Professor- Mathematics, Indian Institute of Crop Processing Technology, Tamil Nadu, India

ABSTRACT
This research work comprises of two models based on regression analysis and enzyme kinetics to study
respiration at storage temperature of 5, 15 and 25C and gaseous ozone treatment with three levels viz. 10, 20 and 30
ppm for Oyster mushrooms. The enzyme kinetic model parameters, calculated from the respiration rate at different O2
and CO2 concentration were used to fit the Arrhenius equation. The regression coefficients values were used for the
prediction of respiration rate using regression model. Storage temperature and ozone treatment had a significant
influence on respiration rate. It was found that with the increase in the ozone concentration the time taken for the

a least oxygen concentration.

KEY WORDS: Oyster Mushroom, Ozone Treatment, Respiration Rate, Modeling

Received: Apr 23, 2016; Accepted: May 19, 2016; Published: May 26, 2016; Paper Id.: IJASRJUN2016046

INTRODUCTION

Original Article

oxygen to reach the minimum level was gradually increasing. Mushrooms kept at 5C gave maximum time for reaching

Mushrooms are rich in proteins, vitamins, minerals and water content and having low calorie, fat, sugar
and cholesterol, which in turn make them an ideal nutrient and diet supplement (Deepak and Shashi, 2007). Oyster
mushrooms (Pleurotus spp.)are having great consumer demand due to their high nutritive content, peculiar taste
and texture, unique flavor and medicinal properties (Maria et al., 2009), however, they are highly perishable with
a short shelf life of 1-2 days as compared to most vegetables at ambient temperature. The short shelf-life is due to
high moisture content and very high respiration rate, which results in the loss of freshness and quality
(Iqbal et al., 2009). Modified atmospheric packaging (MAP) accompanied with low temperature storage has been
reported as one of the effective technique in extending the shelf life of oyster mushroom (Oliveira et al., 2012).
For proper modified atmospheric packaging design various factors has to be considered like respiration rate,
storage condition, fruit characteristics and properties of packaging material (Fonseca et al., 2002). Measuring and
modeling of the products respiration with accurate and acceptable relationship is the first step for designing a good
MAP system (Fonseca et al., 2002).
In an on-going MAP experiment, it is difficult to determine the respiration of the produce at each point of
time (Deepak and Shashi, 2007). For predicting the changes in the concentration of oxygen and carbon dioxide
mathematical models were used widely (Arthur et al., 1994; Kader et al., 1989). Mathematical modeling can
eliminate the need for repetitive experimentation. Various researchers have tried to model respiration using

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Arya K. Salu, B.K. Yadav & A. Santhakumaran

different modeling concepts and different techniques (Beaudry et al., 1992; Yang and Chinnan, 1988. For modeling
respiration rate majority studies have used enzyme kinetic approach proposed by Lee et al., (1991). For predicting
respiration rates for fresh produce as a function of O2 and CO2 concentrations has been found to be the most suitable in
making accurate predictions of rates of respiration of various commodities (McLaughlin and OBeirne, 1999; Mahajan and
Goswami, 2001). In the enzyme kinetic approach, the modeling of respiration rate was tried with Michaelis- Menten type
equation based on enzyme kinetics.
Ozone had been tested for the preservation of food and food ingredients such as milk, meat products, gelatin,
casein, and albumin. Ozone applications in food industry are mostly related to decomposition of product surface and water
treatment. Ozone has been used with success to inactivate contaminant microflora on meat, poultry, eggs, fish, fruits and
vegetables and dry foods. Excessive use of ozone, however, may cause oxidation of some ingredients on food surface. This
usually results in discoloration and deterioration of food flavor (Yousef et al., 1999). Treating fruits and vegetables with
ozone has been used to increase shelf life (Norton et al., 1968; Rice et al., 1982). Treatment of apples with ozone resulted
in lower weight loss and spoilage (Bazarova, 1982).
Keeping this in view the present study was undertaken to study the effect of temperature and ozone pretreatment
on respiration of oyster mushroom.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Produce and Sample Preparation
Fresh oyster mushroom was harvested from local farm and packed in polyethylene bags for transportation. On
arrival, mushroom were cleaned thoroughly to remove any foreign materials and wiped with clean dry cloth and stored in
5C. Thereafter, the mushroom was used for the experiments.
The design of experiment conducted is shown in figure 1.

Figure 1: Flow Chart of Design of Experiment

Gas Composition Measurement
Mushrooms were kept in air tight glass bottles of capacity 3L bottles and were closed with a lid and made it
hermetically sealed using cilliputty. A septum was glued to the bottle for taking the gas sample. The density of mushroom
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was found out for finding free volume of bottle by water displacement method by using a known mass of mushroom
(Deepak and Shashi, 2007). The setup was kept in humidity control chamber (Technico, Chennai, India), which was
maintained at desired temperatures with a variation of 0.5C and relative humidity of 902% (Figure 2). Experiments
were conducted at 5, 15 and 25 0.5C temperatures. The head space oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations within the
glass bottles were monitored periodically using a portable O2/CO2 gas analyzer (PBI Dansensor, India), after calibrated
with standard gases. Using the O2 and CO2 concentrations obtained at regular intervals, the respiration rates were found out
at different temperatures.

Figure 2: Respiration Study of Mushrooms Placed Inside the Humidity Chamber

Respiration Study
The experimental respiration rates for oxygen and carbon dioxide were calculated using Eqs (1) and (2) as given
by Kays, 1991 and Mahajan and Goswami, 2001 and are given below.
=
=

(1)
(2)

Where: RO2 and RCO2 are the respiration rate for oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide evolution, respectively
in ml. kg-1h-1,GO2 and GCO2 are the gas concentrations for oxygen and carbon dioxide respectively in decimal, t is the
storage time in h, t is the time difference between two gas measurements, V is the free volume of respiration chamber in
ml and W is the weight of mushrooms in g.
The respiration data, via; gas composition and respiration rate with time has been modeled using two approaches:
I) Non- linear regression following Eq. 3 and 4 for gas composition has been by analyzed by various researchers
(Mahajan and Goswami, 2001; Mangaraj and Goswami, 2011a) and the respiration rate (Eq.s 7 and 8) was determined
from the derivative of Eq. 3 and 4. II) On another approach the respiration rate was determined by enzyme kinetics given
by McLaughlin and OBeirne, 1999; and is shown in Eqs. 9 and 10.
A non- linear regression analysis using Microsoft excel solver was used to fit the curves of oxygen and carbon
dioxide stored in different temperatures with treated and untreated samples. The equations used for curve fitting are shown
in equation 3 and 4 to determine the values of the coefficients a and b. Mahajan and Goswami, 2001; Deepak and

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Arya K. Salu, B.K. Yadav & A. Santhakumaran

Shashi, 2007; Mangaraj and Goswami, 2011b used the same equations for fitting the respiration rates.
= 0.21 [
=[

(3)

Where: a and b are the regression coefficients, t is the storage period in h, GO2 is the oxygen concentration in
decimal and GCO2 is the carbon dioxide concentration in decimal. The first derivative with respect to time of the best fitted
equation will give the respiration rate. Hence Eqns (3) and (4) were subjected to the first derivative with respective to time
was outlined

in Eqns (5) and (6) respectively.

&
&

= '( '( + *

&

= '( '( + *

&

'( + *
+ '( + *

(5)
+

(6)

The respiration rate of the sample at any given time was then calculated by substituting the values of d(GO2)/dt
and d(GCO2)/dt obtained from equations 5 and 6 in equation 7 and 8 respectively.
=
=

&[

&[

&

&

(7)

(8)

Michaelis- Menten type equation (Eqns (9) and (10)) has been fitted to find the respiration rate which acts as the
basic principle of the enzyme kinetics was the second model fitted to the experimental respiration data (Mahajan and
Goswami, 2001). In this carbon dioxide is considered as the inhibitor for the respiration and is not bind to the enzymes. But
it is reversibly bind to the enzyme substrate complex. When the carbon dioxide concentration level reaches above 16- 17%
the respiration changes from aerobic to anaerobic and that time this model is not valid (Mahajan and Goswami, 2001).
Michaelis- Menten equation for finding out respiration rates are:
=

.-

,-

/+ 0[
,-

.-

/+ 0[

]/.2

]/.2

(9)

34

34

(10)

Where: km(O2) and km(CO2) are the Michaelis Menten constants for O2 consumption and CO2 evolution, respectively,
in % O2; ki(O2) and ki(CO2) are the inhibition constants for O2 consumption and CO2 evolution, respectively, in % CO2 ; vm(O2)
and vm(CO2) are the maximum respiration rates for O2 consumption and CO2 evolution, respectively, in ml kg-1 h-1; RO2 is the
respiration rate in ml [O2] kg-1 h-1 and RCO2 is the respiration rate in ml [CO2] kg-1 h-1; and GO2 and GCO2 are the
concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide, respectively.
The temperature dependence of the model parameters of the above Michaelis- Menten equations were quantified
using an Arrhenius type equation (11) (Caleb et al., 2012).
5

= R 7 exp [

;<

=>?

(11)

Where: Rm is the model parameter of Michaelis- Menten equation; Rp is the respiration pre-exponential factor; Ea
is the activation energy in kJ g-1mol-1; T is the storage temperature in K and R is the universal gas constant in kJ g-1mol-1KImpact Factor (JCC): 4.7987

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Effect of Temperature and Ozone Treatment on the Respiration of Oyster Mushroom

1

381

( 8.314 kJ g-1mol-1K-1). The above equation can be expressed in a linearised form as follows:
@A

BC +

+ ln R 7

(12)

Selection of the Best Model

Respiration rates of mushroom predicted by models were verified with experimental respiration rates at 5C
storage temperature. The goodness of fit between experimental and predicted respiration rates was obtained by using the
mean relative deviation modulus (E) as given in equation (13). According to McLaughlin and OBeirne, 1999 moduli
below 10% are representing a reasonable good fit, between 10 and 20% are fairly good fit and between 20 and 30% are of
not satisfactory fit for all practical purposes.
+GG

F=[

N
OP+

0=JKL =LMJ 3
=JKL

(13)

Where: E is the mean relative deviation modulus in %; N is the number of respiration data points; Rexp is the
experimental respiration rate in ml kg-1h-1 and Rpre is the predicted respiration rate in ml kg-1h-1.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Free volume of the mushroom holding glass bottles and the weight of the mushroom kept in the respective glass
bottles are shown in table 1.
Gas Composition during Respiration
Figure 3 shows the actual gas composition in terms of oxygen and carbon di oxide inside the glass bottles with
different ozone treatments kept in different temperatures. It was observed that the temperature increased, the concentration
of oxygen also increased. This is due to the change in the respiration rate which is influenced by the storage temperature
(Duan et al., 2009). The time taken for reaching the least oxygen concentration and the high carbon dioxide concentration
is more in 30ppm ozone treated samples. This shows that the ozone treatment is having an effect in controlling the
respiration rate of mushrooms. The maximum time taken for reaching the least oxygen content of 0.5% is 1140 minutes, in
which the sample was kept in 5C and treated with 30ppm ozone. Minimum time taken (180 minutes) is by the mushrooms
kept in 25C without any treatment. In all temperatures untreated samples were kept to observe the variation in the results.
The relationship was modeled using exponentional, polynomial and non-linear regression analysis using equations 3 and 4.
It was found that the non-linear regression equations give the best results in terms of r2 values. Table 2 shows the
parameter values at different storage and treatment conditions. The experimental data fitted very well with the regression
equation having r2 values > 0.961 indicates that the regression functions fit the data very well. From the values of the
regression coefficients a and b as shown in table 2, it can be inferred that both parameters were influenced by the storage
temperature and ozone treatment (Mangaraj and Goswami, 2011a). However, coefficient b was more influenced than
coefficient a.
Table 1: Free Volume and the Weight of the Mushroom Kept for Respiration Rate Study
Storage Temperature, C
5

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Ozone Conc., Ppm

Untreated
10
20
30

Weight (W), G
395
510
480
425

Volume (V), Ml
2312
2243
2809
2144
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Arya K. Salu, B.K. Yadav & A. Santhakumaran

Table 1: Contd.,
Untreated
10
20
30
Untreated
10
20
30

15

25

(a1)

385
310
480
470
415
510
495
395

2330
2450
2250
2290
2290
2400
2250
2312

(b1)

(a2)

(b2)

(a3)

(b3)

Figure 3: Changes in the Concentration for (A1, A2, A3) Oxygen and (B1, B2, B3) Carbon Di
Oxide Kept in Different Storage Temperatures (1:5C, 2:15C, 3:25C); WO: Without
Treatment, 10: 10 Ppm Treated, 20: 20 Ppm Treated, 30: 30 Ppm Treated

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Effect of Temperature and Ozone Treatment on the Respiration of Oyster Mushroom

383

Respiration Rate Analysis

The relationship was modeled using enzyme kinetic model given in equations 9 and 10. The model parameters in
equation 9 and 10 were estimated by fitting the experimental data using MS Excel Solver. The model parameters were
calculated and are given in table 3 along with their corresponding r2 values.
Table 2: Regression Coefficients a and B for Oxygen Consumption and Cabon Dioxide Evolution
Respectively, For Treated and Untreated Samples Stored in Different Temperatures
Storage
Temperature

Ozone
Treatment

Respiration Expression In Terms Of

Without treatment
10 ppm
20 ppm
5

30 ppm
Without treatment
10 ppm
20 ppm

15

30 ppm
Without treatment
10 ppm
20 ppm

25

30 ppm

R2

Regression Coefficients
A
4.08
5.13
3.77
4.41
3.85
7.47
3.96
4.38
3.15
5.59
3.54
3.69
3.56
4.48
3.60
4.38
3.29
1.5
3.79
3.36
2.56
4.17
3.12
4.34

O2 Consumption
CO2 evolution
O2 Consumption
CO2 evolution
O2 Consumption
CO2 evolution
O2 Consumption
CO2 evolution
O2 Consumption
CO2 evolution
O2 Consumption
CO2 evolution
O2 Consumption
CO2 evolution
O2 Consumption
CO2 evolution
O2 Consumption
CO2 evolution
O2 Consumption
CO2 evolution
O2 Consumption
CO2 evolution
O2 Consumption
CO2 evolution

B
711.68
1231.25
837.02
1983.87
763.22
1427.17
1455.79
2772.50
360.18
264.64
472.61
672.43
442.45
698.45
513.86
819.88
239.07
880.67
243.50
612.21
631.05
439.06
631.53
428.42

.970
.959
.979
.987
.992
.961
.953
.935
.992
.985
.979
.989
.992
.994
.993
.996
.980
.984
.991
.994
.990
.995
.996
.994

Table 3: Model Parameters of Uncompetitive Inhibition Enzyme Kinetics for

Different Storage Temperatures and Ozone Treatments
Storage
Temperatu
re

Ozone
Treatment

Respiration
Expression In
Terms of

Maximum
Respiration
Rate (Vm),
Ml/Kg H

MichaelisMenten
Constant
(Km), %O2

Inhibition
Constant
(Ki),
%Co2

R2

Without
treatment

O2 Consumption

4.90

10.11

0.29

0.968

CO2 evolution
O2 Consumption
CO2 evolution
O2 Consumption
CO2 evolution
O2 Consumption
CO2 evolution

2.94
1.33
1.15
2.49
8.82
4.27
5.29

8.18
15.25
12.91
9.75
4.24
9.97
2.65

0.57
0.74
0.13
0.28
0.27
0.14
0.53

0.878
0.982
0.931
0.976
0.898
0.897
0.986

Without
treatment

O2 Consumption

1.67

12.01

0.10

0.995

10 ppm

CO2 evolution
O2 Consumption

2.90
1.33

5.98
15.25

0.12
0.74

0.917
0.889

10 ppm
20 ppm
5

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30 ppm

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Arya K. Salu, B.K. Yadav & A. Santhakumaran

20 ppm
15

30 ppm
Without
treatment
10 ppm
20 ppm

25
30 ppm

CO2 evolution
O2 Consumption
CO2 evolution
O2 Consumption
CO2 evolution

4.99
1.41
1.82
1.50
4.92

11.13
29.91
7.65
37.29
33.73

0.60
0.27
0.43
0.16
0.53

0.863
0.981
0.943
0.932
0.997

O2 Consumption

1.95

10.43

0.15

0.913

CO2 evolution
O2 Consumption
CO2 evolution
O2 Consumption
CO2 evolution
O2 Consumption
CO2 evolution

3.86
2.83
4.99
5.03
2.27
1.15
1.25

11.29
31.39
11.13
4.01
7.65
19.39
33.72

0.97
0.40
0.60
0.27
0.43
0.16
0.53

0.933
0.988
0.867
0.871
0.946
0.951
0.928

Table 4: Slope and Y Axis Intercept f Arrhenius Relation for Different Model Parameters of Enzyme Kinetics
Ozone Treatment
Without treatment
10 ppm
20 ppm
30 ppm

Slope
Y axis intercept
Slope
Y axis intercept
Slope
Y axis intercept
Slope
Y axis intercept

Vm
O2
-4424
16.29
-3092
11.27
-5267
19.25
-6050
22.17

Km
O2
-708
4.842
-2956
13.23
-8321
31.25
-5471
21.96

CO2
-1172
5.237
-6162
22.52
-6486
23.72
-5400
19.42

CO2
-2635
11.25
-607
4.56
-2478
10.44
-1068
9.76

Ki
O2
4402
-13.47
8720
-29.38
149
.779
560
-.314

CO2
8720
-29.38
6422
-21.28
1954
-5.787
.07
-.63

Table 5: Activation Energy and Pre-Exponential Factor of Arrhenius Type

Equation for Different Model Parameters of Uncompetitive Enzyme kinetics
Ozone
Treatment
Without
treatment

Parameters for Arrhenius

Equation
Ea (kJ/g-mole)
Rp
Ea (kJ/g-mole)

10 ppm

Rp
Ea (kJ/g-mole)

20 ppm

Rp
Ea (kJ/g-mole)

30 ppm

Rp

Vm

Km

O2
36.78

CO2
9.74

O2
5.88

1.1 x 107

1.8 x 102

1.2 x 102

25.70

51.23

24.57

7.8x 104

6.1 x 109

5.6 x 104

43.78

53.92

69.18
3.7 x
1013
45.48

2.2 x 10

50.29
4.2 x 10

2 x 10

44.8956
9

2.7 x 10

3.4 x 10

Ki
CO2
21.90
7.6 x
104
5.04
9.6 x
102
20.60
3.4 x
105
8.87
1.7 x
104

O2
-36.59
7.1x 10-5

CO2
-72.49
5.7 x 1012

-72.49
5.7 x 10-

-53.39
1.7 x 10-

12

-1.23

-16.24
3.3 x 10-

2.17

-4.65

-0.01

1.36

1.87

The value of table 3 shows that, model II parameters were also dependent on the storage temperature and ozone
treatment. Coefficient of determinants of this model is indicating that the relationship between respiration rate and oxygen
and carbon dioxide concentrations is fitted well.
Fitting Arrhenius Equation
The model parameters such as vm, km and ki for O2 and CO2 concentrations, were found to vary with the
temperature hence Arrhenius equation was used to co- relate the model parameters at different storage temperatures and
ozone treatments. As per the equation 12 the model parameters were plotted at different storage temperatures for ozone

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385

treated and non-treated mushroom samples; by plotting the log values of the model parameters against the inverse of
corresponding temperature in absolute temperature. The slope and Y- axis intercept of equation 12 for model parameters
vm, km and ki are shown in table 4. The activation energy was calculated from the slope of the straight line and the preexponential factor was calculated from the Y-axis intercept. Table 5 shows the activation energy and pre-exponential factor
for different model parameters of enzyme kinetics. Activation energy was found to be in negative side for ki (O2) and ki
(CO2). The negative values of activation energies for ki could be attributed to the inhibitory effect of CO2 concentration on
respiration rate. By using these constants, the model parameters at any temperatures can be predicted by using equation 12
and then, the respiration rate at the given temperature can be estimated for respiration rates in terms of O2 consumption and
CO2 evolution, respectively.
Verification of Respiration Rate Models
The respiration study was done at temperatures of 5, 15 and 25C for ozone treated and non-treated oyster
mushrooms. So the respiration rates were generated at these temperatures. However, the developed models were verified to
assess the capability of its predictability of the respiration rates at ant temperature between 5 and 25C. The respiration rate
models were verified at 10C storage temperature for non treated mushrooms. For generating the experimental data for O2
and CO2, the free volume of the chamber and the weight of the mushrooms were as 2330 ml and 385g, respectively. Figure
4shows the change in O2 and CO2 concentrations with storage time at 10C. Closed respiration system was used to obtain
the respiration rates. The regression coefficients a and b at 10C storage temperature was found out using the regression
model (model 1). The respiration rates of mushroom in terms of O2 consumption and CO2 evolution were estimated by
using equations 9 and 10.

Figure 4: Plot of gas composition of mushroom at 10C

Figure 5: Predicted and Experimental Respiration Rates of Mushroom at 10C Storage Temperature

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386

Arya K. Salu, B.K. Yadav & A. Santhakumaran

The experimental respiration rates and respiration rates predicted by model 1 and model 2 for O2 consumption and
CO2 evolution at 10C are shown in figure 5. The mean relative deviation moduli (equation 13) between respiration rates of
mushroom at 10C predicted by regression analysis (model 1) and that obtained through experiments were 1.91% and
4.31% for O2 consumption and CO2 evolution, respectively. Similarly the mean relative deviation moduli between
respiration rates of mushroom at 10C predicted by enzyme kinetics (model 2) and that obtained through experiments were
found to be 2.49% and 4.95% for O2 consumption and CO2 evolution, respectively. This suggested that the predicted
respiration rates for ozone treated and non- treated mushroom were close agreement with the experimental respiration
rates.

CONCLUSIONS
Respiration rates for ozone treated and non- treated mushrooms at different temperatures from 5 to 25C in step of
10C were estimated using a closed system method. The respiration data generated by this method can be used to model
the respiration rate. The respiration rates predicted by the regression model and enzyme kinetic model were found to be in
close agreement with those obtained experimentally. In the enzyme kinetic model the dependence of respiration rates on O2
and CO2 was found to follow the uncompetitive inhibition. Predicted respiration rates by the models were found to be in
good agreement with the experimental respiration rates. The activation energy and respiration pre-exponential factor could
be used to predict the model parameter of enzyme kinetics at any storage temperature. There was a good agreement
between experimental and predicted respiration rate at 10C storage temperature.
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